TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
YOL IX. NO. 18. S 
MOORE’S RURAL JtEW-FORKER, 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-SATURDAY, MAY I, 1858, 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS. 
{WHOLE NO. m. 
iVlUuKL O hUliAL li E t? “1 ORKER, Thus it was ascertained how much so much mer- management, as will, if carried out with proper 
AST ORK3is.li, wbeklt ° UIT 83 this thermometer can hold would expand energy, accompanied by the blessings of Provi- 
AgricKUnrnl, Literary and FatnHy Newspaper, Por a g ' ven cban S e of temperature. We already dence, ensure success. Prices will most likely 
nnvnrnmnn ™^7 ° f thermal dilatation hr mercury.— rule low next fall, and it, therefore, becomes every 
'CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, Therefore, knowing how much the bulb full of farmer to endeavor to raise as large crops as pos- 
W1TH AN ABLE craps of ASSISTANT editors m f rCUry W<M S! **?““!* we could - if we em P tied it sible, and thus make up in quantity, for any defi- 
v v - ' i with sesi water and observing ciency in price. We call attention to what has 
Tik Rural NRw-Aor-rER i 8 desigiwd to bo nnsurpassed in tbe height of the water in the bulb at various tem- been published during the last month or two in 
Value Punty, Usefulness «nd Variety of Contents, and unique and peratures, Compute its rate of expansion also rerard 10 ^1 ! 7 T f J ’ ! 
beautiful in Appearance. >5te Conductor devotes his pereonal atten- . 1 S0, regard to the value of root Crops for feeding. The 
tion-to the supervision of its various departments, and earnestly labors Accordingly, the thermometer was emptied of idea seems to be very general among the best farm- 
terrender'the Rural an eminently Reliable Guide on the important mercury and filled with seawater obtained from ers of Western New York that they must make 
** , r u 7 " iua, “- r* ^ -* "•*» »* ^ «* « 
mere Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, Educational,Literary and t eu subjected to every degree of temperature from they can feed out for this purpose to the best ad- 
News Matter, interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, 2o ° to 2 °° C ’ and 8ucb was ita sensitiveness that, by vantage. Meat is now about as high in our mar- 
tiian any other journal, -rendering it the most complete Agricuctu- a mere touch of the bulb with the finger, the kets as when wheat sold at $2 a bushel This fact is 
.iterart axd Fa,„.v Journal iii A merica height of the column in the tube would be changed, rather significant, and should be heeded. Still, we 
2 v All communications, and business letters,should bo addressed Y ° U C ° nld 866 14 m ° Ve di9tinct U V - WOnld »rge the growing of a diversity of crops, OS 
t® I). D. t. moore, Rochester, n. y. The point of maximum density of fresh water is a substitute for wheat, where experience has prov- 
For Terms and other particular, see last page 39° .6, and its freezing point 32 c —but according ed that ifc cannot be grown profitably. 
Agricultural, Literary and Fantify Newspaper. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE COEBS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
ral I .iterart axd Family Journal in America 
2 V* All communications, and business letters, should bo addressed 
te> D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
/VA'Ai-i -7 a (|f1 
.7 iNftO '- 4 
6 [nr 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page 
M 
M 
SKELETON OF THE HOG. 
W)S 3 I 
gjf E 
"Jr w# 
J ta'Vz' MJ A 
to these experiments the point of maximum density It will be well to bear in mind that all animal A, Cervical Vertebras, 
of sea water is 25°,5, and the freezing point 27°,4. and vegetable matter make manure. Everythin'! B B > Dorpal Vertebrae. 
Here is an important difference, and the physical that will rot in the soil you may consider as fur- D, Sacrum.^ rert *^ r ®' 
consequences of it are both interesting and in- nishing food for plants. Of course there is a great E K ’> Concygeal Bones, 
structive. The climates of manv countripR nra Lni difference in value hni tb«t wa «sii „„—... J F, Ribs. 
