1893 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
429 
good crops of fruit, decidedly more regularly than my 
apple trees. I would not plant many pear trees in a 
sandy or wet soil. 5 A farmer who has the soil I de¬ 
scribed above, can and ought to plant some pear trees, 
but not extensively unless he gives the business and 
trees more attention than they generally receive. 
Ohio. _ N. OHMER. 
The Fat Test for Cheese Milk. 
O. P. F., Alba, Pa —We have a butter and cheese 
factory run on the cooperative plan. It has been run 
since May 1 with good success as to making butter. 
We use the Babcock tester, and some of the patrons 
desire to make cheese in the warm weather when the 
price of butter is low ; but, as some of them have Jer¬ 
sey cows, they think they would not get what belonged 
to them ; which would pay the better at present prices ? 
How are cheese factories usually run ? Is there any 
test for cheese, or is the milk paid for by weight ? Can 
milk be partly skimmed and still make full-cream 
cheese ? If not, does any of the butter fat go to waste 
in making cheese when the milk has not been 
skimmed ? I have understood that there was a waste 
in making cheese from “ whole ” milk, and that it 
could be run through the separator and lightly 
skimmed and still make just as good cheese. 
Ans. —The experiments of Dr. Babcock, of Wiscon¬ 
sin, and Dr. Van Slyke, of Geneva, have shown very 
conclusively that the percentage of fat in milk is 
almost as exact an indication of its value for cheese 
making as for butter making. The experiments of 
Dr. Van Slyke go to show that as the percentage of 
fat increases, so does the percentage of other constitu¬ 
ents, and that milk will make cheese almost exactly 
in proportion to the percentage of fat it contains. In 
making cheese there need be, and in careful practice 
there is no greater loss of fat from rich than from 
poor milk, that is, within ordinary limits, say from 
three to five per cent. I am not conversant with the 
law in regard to skim cheese in Pennsylvania. In New 
York State, the State brand of full-cream cheese can¬ 
not be attached to cheese made from milk from which 
any part of the fat has been removed. Rich milk, that 
is, five per cent fat, may be run through a separator 
and a small portion of the fat removed and the cheese 
will still be of good quality. As to whether it is good 
policy to do so is a question which each must decide 
for himself. The universal experience has been that in 
cheese making it is not safe to trifle with the skimmer. 
Prof, of Dairy Husbandry, Cornell. H. H. wing. 
Settling: a Dispute About Sweetness. 
E. M. R., Wellington, Texas. —Which contains the 
more sweetness, a pound of granulated sugar, or a 
pound of the sweetest brown ? 
Ans. —Pure sugar is nearly colorless. Rock candy 
or granulated sugar is the purest form we have com¬ 
mercially. The color of so-called brown sugar is due 
to the fact that the crystals of pure sugar are much 
smaller and are covered with a film of molasses, so 
that the darker the color the more of molasses and 
less of pure sugar there is present. This is the 
principle of the old Dutch standard used in the deter¬ 
mination of the sugar present in a given sample. The 
darker the color, the less of sugar there is present. 
The reason why the brown sugars are sweeter to the 
taste is due to the fact that, unlike the granulated 
sugar or rock candy, the crystals are smaller and not 
so dry and hard. Consequently they are more readily 
dissolved in the mouth and the effect of sweetness is 
more pronounced. peter coli.iek. 
Director New York Ex. Station. 
A Stubborn Case of Garget. 
W. H. S., Watertown, N. Y. —I have a farrow cow 
about eight years old that for about two weeks has 
been sick in a strange way. Three or four days after 
turning her out to pasture, I noticed she was stiff¬ 
legged, and that one-quarter of the udder was some¬ 
what swollen. Supposing it to be garget, I treated 
her for that, with the only result that the swelling 
spread over the whole udder. I began treating her 
with applications of hot salt and water, and iodine 
ointment and have since applied sweet oil and bella¬ 
donna, hot hops, poke root and tobacco, cream-of- 
tartar water and hot carrot poultice, and am now 
using skunk’s oil and kerosene. Internally, I first 
gave half a pound of salts, then IK pint of raw linseed 
oil, later one pound of salts, and I have given tincture 
of aconite in 30-drop doses at different intervals (for a 
time about every two hours during the day). The 
physic took effect in about 12 hours. I cannot see any 
improvement. She has no appetite, and both udder 
and teats are swollen very hard. I could draw but a 
small quantity of fluid from the udder at any time, 
and it was of a yellow tinge (often red) and watery. 
