278 
AUGUST 28 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND EMILY NEWSPAPER. 
live pounds per quarter, and sometimes upwards of 
thirty pounds. A more important change has 
been made in the fleece. It formerly tended to 
become too thin and light for a severe climate. 
It has been thickened and much increased in 
weight, though it is not so fine in staple. It is 
longer, and yearlings’ fleeces, or those of fifteen 
or sixteen months’ growth, are sometimes used 
for combing. With this change of fleece, the 
animal has acquired a better constitution. It has 
a more vigorous and hardy look than before. 
Whether it is, however,—with its remarkable 
compactness of form and great tendency to fatten, 
—as well adapted to obtain a living from rugged 
pastures lightly covered with herbage, may be 
questioned. That it is better adapted, as an 
animal of profit, to the farmer, to improved land 
and good keeping, there is no doubt It has been 
alleged that the quality of its flesh has deteriora¬ 
ted. It certainly would not be strange if the 
mutton of the modern improved South-Down, bred 
on rich low grounds, and killed at eighteen months 
or two years old, should fail to possess the high 
and venison-like flavor which distinguished that of 
the old breed, killed at four years old, from the 
breezy hills. But making all allowances on this 
score, we have heard of no one in America who 
has been so fortunate as to obtain a taste of South- 
Down mutton, who did not admit its decided su¬ 
periority, compared with that of other breeds kept 
here. In the EDgliBh markets it sells at from half 
a penny to a penny (equal to one and two cents) 
a pound higher than that of the Cotswold and 
other long-wooled breeds, and is not excelled in 
price or quality, except by that of the light moun¬ 
tain sheep of Wales and Scotland. 
As to comparative tendency to fatten, some 
experiments in stall-feeding, show that the Cots- 
wolds have gained more pounds in proportion to 
the food consumed; but this appears to have been 
nearly balanced by the superior value per pound 
of the South-Downs. An able and ingenious 
writer has suggested, that as the flesh of the 
South-Down is more highly elaborated, or refined, 
than that of the Leicester and Cotswold, it ought 
not to be expected that animals of the former 
breed should gain as much weight for the same 
food as those of the latter. There seems to be 
reason in this idea; at the same time, if chemists 
could tell us just how much more there is of the 
essential elements of nutrition in a pound of 
South-Down mutton than in a pound of Leicester, 
they would confer a favor. A similar comparison 
might be made between the flesh of the Game- 
fowl and Shanghai. But after all, it is not unlikely 
that the principle which imparts a flavor or relish 
to viands, and forms the basis of their nominal 
value, may be something, in many cases, beyond 
the reach of a chemical test. 
From what has been said it will be inferred that 
the greatest value of the South-Down is for 
mutton. This is the leading characteristic of all 
British breeds of sheep. It is this which has given 
them the preference with British farmers. An 
immense population has to be fed from a com¬ 
paratively small territory, and meat is of course 
relatively dear compared with wool, as the latter 
can, at a trifling expense per pound, be brought 
from any quarter of the world. It has been stated 
in a preceding chapter, that the Merino was intro¬ 
duced into England many years since. It did not 
deteriorate there, as some have supposed, but 
failed to obtain a permanent footing because it 
was regarded as less profitable, on the whole,— 
chiefly in reference to the carcass,—than the 
English sheep. 
The South-Down has been introduced into the 
United States, and of late years has been con¬ 
siderably disseminated. Various enterprising 
American breeders have obtained specimens of 
the breed of the highest character to be had in 
England. Of course their proper locality is within 
a convenient reach of the large markets. The 
trials which have already been made, sufficiently 
prove their profitableness when placed in proper 
situations, and judiciously managed. 
Before closing a description of the South-Down, 
it should be mentioned that it is, and always has 
been, a polled or hornless breed. It is proper, 
also, to state that the wool, in American markets, 
sells at about the price of quarter-blood Merino— 
the fleeces averaging, including breeding ewes, 
from 3 to 4 pounds, washed. 
The Hampshire-Down bears considerable re¬ 
semblance to the South-Down, but the animals are 
larger in frame, coarser in appearance, with coarser 
and heavier fleeces. They are considered a hardy 
breed, better adapted to hard fare than the South- 
Downs, but perhaps less profitable on good land. 
A few have been brought to the United States, but 
so far as known to the writer, they have been ulti¬ 
mately amalgamated with South-Downs. 