Here is an important difference, and the physical that will rot in the soil you may consider as fur- 
rpirE “ stru °tive. The climates of many countries are hut difference in value, but that we will not now stOD r n 
THE COMPENSATIONS IN THE SEA. the expression of this difference between the two to discuss. Use thi 3 spring all the manure you can H, Scapula!*' ' f< S 
--- waters. scrape up, beg or borrow. In four or five months E 
sup’t OP ^'lere was a glass jar about 18 inches high filled yon will reap the reward. Don’t draw out barn- ta’uina"'*' 
_ _ ’ ‘ 0 • Wltb sea water and exposed to the cold with a yard manure to the field a great while before you Jr > Carpus, or Kn< 
The Sea and the Air, like pieces of any other thcrmometer in iL Thc ice did not, as in fresh intend to plow it under, or at least spread it Let 2 ) Smniiunar. 
mechanism, have their offices to perform and when water ’ comn ience to form at the top. The first the spreading be done evenly. 3, Cuneiform, 
we study those offices we often find arranrements CI ? atala T° re forme d near the bottom —a mere Any dry time, and the sooner the better, sow ’ rape/lum ‘ 
which afford instances of the most exquisite and pomt eacb on€ seemed to be. They.come up one plaster on your clover and meadow land. Three or ~ — - 
beautiful compensation. I have been very much aft8r1,18 ° tber like 4be buble3 in an old-fashioned four bushels of unleached ashes, or more than dou- at tb5s day the < 
interested with an operation that they have been l0Dg glasa ° f 8 P ark,in g champagne—only they did hie this number of leached, will produce a very de- u ^ )0a £ 00 “’ s,wes < 
1-, Ulna. 
Jr, Carpus, or Knee. 
3, Scaphoid. 
2, Semilunar. 
3, Cuneiform. 
4, Trapezium. 
5, Trapezoid. 
6, Os Magnum. 
7, Unciform. 
8, Pisiform. 
N N, Large Metacarpal or 
Cannon. 
0, Small. Metacarpal. 
3’ P, Sesamoid Bones. 
Q Q, Phalanges. 
1, Os SulTraginis or Past¬ 
ern Bone. 
2, Os Corona;. 
3, Os Pedis. 
R, I'elvis. 
[Fore-leg of Pig, Phalan¬ 
ges 1, 2, 3.] 
1, Ileum. 
2, Pubis. 
3, Ischium, 
S, Femur. 
T, Patella. 
U, Tibia. 
V, Fibula. 
W, Hock. 
1, Os Calcis. 
2, Astragalus. 
3, Cuneiform Magnum. 
4, Cuneiform Medium. 
5, Cuneiform Parvum. 
6, Cuboid. 
3, 6, Cubo Cuneiform. 
X, Large Metatarsal. 
RHind-leg of ITg, Phalan¬ 
ges 1, 2. 3.] 
Y, Small Metatarsal. 
Z, Head. 
1, Inferior Maxilla. 
2, Superior Maxilla. 
3, Anterior Maxilla. 
4, Nasal Bone. 
5, Malar. 
6, Frontal. 
7, Parietal. 
8, Occipital. 
9, Lachrymal. 
lO.Squamous /’„ 
11, Petrous | l 
at this day the entire value of a horse depends 
unon good shoes, scientifically put ore. “ No foot, no 
“BEST ROTATION FOR CLAY.” 
carrying on at the National Observatory for the not fol!ow each oth er in rows, nor creep along the sirabks effect Top dressing old meadows is an hoi 'se>” reads the old time adage, and it is certainly 
last month or two. It is a magnificent -one, and 81 es >marched each one straight to the surface, excellent way to resuscitate them. Good, well trne tbat a Dorse with bad or “tender” feet is 
„ C A.1 _T 1 . 7 lncrtlflaimr OC if V/um 14 mnn _ LLC.-T■ •». A it 1 . . ^ 1 -1 _A .. 1 
some of the results are splendid. 
increasing as it rose. It was a beautiful sight, the rotted barn-yard manure spread over the surface ! alm °st useless. 