Her horns lately are not very warm, nor is there any 
moisture on her nose. Her eyes begin to look dull. 
Ans. —In an obstinate case of garget of this kind 
when the disease does not yield to treatment by the 
usual remedies after several days, the udder should 
be supported in a sling containing a hop, flaxseed or 
bran poultice. Cut holes in the sling just large enough 
for the teats to project through ; the poultice to be 
applied warm and changed once or twice daily. Con¬ 
tinue the daily application of the belladonna to the 
udder. Give the aconite three or four times daily, 
with one-half ounce doses of nitrate of potash twice 
daily. The bowels will probably be kept sufficiently 
loose by feeding grass, otherwise it may be desirable 
to repeat the dose of salts. Suppuration will undoubt¬ 
edly take place in the udder. As soon as the point of 
fluctuation is discovered (“ when it comes to a head”) 
it should be punctured with a sharp knife, as in the 
case of an ordinary abscess, to allow the free escape 
of the pus ; and the cavity washed out daily with a 
\ 
two-per-cent solution of carbolic acid. The udder 
may suppurate in one or more quarters, and each place 
will require to be opened as soon as the fluctuation can 
be readily felt. dr. f. l. kilborne. 
A Movable Fence. 
L. C. R., Tulane University, La .—I wish a description 
of a cheap movable hurdle for fencing in sheep in an 
orchard to destroy grass and to fertilize the ground 
under the trees. 
Ans. —The fence illustrated at Figs. 155 and 150 is 
in use in parts of Ohio. The panels are made of 2x3- 
inch pine scantling. The rails are 16 feet long with 
2K feet space between them. They are connected by 
A Portable Fence. Fig 155. 
two upright posts 4K feet long—one at each end, ex¬ 
tending a foot below the lower rail and a foot above 
the upper. The rails project four inches outside these 
posts so as to make a piece to fit into the notches of 
the supports. The braces are seven feet long placed 
as shown in the cut and bolted to the two rails. Barbed 
wires are stretched from post to post and fastened 
also to the braces. The supports are made of oak 
scantlings two inches square. The legs are 4K feet 
long bolted at the top and spread to a width of four 
feet at the base. Triangular notches are cut at the 
top j ust large enough to admit the rail of the panel, 
and similar notches are cut just below in the board 
that holds the bottom of the supports. This fence is 
strong and durable and is easy to make and set up. 
A Plant That Means Soil Hanger. 
I. R., Joughkenamon, Pa .—What is the inclosed 
plant ? Most of the fields in this section which are to 
be mown for hay the coming harvest for the second or 
third time since seeding to grass, are infested with it. 
What is the cause of it ? What does our soil need to 
make Timothy and clover grow instead of this ? Some 
claim that it prevails on account of the lack of ime 5 
others that it is caused by farmers having used too 
much acid phosphate on their land. 
Ans —It is Itumex acetosella—sorrel or Sour grass. 
Too much acid phosphate has nothing to do with it. 
It is an evidence of an impoverished soil—a soil that 
needs one or another of the several plant foods. Lime 
may be helpful, not in eradicating the sorrel directly, 
but in supplying directly or indirectly needed food to 
other plants. Cultivation and fooi will easily exter¬ 
minate it. 
A Lump In a Teat. 
J. L. R., Convoy, Ohio .—A fresh cow of mine has a 
lump in her teat the size of a small bean, and it stops 
the flow of milk; is there any remedy? Would a milk¬ 
ing tube be of any account? 