AERATION OF SOILS. 
Aquation in an agricultural sense, is defined as 
“ the exposure of the soil to the free action of 
air, as essential to the growth of plants.” In a 
chemical sense, it is the act of combining with 
carbonic acid, and is essentially the same process 
in all cases. The atmosphere consists of 76 nitro¬ 
gen and 23 oxygen, with about one P ar t in 500 of 
carbonic acid gas, and a very small portion of 
aqueous vapor. The air not only acts a vei^ 
portant part in the process of germination, bn* 
furnishes the oxygen required to decompose the 
carbonic acid gas consumed by the living plant, 
and a large portion of the gas itself. Hence it is 
important that the air have access to every part of 
the soil which is penetrated by the roots of plants. 
As an illustration pertinent to the subject, we 
quote the following from Johnston's Agricultural 
Chemistry:— “ A square foot of earth in a solid 
form exposes but a small surface to the action of 
the air, and hence absorbs from the atmosphere 
but little; pulverize this mass, and the surface 
aerated, or exposed to the action of the air, is in¬ 
creased a million fold, and its powers of absorption 
from the atmosphere in the same proportion.” 
Hence the importance of a mellow soil. 
All soils, however, are not alike in this respect. 
A loose sand has already been sufficiently, if not 
too much, aerated, and needs consolidation rather 
than pulverization, to fit it for the growth of crops. 
But clayey soils, says Johnston, “absorb more 
oxygen than sandy soils, and vegetable moulds or 
peats more than clays.” This explains the little 
benefit derived from fallowing light lands, as 
well as the especial use which the same process 
is to heavy soils. Clay contains mineral elements 
which readily combine with oxygen, and are 
changed thereby, while decaying vegetable matter, 
in like manner, requires a large supply of oxygen 
to aid in its natural decomposition. Carbonic acid 
gas, as before remarked, is absorbed by the pulver¬ 
ized soil, as also other manurial elements in the 
form of gases. 
The great object of culture, then, we re-assert, to 
be the aeration of the soiL “Pine barrens ' and 
blowing sands are of course exceptions, but soils 
of this character are known to be unfavorably in¬ 
fluenced by constant cultivation—are already too 
“permeable to air, heat, and moisture.” A soil 
suited to the purposes of agriculture must have 
some consistency—some adhesiveness—and in that 
case it will contain elements benefited or brought 
into action by aeration. There is little danger of 
too fine a pulverization of the soil 
LIGHTNING RODS. 
Eds. Rural: —Being desirous of attaching a 
lightning rod to my dwelling I found some little 
difficulty in choosing between the many competi¬ 
tors for public favor, who advertise so liberally, 
and finding also considerable differences in the 
opinions of popular authors upon the subject, I 
determined to examine the matter for myself, as 
well as I could. With this end in view, I examined 
the works of Faraday, De la Rive, Snow Harris, 
Pouillet, Bakewell, Roget, Du Moncel, Fiou- 
riek, and others, and as the readers of the Rural 
may not care to devote the same labor to the sub¬ 
ject, I will give in a condensed form the results of 
my investigations. Wherever I have experimented 
myself, the results coincide with those of the au¬ 
thors above referred to, and it will be seen that in 
many—I had almost said moBt instances—they dif¬ 
fer from the principles laid down and acted upon 
by Patent Lightning Rod men. 
1st, The efficiency of any rod depends (other 
things being equal) upon its sectional area—not 
upon its surface or girth. Thus a round rod would 
be as effective as a thin plate of the same weight 
per foot in length. 
2d, The rod should not bo insulated, but should 
be connected with all the large pieces of metal 
work on the house, such as eve-troughs, water¬ 
spouts, tin roofs, and the like. 
