1-879.] 
President's Address. 
47 
The Siwalik mammalian fauna consists of 21 extinct genera, comprising 
30 species, and 24 living genera, represented by 53 species. Of the extinct 
genera, 10 are peculiar to the Indian tertiaries, 4 are only known to occur 
in Europe in miocene beds, whilst 7 are both miocene and pliocene ; of the 
recent genera, 8 range hack as far as the upper miocene in Europe, 10 are 
not known in older beds than pliocene, and 6 have elsewhere only occurred 
living or in post-pliocene deposits. Several mammalia are very closely 
allied to existing species. 
Of six Siwalik reptiles sufficiently known to he fairly comparable, three 
are common living species now inhabiting the same area. All the land and 
freshwater mollusca found, so far as they can be identified, are recent spe¬ 
cies. The whole facies of the fauna, including Mammalia , Beptilia and 
Mollusca is decidedly more recent than miocene. All the reptilia and most 
of the mollusca found in the mioeenes of Europe are extinct forms, and the 
proportion of extinct mammalian genera is usually greater than in the 
Siwaliks, though there are exceptions. 
The palaeontological data are confirmed by the geological. The Siwa¬ 
lik fauna is entirely derived from middle and upper Siwalik beds, the lower 
Siwalik or Nahan being unfossiliferous in the typical Sub-Himalayan locali¬ 
ty. But in Sind some beds called Manchhar occur, corresponding to the 
Siwaliks, and in the lowest of these strata, there are found, together with 
some Siwalik species, remains of extinct genera not detected in the upper 
or middle Siwaliks, and in some cases characteristic of the miocene epoch. 
Amongst these genera are Dinotlierium, Anthracotherium, Ilyopotamus and 
1Jyotherium. The lower Manchhar beds pass down into a group of marine 
strata, called Gaj beds, containing miocene (and apparently upper miocene) 
marine fossils. The age of the lower Manchhars cannot therefore be older 
than upper miocene, and as the Siwaliks contain a later fauna, and appear 
to be distinctly higher in the series, they must be pliocene. The Nerbudda 
ossiferous gravels, containing human implements similar in form to those 
found in the post-tertiary beds of Europe, are universally admitted to be 
of later date than the Siwaliks, and must consequently be classed as post¬ 
pliocene. In the address to which I have alluded Prof. Martin Duncan 
notices the difficulty of finding a place for the newer gravels in the Deccan, 
from which Bliinoceros deccanensis was obtained. This is on the assump¬ 
tion that these Deccan gravels are of later date than those of the Nerbudda, 
but there is no reason for believing that the two differ in age. 
At the same time it is only right to add that the alliances between 
the Siwalik fauna and the European miocene are very marked, and that 
a few Siwalik forms, such as Chalicotherium, indicate even more ancient rela¬ 
tions. Moreover some beds at Pikernii in Greece contain a fauna having 