The problem was to put the Seas of the Southern ^ cr y 8talfl of lce reminded one of Hakes of and thoroughly dragged, will give them a start that 
snow, and the whole phenomenon looked like a I will very likely astonish yon. Sometimes it is 
snow-storm in miniature, but inverted, for the flakes well to scatter over a little Timothy seed before 
: eaUy seemed to be Jailing upward. dragging. Whe L e moan* is scarce ashes may be 
Hemisphere in the balance against those of the 
Northern Hemisphere, and to weigh them both in 
the specific gravity bottle. This has been citme, 
and I will give you some of the results, which are 
■curious enough. 
and I will give you some of the results, which are The thermometer stood at 27°.4 at the bottom used either with or without manure, though we * fh 
curious enough. • ’ ' when the first ice flake was formed. But at the top prefer both. (f-^M 
The first step in this undertaking was to deter- ^ marked 28°, and so stood as long aa thc freezing After a good deal of observation, and soma expe- > k ; ' 
mine the law of thermal dilatation”for sea-water, was going on * Hence we concluded that we can ricnce > we have c °me to the conclusion tkat pota- 
and to ascertain its freezing point—for it is evident have no water in the depths of the sea below 27°, to es should he planted as early as possible. I 11 one * 
enough, if the Ocean on the other side of the equa- UnlC8S ^ ifl contact with cold ioebergs so deep seas< m out of ten, late planting might prove the 
tor should differ in temperature or saltcess from tIiat press,ire would prevent congelation at the best > but in tDe other nine a much better crop will foot of t 
the Ocean on this side, the two would not balance U8Ual temperatare ’ But even in this-case it would be e rown b / planting just as early as the ground «, The horny s „i e . b b ' 
each other, and there would have to be currents not be co °lcd much below 25°, for it would expand can !xj got in order. If you plant for your own use crust, c. The frog, d’ Th 
between them to adjust the equilibrium. and come to the surface by virtue 0 A its own 0,ll y, consuityour own taste, but if for an Eastern tweea lhe frog anh’the bars. 
The first sten thorefnro ,ir> ____. _ , specific gravity. market grow only the best kinds, and such as will ride 
between them to adjust the equilibrium. 
The first step therefore in the experiment was to 
procure the .requisite instruments. These were 
lecific gravity. market grow only the best kinds, and such as will 
The colder the sea the heavier its waters become briag a bi 8 h P rice lik ® the Mercer. If you have 
norse, reads the old time adage, and it is certainly “A Young Farmer,” of Niagara Co. recently in- 
true that a horse with bad or “tender” feet, is quired through the Rural, “What is the best sys- 
almost useless. tem of rotation of crops, for the improvement of 
/ <■ / clay land farms?” Tending the publication of any 
» answer, let me offer some hints bearing on the 
\ _ JPJk Ik question—one worthy the thoughts of our best 
£.\ v -- / )\ ' ' Ml 'fty jrM 1 -' practical farmers. 
'' MM) . We Dave often inquired of experienced cultiva- 
{y r " tion, “What crops succeed best on clayey land?” 
^ ’ and Dave received a variety of answers,—some re- 
'.hmwt A \ ; “wheat,” others <« grass,” others still, “corn,” 
or “ oats.” Taking into consideration the reasons 
given tor these opinions, as well as our experience 
foot of the HORSE. in tbc mat fe r . we think success on clay land de- 
«, Tbe liorny sole, b, b, The hare, or inflections of the Pend3 ° n 80met Ding Dack of the variety of seed 
crust. C, The frog, d, Tj,e commisures, or space be- 80wn ~depends upon the condition of the soil as 
tween the frog and the bars. regards draining and tillage. Ry draining we 
RIDE VIEW. Would not, here refer to thorough draining, but to 
«, 'l he Wall or crust, b. The flexor tendon, c, The tho draining attainable on the surface, and mainly 
x ensor tendon, d, The lateral cartilage. with the plow. Such, though imperfect, is of some 
f#Jtf 
FOOT OF THE HORSE. 