3d, Copper is the most effective material, but an 
iron rod of a section sufficient to answer the same 
purpose, would be the cheapest. Merriam, the 
sage of Brooklyn Heights, directs a wire one-eighth 
of an inch in diameter. This is far too small— 
The rod should be so large that no ordinary dis¬ 
charge will fuse it, otherwise it is more dangerous 
than protective, as it will probably fuse and set fire 
to the house on the first heavy discharge passing 
through it 
4th, It should be sunk deeply in the earth—at 
least beyond the reach of the ordinary drains con¬ 
nected with the house. It would also be well to 
have the rod end in several points driven into the 
earth some feet apart 
Acting upon these principles the best way to 
construct a good lightning rod would be to pro¬ 
cure a few iron rods half an inch in diameter, and 
of as great a length as can be conveniently driven 
into the earth. Sink them a few feet apart and 
connect them all to a rod composed of a copper 
strip about three-quarters of an inch wide, and a 
sixteenth of an inch in diameter. Sueh copper 
may be very easily procured in waste pieces and 
being cut into strips of the required width, may 
be either soldered into a continuous rod, or simply 
have the ends overlap a little, and a nail or tack 
driven through both into the house. When paint¬ 
ed the same color as the dwelling they will not dis¬ 
figure it in the least. That portion of the rod 
which rises above the roof or chimney should be 
bent into the form of a half or three-quarter tube, 
so as to stiffen it, and the extreme point should be 
coated with silver, platina, or gold, so as to pre¬ 
serve a bright metallic surface. Silver, from its 
liability to tarnish with sulphureous vapors, should 
never be placed over a chimney. Platina is prob¬ 
ably the best. Such a rod may be constructed and 
put up very cheaply, and will prove very ef¬ 
fective. J. p. 
Note.— It has been a common belief that the 
conduction of electricity in the same metal de¬ 
pends upon the surface. Prof Henry showed this 
to be absolutely, or nearly so, by a fine set of ex¬ 
periments a few years since. A solid or hollow 
conductor of the same metal and size act equally 
well. However, this is a matter of little conse¬ 
quence, if the “ copper strip about three-quarters 
of an inch wide and a sixteenth of an inch in di¬ 
ameter” (thickness,) will answer for the rod from 
the ground to the roof. Of this the sectional area 
would be less than one-sixteenth of an inch, and 
near equal to the section of a copper wire one- 
fourth of an inch in diameter. We should not like 
to risk the joinings of the copper strips by soft 
solder, or by simply fastening them with a tack. 
CROP OBSERVATIONS BY A WESTERNER. 
The harvest of this North Western section of the 
Great West, is well nigh secured. The immense 
grain fields that a few weeks ago rolled and swell¬ 
ed beneath the breeze like a mimic ocean, look 
naked and sere. Here and there the enterprising 
inul’strialists are fashioning the huge stacks with 
alacrity, our immense prairies are dotted over 
with pyramid of straw of every model and mag¬ 
nitude. But the so u 1 Of our Western farmer feels 
a dearth of thanksgiving 3 r, d gladness, as he looks 
upon the slender reward of hia labors. The wheat 
crop is one immense failure. This is by no means 
conjecture. Thousands of acres of grain are yet 
standing, which farmers here have resigned to the 
fowls and the elements, not promising a yield of 
five bushels per acre. It is a safe calculation that 
the average will not be ten bushels to the acre, 
throughout this entire section. The rust and blight 
have not only damaged and destroyed the wheat 
crop, but the oats — a contingency unusual in this 
country—are half spoiled. Farmers were praying 
for a bountiful harvest this season to relieve them 
from pecuniary embarassments in these close 
monetary times. It would require an average of 
thirty bushels to the acre, and a dollar a bushel at 
that, to place the great majority of Western agri¬ 
culturists in an easy and unfettered condition.—- 
Thus the present harvest is a disappointment, ef¬ 
fectually tightening the shackles of debts and ob¬ 
ligations, which, for the last three years, have been 
hampering the farming interests of our Great West 
We claim no extraordinary prophetic discernment, 
but we can clearly foresee a cloud of bankruptcy 
no bigger than a man’s hand, coming up the West¬ 
ern horizon. 
The Corn crop looks very promising everywhere. 
The season has proved, thus far, one unusually 
adapted to the perfection of this crop. It has been 
eight years since corn could show such maturity 
for the month of August, in this section, as it now 
presents. But there was not planted the amount 
to produce a magnificent crop, because there was 
such scarcity of seed in the early spring. Well 
would it be had half the wheat fields been planted 
with corn, and such would have been the case had 
the seed been plenty. 
Potatoes promise but a fair, moderate yield. At 
present there are no complaints of rot The vines 
look quite vigorous and juicy for the present tor¬ 
rid weather. Henry P. Kimball. 
Rockford, Ill., Aug. 20, 1868. 
WHAT CAUSES OATS TO RUST? 