Ans. —The lump should he broken or cut off with a 
teat-slitter, a long narrow-bladed, concealed knife, 
which can be passed into the teat and then the blade 
pressed out to cut to any desired depth. I n the absence 
of the teat-slitter, or of a veterinary surgeon to oper¬ 
ate on the teat for you, the lump could probably be 
broken off with a milking tube, or, still better, by a 
probe of the size and once or twice the length of a 
milking tube, with one end sharpened to a flattened 
point. Carefully insert the probe or tube in the teat 
until the lump is reached; then by manipulation force 
the probe through the lump until it is broken down 
sufficiently to allow a free passage of the milk. After 
the operation it may be desirable to leave a milking 
tube in the teat for a few days, to prevent the opening 
from closing in healing. f. l. kilborne. 
More About Tbe Bordeaux Mixture. 
L. O., Smithport, Pa .—1. Where can I get an inex¬ 
pensive sprayer that will apply the Bordeaux Mixture 
to four or five acres of potatoes? 2. Would a common 
sprinkling can do? 3. Would there be danger of ap¬ 
plying too much ? 4. How much Paris-green should 
I use ? 5. At what time or stage of growth should 
potatoes be sprayed? Should more than one applica¬ 
tion be made ? Would the mixture be as good if 
mixed and allowed to stand any length of time ? 
Ans. —1. From the Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, 
N. Y., or Wm. Stahl, Quincy, Ill. 2. No, it should be 
in the shape of a fine spray. 3. Yes, in places, while 
many leaves could not be reached. 4. Use an even 
teaspoonful to every two gallons of the Bordeaux. 5. 
Now, for the first time. Then again in a month or, 
in case of many intervening showers, in two weeks. 
It is said the fresh mixture is best, but we doubt if a 
few days will make it less effective. 
Killing Sorrel; Grass for Orchard. 
W. M. H., Blairsville, 111. —1. How can I eradicate 
sorrel ? 2. What is the best grass to sow in an or¬ 
chard, and how ilong should it remain in grass until 
it should be plowed ? My orchard has been cultivated 
six years; now, will it be better to seed to grass or 
clover ? 
Ans. —1. The only way to exterminate sorrel is by 
clean, constant cultivation. Liberal applications of 
lime are said to exterminate it, but there is no proof to 
that effect. 2. Clover is the best grass, as clover is 
called, though it is as far from grass as is an apple 
tree. Unless the soil of an orchard is rich, grass of 
any kind will rob the trees of needed food. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
Killing Rose Bugs.—S. U. R., Springfield, Mass.— 
The R. N.-Y. discovered that water heated to 125 de¬ 
grees will kill rose bug 3. It also discovered that Bu- 
hach (pyrethrum powder), a tablespoonful to a gallon 
of water, will stupefy them for hours. Frequent ap¬ 
plications are necessary. 
lo Kill Live-forever .—J. N. F., Waukon Junction, 
Iowa.—Constant cultivation in hot, dry weather is the 
best way we know. A man in New York State some 
years ago proposed to destroy the weed by setting out 
plants affected with a disease that would spread all 
over the field. We have not heard from it lately. 
White Weed .—W. R., Potosi, Mo.—Of the specimen 
sent us the old botanical name is Leucanthemum vul- 
gare, though some botanists now call it Chrysanthe¬ 
mum Leucanthemum. It is the white weed—a pest in 
many worn-out fields. But it is not a serious pest 
since it may easily be killed by plowing it under while 
in bloom. 
Crates From Fence Machines. —Several Subscribers.— 
About the only real information we have secured 
about the making of shipping crates by fence machines 
is this note from S. H. Garrett, of Mansfield, Ohio : 
“I am just preparing to make a machine specially for 
that purpose. It will be made very much lighter than 
the machine I have been building for weaving picket 
fence, also shorter, suited for weaving slats from 24 
to 30 inches long. These machines will be constructed 
with from three to five twisting pinions, as the demand 
may require. I can also put in any number of twisting 
pinions should the construction of the crates demand 
it, so that any number of cables of wire may be placed 
upon the slats and at any distance apart.” 