, l.-c horny sole, b, b, The hare, or inflections of the 
crus., c. The frog, d, The commisures, or space be- 
*- manuuicuLs. inese were •*. l 0K - j ^ wuwu, c, me .© —w«*****«.m*v vu me mumcc. anu maimv 
simple. They were rather a curious thermometer ‘1 reaches ^ -5—consequently seawater con- lgbt iand - arid clover sod, you will need nothing “ so " teuf3on ' d > The 1: 'terai cartilage. with the plow. Such, though imperfect, is of some 
and an odd-looking hydrometer, both the work of tracte to freezm & and we ought to expect to find a ljt “tterfor producing a good crop of soned potatoes. Tiie Doof has been called a “horny bag,” and is value, as we shall show. 
Mr. Green, of New York, from models or descrip- V 1 . the depths of the < l ccan at Nothing is gained by planting corn too early.— .°. 0mp08ed of P arts distinguished by the appella- One very dry season, we plowed up a clayey field 
tions furnished from the Observatory. aoout ^ ,and reaching from the poles to the equa- To keep crows from pulling it up after plantin'! a tl0nS ° f cra8t ’ sole ’ frog or bars - Wb en the animal containing three acrep, which had been for some 
Tke thermometer had a large cylindrical bulb T\- n* 8 stratu ™7 ould De at the surfcoe in the correspondent wishes ns to say that there is nothing ,a erect > w « ca » only see the wall which confines «nae in pasture, for the purpose of sowing buck 
with a neck about two feet long, having in it a ^ an& d8epeSt at ihe Ec l uator * hke tar - if U8ed right Put the corn in a heap-say the t .°f’ q ,iar ters and heels. The crust, a, possesses wb eat It was quite mucky in some places and by 
small bore, like the tube of an ordinary thermom- But WG rnUSfc not begia nowr to taIk ak out this a Dnshol—then pour on it a pailful of scalding ?°" 8uiem ble strength and thickness—at the toe it several harrowings was brought into fair tilth but 
eter. The object of this instrument was to ascer- thermal flow in the Ocean, or to tell of its uses, or watfir > and while hot, add half a pint of tar. Stir ‘ 8 . uentl y near half an inch in thickness; grows was not sown until late in July—having waited 
tain tow much sea-water would expand or contract to ad mire its teauties. Our paper is full and the until mixed thoroughly, and dry with plaster.— ttl!nner tow ard the quarters, and increases again some weeks for rain. A slight shower fell but not 
for acy given change of temperature: in other room I° u Dave offered us is filled, so we must re- Tb ose who wish to try the important question aa J0,1 i a i , I ,roacb the heels. At the upper portion enough to bring up the seed generally, and what 
words, it was to ascertain its law of thermal dilata- serve for mother day these with others more whether or not we can produce sugar at the North ° 1 ie l°°t the crust is thin, soft, and slightly com buckwheat grew was in full blossom when our first 
tion. The instrument, therefore, had to be made lovel Y interesting and marvelous details, including must not forget the Chinese dane. cave, and it is here termed the coronary ring.— frost came in September. It was then carefully 
with great care, for the problem required nicety of an account of the exquisite adaptations and com- Do not forget to search thoroughly for the cater- Rcmov,ng the cru st, we find it divisible into three plowed about seven inches deep, harrowed down 
result, inasmuch as no philosopher had ever before P ensati °ns which these experiments have brought P illarB ’ neste in the orchard. A bunch of rags coia P one ^ t P art s- A cuticular substance, con- and sown to wheat, the soil being’in as fine tilth us 
succeeded in giving a satisfactory series of experi- t0 hght * daubed with thick whitewash will bring down the nectmg the Doof and the skin; a collection of could he desired. Particular care was taken to 
meats upon this important and interesting subject " -nest, or desfe-oy it orny fibres, connected by an elastic glutinous °P eQ frequent drains with the plow and shov- 
auwwmu in giving a satisfactory series of oxperi- 6 
meats upca this important and interesting subiect 
Experiments had to be made to ascertain the THOUG HTS FOR MAY. 
point of maximum density and the point of con- With the present month commences in earnest 
°, «»-««'• The, diltoed widely in the !„bor „t the farmer-the greats t “ eg “ 
su ome thought Marcet’s best, and life, its necessaries and luxuries. The Rtuhhnm 
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.-THE FOOT. 