Eds. Rural:— It seems to be the opinion of many 
that damp, foggy weather is what causes the rust 
on oats. From what I have observed this season 
I am inclined to think that the condition of the 
soil has more influence than foggy weather. We 
raised a piece of oats on a strip of land this sea¬ 
son, of between one and two acres, lying low, and 
within forty rods of the Susquehanna River. On 
a little more than one-third of it we raised pota¬ 
toes last year, which were (most of them,) manured 
in the hill; on about a third we raised corn, sowed 
in drills, but not hoed; on the remainder of the 
piece, (a little less than one-third,) we raised buck¬ 
wheat On a part of the buckwheat and corn 
ground manure was spread before the buckwheat 
and corn were sowen. This spring the piece was 
sowed to oats without any manuring, and harrowed 
in the same day. When harvesting time came the 
oats were good and bright on the poorest part of 
the piece—nearest the river where the buckwheat 
and sowed corn grew—while on the best part of 
the land, where the potatoes grew, (and which were 
called the best in the neighborhood when they 
were dug,) although there was a good growth of 
straw, it was badly rusted and the kernels shrunk. 
On another piece, in another field, where we had 
corn last year, which was manured in the hill, and 
which was about the same distance from the river, 
the oats were badly rusted and shrunk, although 
there was a good growth of straw. Does not this 
indicate that oats sowen after hoed crops are pretty 
sure to rust, whether we have foggy weather or 
not? We often have very heavy fogs here on the 
river. A. T. Northup. 
Otego, N. Y., 1858. 
HOW TO HEAD THE GOPHERS. 
Editors Rural :—In a late number of your 
paper, I saw the inquiry,—“ Will it prevent Go¬ 
phers pulling corn by rolling it in plaster 7” 
As I have suffered much by the animals, I will 
give you my experience. In Iowa there are two 
kinds of Gof/uerk—one is nearly a mouse color, 
and grows to be about as heavy as the largest kind 
of wharf rat, though in shape be is more like 
what is called the wood-chuclc, or ground hog.— 
He has a small pocket on each side of his face, or 
rather on the side of his neck, in which he brings 
the earth out of his hole to the top of the ground; 
turns them inside out and returns for another 
load. The other, and most mischievous one, very 
much resembles the chipmunk, or striped squirrel 
of the Eastern States, only he is somewhat longer, 
and the stripes upon his side are interspersed with 
spots, so that in color he is both spotted and striped, 
and at a short distance might easily be mistaken 
for the common striped squirreL He digs his 
hole without leaving any dirt around the top of it, 
but the “pocket Gopher” sometimes piles the 
earth up around the mouth of his den to the 
height of a foot or more. 
The way I fix my corn for seed is, t$ take about 
one gill of tar to one peck of corn, turn in the 
tar and stir with a stick until every kernel is thor¬ 
oughly coated, then take dry ashes and stir in 
until the tar will not stick to your fingers while 
dropping. I fixed my corn in this way last spring 
for planting on sod ground, and the Gophers did 
not pull a dozen hills in the whole field. I think it 
a sure cure. T. Crosby. 
Manchester, Iowa, 1858. 
ABOUT THE POTATO ROT. 
Eds. Rural: —Enclosed please find a head of 
timothy grass, taken from a stalk, nearly five feet 
high. I found it growing wild near a piece of 
woodland. Is it a new variety, or only the com¬ 
mon herds grass or timothy, phleum pratense? 
Will the writer in the Buffalo Commercial Ad¬ 
vertiser, explain how the potatoes decay after being 
placed in the cellar? Does the “ brown bno” take 
a “nap” of six to twenty weeks, and then, refreshed 
and invigorated, begin again? or is decay in the 
cellar caused by the “eggs” that “adhere to the 
potato?” I doubt not, we are all free to conviction 
and ready to swallow almost any theory. 
Where is Mr. Edward Mason and the distin¬ 
guished authority he quotes? 
I have a field of potatoes that has withstood all 
the “acids” of the thunderbolt thus far, although 
during the storm of July 3d and 4th, two large 
elm trees on either side, and not more than twenty 
rods distant, were struck by lightning, and split 
from top to bottom. In mockery of his theory, the 
vines in this neighborhood look as green and 
thrifty as ever. In default of some new theory, I 
shall presently experiment on one of my own and 
send you the result E. G. Storms. 
