80 
H. Rivett-Carnac — On the Snalce Symbol in India. [Mabch, 
iti may a din after x, 31 ( = xi, 17). The last rule x, 63 ( = xii, 32) has 
the following commentary added : mah&v(isht/rodbhavdm bhctsham visud- 
dham prakrtam viduh j ity ulctah ||. The whole ends with the form¬ 
ula iti Vararuchivirachitayam manoramayam vrttaio bhashavibhdshdvi- 
llidgo ndma dasamali parichhedah || samdpta cheyam manorama vrttih ||. 
The commentary accordingly is here ascribed to Vararuchi himself, and 
not, as usual, to Bhamaha j so also at the end of the 2nd chapter, iti 
vararuohilcrtdydm manor amdvrttau dvitiyah parichhedah ||. On the other 
hand at the end of the 1st chapter the formula is iti vararuchikrte 
pralcrtapraTcase prathamah parichhedah. In the remaining chapters no 
author is mentioned at all; the uniform formula being iti manoramayam 
vrttau, (tritiyah etc) parichhedah. The MS. bears no date ; hut its ap¬ 
pearance is old. The characters are Nagari; now and then rather indis¬ 
tinct from age ; in other places evidently re-drawn wrongly, sometimes by a 
later hand. It consists of 11 leaves (paper), of 18 lines each. It belongs 
to Pandit Ramadatta of Amritsar (Panjab). An accurate list of all its 
various readings has been made. 
The following papers were read : — 
1. The Snalce Symbol in India, specially in connection with the Worship 
of Siva. By H. Rivett-Cabnac, Esq., C. I. E., M. R. A. S., F. S. A., &c. 
(Abstract.) 
The author begins by stating that the snake as a personal ornament 
or as a canopy surmounting the figure is not confined to representations of 
Siva, hut is to be seen overshadowing Vishnu, Garuda and others. The 
snake symbol also appears in the prehistoric cromlechs and menhirs of 
Europe, in which also traces of phallic worship may be traced. The 
author’s attention has been given to the subject chiefly in connection with 
the worship of Siva, with a view to ascertain whether the worship of the 
snake and that of Mahadeo or the phallus may he considered identical, and 
whether the presence of the serpent in the prehistoric remains of Europe 
can be shown to support his theory that the markings on the cromlechs 
and menhirs are indeed the traces of this form of worship, carried to 
Europe from the East by the tribes whose remains are buried in the 
tumuli. 
The author then describes a series of articles in brass, obtained in the 
Benares bazar, in which the snake is found in one form or another. These 
articles accompanied the paper, and were exhibited to the Meeting. 
The paper will be published in the Journal, Part I. 
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