The horse belongs to the genus Bolipede, (single- 
some Despketz’. But as to the law of thermal"!?’ t ^ 1UXUriea The 8tubborn Doofed,) a gemrn which includes very few species 0fwhich Iatt8r the Y ma Y b « consii 
iatatioo, a„ was £?££ “n, fj. 1,“^ ^ ^ 
membrane, occupying the centre; the horny lam-! eI > 80 tb at no water should stand on the field 
inai, terming the internal portion, which are laid for a ”y length of time. The wheat* grew well 
clown upon one another, forming a solid substance. Promised a good yield, and but for the Iddge, would 
i he bars, b, b, commence at the heels of the crust, 110 doubt, have given thirty bushels per acre. 
o which latter they may be considered continua- Wheat, we look upon as one of the best crops for 
tions. to rminer wHB i i v . . .^ .. . 1 
an acute angle, clayey soils—if such soil is brought in fine tiltli 
uuraing io me rate or this exnarmion nnrl ■, , , , , , - w uiuven-ioot. Across i . «««nnu tuc uurny wup musiresuiL 
tion. ‘ Deads, and hands, and hearts are all engaged.- vast sandy plains, it supports the “ship of the 80le .’ and ^ their iuner 8ur faces we find the horny But while the midge prevails, it is of little u«e to 
The force that can set agoing and keep in mo ^ * thousand.s-a noble army, more Intel- desert ”-in the icy north it is called inJrequish ^ ^ioned. talk of wheat, especfally on ctayeysol which 'e 
Don such a stream of water as the Gulf Stream must foUr v “7 U88fu1 ’ than ev€r tloa ~ amid the 8D ^« of Lapland, it enables the t , Th8 horn y ^le, «, takes up the greater part of n °t thoroughly drained, and thus made warm and 
be a mighty force. Yet, so far from this “River Lta v ^ 1 ge “ e J al 7 the field of gore remd eer to draw the sledge of its master. Nature tb ' ^ ° f tke foot This portion is neither so early like our best loams. The lot described above 
in the Ocean” affording us the mos^aiestic flow i ^ ^ * ad mar ’ W ° nld 88801 t0 have found the oloven-foot best ^ S ° Bt ° Ut “ the C1 ' U8 ^ is about balf tb « gave ba8b els instead of thirTy because i ? 
of waters which the currents of the Sea present to turetato ^ ^ ° f - ag " cultural lab ° 1 '* AU na ‘ adapted to general purpSses-jnst what the natural tblckn888 °J the crust ’ and is usually concave enough for the midge to affect toe whole^ IleTe 
* for our amazement and contemplatLnTttbJ ZkSS " ri T* fu ^ Ieave8 circumstanceB of *h« entire globe required. and c ^ex within. In some horses this and there, on the top of some £,£ cSj be found 
comparison, but as the mountain torr^t to toe "^^ ° f f ° 0t fa ^ S88SS8d ad -tages to ,<£• tot ^ ^ ^ t ^ C ° V8red PD^ffi 
stately Mississippi There are currents in toe Z toJ td8 gta&S Spn “ gs °P under °nr very counterbalance all this. Says a writer upon this n L , . , Deads, which, being too ripe for the midue on its 
Ocean as wide almost as toe Gulf Stream is lout, *’ ^ their wintl 7 subject:-" If the cloven-foot is best suited t^ature. '7It wedge - sha P ed - °r triangu- advent, thus escaped. A neighborin'! fiefd nn , 
- an as wide almost as the Gulf Stream is long, casements, to enjoy toe sun and show 
N dy nan ”cal power which resides in toe Sea newborn spring. 4e birds?too arel 
raust, therefore, be a mighty power, and its nrinci- „ , . , , ’ ’ e Klr 
P^I source is in the thermal dLati™ of i s " Lv ,CrJ “T* ”■»«'. “3 « 
IIS waters. me- t.luncr anrinwoA ™ 
. , -v »«««! uugo couia oe round 
we find the a few feet square covered with phimply filled 
?ri!?!; W 7 Ch ’ b8ing , t0 ° ripe for the mfdge on its 
it bl 7 8 ’ t0 °’ ar8 8iDging mer ‘ ^ constructed for swampy plains rolv Z ! fo ™ d to the centre a crop, or fifteen bushels per acre 7 ^ 
•7 ", uirus > l00 > are 81n 8 ln g mer- best constructed for swampy plains rockv monn a 7T U1US Iorwara t0 tb e centre of toe a crop, or fifteen bus 
nly, and every animal and insect, and every creep- tains, or snowy surfaces, which neithet be Z it 7 Tbi8 Portion is more elastic Grass, we have tri 
me: tinner seems endowed with __I , . 9 r,LllKjU can oe than either the rhIa nr fhn -- . 