St. Johnsville, N. Y., 1858. 
Remarks. —Our correspondent will find Mr. 
Henderson’s theory fully explained in the Rural 
of August 7th. The potatoes are stung and poi¬ 
soned, and the rot commenced, before being placed 
in the cellar. There the disease progresses. There 
is nothing mysterious in this. When potatoes are 
kept in a warm cellar, he thinks the eggs hatch 
during the winter, and the young insects feed on 
the potatoes—causing rot in this way, when there 
was but little evidence of disease in the fall. 
The head of grass is a very large sample of 
timothy. 
INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS. 
E. E. B., Lansing, Mich. The work you inquire 
about, “ Rural Architecture,” is not a periodical 
but a book; price, $1,25. It can be obtained at 
the Rural office, or of A. 0. Moore, New York. 
J. G. H., ML Yernon, Ind. The only Horticul¬ 
tural periodicals published in this country are 
monthlies, to wit: The Horticulturist, published by 
C. M. Saxton, New York, and Honey's Magazine of 
Horticulture, by C. M. Hovey & Co., Boston, Mas?. 
Propagating Sweet Potatoes. —You have told 
us how Sweet Potatoes are cultivated; will you 
please state in the Rural how they are propagated? 
A Subscriber, Gaines, N. Y., 1858. 
Remarks. —Plant the Sweet Potatoes in a hot 
bed early in the Spring, (March.) As soon as the 
young shoots get about three inches high break 
them off the potato with the hand, and plant them 
in another hot-bed, where they will soon take root 
A fresh lot of shoots will be sent up from the 
potato. They must not be planted in the open 
ground until all danger of frost is over. This is 
the way we have grown them, and we believe it is 
the method generally practiced. 
Grass for a Lawn.— Can you, or some of your 
numerous readers inform me how to cover a veran¬ 
dah floor and roof with sand coat, such as we some¬ 
times see on the deck of steamboats, &c. I should 
also like to inquire what is the best grass for the 
yard, and what the right time to sow it?—N. L. W., 
Smithfield, Ohio, 1858. 
Remarks.— We never saw any sand coating that 
we considered suitable for a verandah floor. Ken¬ 
tucky Blue Grass, or Red Top, mixed with white 
clover, is the best for a lawn, and we have always 
succeeded best here by sowing early in the spring. 
Fall sowing is recommended by many, and is suc¬ 
cessful generally. 
Coen-Husker —I am one of that kind of people 
who prefer making work as easy as practicable, 
and having a good sized patch of corn to husk this 
fall, visions of long jobs and chapped hands have 
led me to inquire if there is any good corn-husking 
machine in existence? If there is, I should like to 
know where it may be procured, and at what 
price.—A. T. £t. Clair. 
Remarks. — With none of the Patent Corn- 
Huskers that have come under our observation 
have we been entirely pleased. Some are compli¬ 
cated, some expensive, while others are so con¬ 
structed as to make the working of them difficult 
and laborious. We saw a few days since a husker 
invented by our correspondent, T. C. Peters, which 
is simply a cooper’s shaviDg horse, with a knife at¬ 
tached, and worked with the feet. It seemed to do 
its work well. We will give a further description 
in a future number. 
CONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE. 
Antidote for Musquitoes. — Seeing B. Rogers’ 
inquiry for an antidote for musquitoes, I would say, 
it is a well known fact to hunters and trappers in 
the “Far West,” that the Pennyroyal plant ( Hedoma 
Pubuloids) bruised and rubbed on the face and 
hands, or on any part of the person that is exposed, 
is a certain preventive. The essence of pennyroyal 
(1 oz. oil, 1 pint alcohol, mixed,) is equally as good, 
and more convenient The oil pan be procured of 
any druggist—J. P. Liming, Perry, Pike Co., IlL 
Grasshoppers.— Grasshoppers are living on the 
fat of the land. They are comparatively earlier 
than the crops this year, on account of the wet, 
but not cold spring. They eat the silk from the 
corn before it sets; the oats are fairly destroyed, 
heads and stalks falling to the ground. Wheat 
and carrots, when late sown, fare the same. I 
hear that in the town of New Haven they have 
eaten the corn, leaves and tops, leaving mere stubs. 
—R. T. T., Mexico, N. Y. 
Displacement of the “Constrictor.” —A. P. 
W. Jackson inquires the causes and cure for a 
bunch in the the upper end of his cows’ teat The 
cause is the displacement or settling down of the 
muEcle, (constrictor,) which, after being displaced, 
becomes hard, and refuses to expand as usual by 
the pressure of milk, so that a small stream only 
is obtained, and that with difficulty. This is 
brought on by carelesH milking, sudden pulling or 
jerking, or, perhaps, by stripping instead of 
squeezing the teat If your cow commenced 
milking hard in the first part of the milking 
season, it will probably continue to grow harder, 
and next spring the teat will be useless. If it 
commenced late in the season, the teat may regain 
strength and motion by rest after the cow is dry. 
—M., Tioga, N. Y., 1858. 
To Cure Warts.—I noticed in the Rural of 
last week, a piece in regard to warts, and have 
tried both the remedies there given—that of nitric 
acid, and a paste made of the ashes of willow bark 
and vinegar, but neither had the desired effect— 
At last I found a remedy which proved to be effec¬ 
tual. Take a spider’s web and roll it up in a ball 
the Bize of the wart, then lay it qn the wart so as 
just td cover it—set it on fire, and let it burn to 
ashes. It catt&ea come pain, but in two or three 
days a new skin will form under it, when it can 
easily be removed. I have taken off eight or ten 
in this way for myself, and have seen it tried on 
others, and by taking off the largest, the smaller 
ones will gradually disappear. I am not an M.D., 
but one of your little boy readers; and if P. Q R., 
will try the remedy, he will find it effectual. The 
nitric acid is apt to make a sore and leave a scar, 
but a few days after it is burned it may be rolled 
out, leaving a smooth, sound skin.— Moksman, 
Hillsdale, Mich., Aug. 9, 1858. 
Remarks. —Nitric acid put on a wart, as we ad¬ 
vised, will cure it, and without making a sore, 
causing pain, or leaving a scar, unless too much is 
applied. We have known hundreds cured in this 
way, and never knew a failure. 
Early Wheat.— In answer to inquiries relative 
to the Early May and Boughton varieties of wheat 
heretofore noticed in the Rural, we would state 
that we can give no further definite information.— 
We had hoped to receive, ere this, some accounts 
from reliable sources, but have heard nothing on 
the subject from our Virginia or Maryland subscri¬ 
bers, and fear we shall be unable to do so in time 
to aid our friends in procuring seed in season for 
sowing this fall. Indeed, we suspect that all or 
most of Mr. Boughton’s crop has already been sold 
in and near Virginia. 
AGRICULTURAL FAIRS FOR 1858. 
Below we give a corrected list of National, 
State, and Provincial Fairs, and as complete a list 
of New York County and Town Fairs, as we have 
been able to procure. Also many additions to the 
large list of County Fairs, in other States, which 
we published two weeks ago: 
NATIONAL FAIRS. 
U. S. Ag. Society, Richmond, Va.,.Oct. 25—80. 
National Horse Show, Springfield, Mass., .Sept. 14—17. 
HORTICULTURAL AND POMOLOGICAL. 
American Pomological Society, N. Y.,_Sept. 14. 
STATE FAIRS. 
Alabama, Montgomery,...Oct. 18—22. 
Connecticut, Hartford,_ Oct. 12—15. 
Georgia, Atlanta,_Oct. 20—23. 
Illinois, Centralia,..Sept. 14—18.; 
Indiana, Indianapolis,_..Oct. 4—9. 
Iowa, Oscaloosa,.Sept. 28, Oct. 1. 
Kentucky, Louisville,......Sept. 28, Oct. 2. 
Maine, Augusta,.Sept. 21—24. 
Maryland, Baltimore,.........Oct. 19—23. 
Michigan, Detroit,...Sept. 28, Oct, 1. 
Mississippi, Jackson,_......Nov. 9—12. 
Missouri, St, Louis,.Sept. 6—10. 
New Jersey, Trenton,....Sept. 15—17. 
New Hampshire, Dover, .....Oct. 6—8. 
New York, Syracuse, .Oct. 6—8. 
North Carolina, Raleigh,...Nov. 2—6. 
Ohio, Sandusky,--Sept. 14—17. 
Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh,...Sept. 28, Oct. 1. 
Rhode Island, Providence, ___Sept. 14—18. 