pir h ?t;h fl,osoMioaofaer “ d ^ toi ?.— r™ 
pSSSSrS SHriisi 
EHSEHiSSSH 
m.„at be sure that the bore was smooth and uni- We will only present a few brief and practical which the fill * e only means by bars and toe frog, are called commisures as shown verv nuf gra..swill grow a fair crop under 
form throughout. This being done the bulb was hints that Jy serve to call to mind thtaoe hXom tol oulh( I ,T f o°T ""“ d * * ln > 3 » h »™ *** Could we have 
to every dime of te-“ . merC ” ry “” d a “ bj<!0tetJ J u ’ 1lbe P»'P»se of stirring up the pure estimated, before thMnvention oTtea s'imnte " ' h0I>ed ‘° bC aMe t0 flnlsh our-seridk on the clay! favorahlj si'tmted'fOT j‘ ’ l °" ,d {",? m " C, ' T 
y degree of temperature, from zero to freez- minds of Rural readers by way of remembrance hnt pyppo^Ip i i t,i • on ot tb is simple, osseous structure of our Domestic Animals win, cmfij 1 y situated for draining, believing it 
e.“ i, ' rc r u ^ ™ geests t mm ^ “«» 
tenth-, ’ * dlndeJ mt ° mChCS Md h , ave te '“, re r lred - ttl > P"‘ i" or** wet yield the meed of superiority to the ™,nd other T Tf m ° te """P’^ted than the anterior, „„„ aa one could , sk ,Z C oLMr r 
places dratned, and sneh plans made for general cloven-footed beasts of burden and drathf ten tTM ™ ™ def “ “» examination pears COm< of fom ” r flve 
- _____ ° atS sometime8 SQ cceed first rate on clayey soils 
than either toe sole or toe crust, and is also weaker it will do well, if the 
i uusneis per acre, 
e tried on clay land and know that 
be considered with care and accuracy. ’ our readei ma] aiipreeia, thdr P Sn and ac 72 2T722T 7, ^ f ° 0t a, ° D ° P ° ! ' ^d'rectlonn ’1 
Accord,ugly, the tube of the sea water thermom- their part manfull j h onr earnest desire, aid tc aid adTi of the ZZ Z “ W ,‘“ iatimately connec 
„?"T”Jf« 3d aad carefElly “calibrated,” so that them in the work is the object ot these remarks— fence in the shanTofl hi PP lca ?°“ °( aD llon de ' be almost a contim 
,g tbe suretbst the bore wassmooth and uni- We will only present a few brief and nractical which tho f ,, °' e only means by bars and tbe frog, j 
form throughout This being done the bulb w as hints that may serve to call te mted thTn,s hXor wtonght^^"out" 0 .^'!“ f h°«e could be entire- by y, in engraving 
I IZt.. “ ““ •» - d m«* Sbtten, just for the purpose of stirring up thfprne S.S tt? ‘ M 2 “ !“ ? M W. hoped to he 