South Carolina, Columbia,...Nov. 9—12. 
Tennessee,_______Oct. 
Vermont, Burlington,_Sept. 14—17. 
Virginia, Petersburgli,... Nov. 2—6. 
Virginia, North Western, Weeling,.Sept. 14—16. 
Wisconsin, Madison,_Oct. 4—7. 
PROVINCIAL FAIRS. 
Canada East, Montreal,...Sept. 29, Oct. 1. 
Canada West, Toronto,...Sept. 28, Oct. 1. 
NEW YORK. 
COUNTY SOCIETIES. 
Albany, Albany,.. 
Broome, Lisle,.. 
Cayuga, Auburn,. 
Chenango, Norwich,___ 
Columbia,-,...... 
Delaware, Franklin,_ 
Dutchess, Washington Hollow, 
Erie, Buffalo,. 
Franklin, ... 
Greene, Cairo,_ 
Jefferson, Watertown,. 
Livingston, Geneseo,_ 
Madison, Morisville, _ 
Monroe, Rochester,. 
Montgomery, Fonda,.. 
Niavara, Lockport,. 
Oneida, Rome,. 
Onondaga, Syracuse,. 
Ontario, Canandaigua,.. 
Orange, Montgomery,. 
Orleans, Albion,_ 
Oswego, Fulton,__ 
Queens, Flushing,. 
Rensselaer,. 
Saratoga, Mechanicsville,. 
Schuyler, Watkins,... 
Seneca, Farmersville,_ 
Steuben, Bath,. 
St. Lawrence, Canton,-— 
Tioga, Owego. 
Washington, Salem, . 
Westchester. Purdy’s Station, 
Wyoming, Warsaw,- 
Yates, Penn Yan,. 
_Sept. 21—24. 
....Sept. 28—30. 
.. .Sept. 29, Oct. 1. 
_Sept. 23—25. 
...Sept. 29, Oct. 1. 
....Sept. 22, 23. 
....Sept. 21—23. 
...Sept. 28—30. 
, ...Sept. 26—28. 
_Sept. 29, 30. 
...Sept.22, 23. 
_Sept. 22-24. 
....Sept. 8—10. 
_Sept. 14—17. 
_Oct. 26 
....Sept. 28, 29, 
_Sept. 28-30. 
_Sept. 22, 23. 
_Sept. 29, Oct. 1. 
....Sept. 29, 30. 
_Sept. 29, 30. 
_Sept. 22—24. 
_Sept. 22. 
.".".’.Sept. 7— 9. 
....Sept. 28, 29. 
_Oct. 13—15. 
....Sept. 23,24. 
....Sept. 15—17. 
....Sept. 28—30. 
_Sept. 23, 24. 
...Sept. 28—30. 
_Sept. 28-30. 
....Sept. 23, 24. 
TOWN SOCIETIES. 
Brookfield, Clarksville,. 
Byron and Bergen, Bergen. 
Canaseraga, Dansville,. 
Dryden, Dryden, .... 
EliiBburg, Adams, &c., Belleville,— 
Hartland, Johnson’s Creek,.,... 
Hemlock Lake, Hemlock Lake,. 
Lodi, Lodi. 
New Haven, New Haven,. 
Ridgeway and Shelby, Medina,. 
Rushville Union, Rushville,. 
Skaneateles, Skaneateles,. 
Susquehanna Valley, Unadilla,. 
Tonawanda Valley. Attica,- 
Union, Adams, Jeff Co ---- 
Yates, Yates Centre, Orl. Co.,.. 
MISSOURI. 
South-Western, Springfield,. 
South-Eastern,... 
Gasconade, ... 
Morgan,.. 
Marion,-,. 
Chariton,... 
Ca'Ioway, .... . 
Pike,... 
Cass,-,. 
Jackson,... 
Clay,... 
ILLINOIS. 
Macoupin, Carlinville,- 
Grundy, Morris,--- 
Brown, Mt. Sterling,... 
Du Page, Wheaton,. 
Kankakee, Kankakee,. 
McDonough, Macomb,- 
Will, Joliet,. 
KENTUCKY. 
Mason, Germantown,.... 
Bourbon, Paris,. 
Bracken, Bracken,. 
MAINE. 
..Sept. 27,28. 
. .Sept. 23, 24. 
.Sept. 29, 30. 
..Sept. 30, Oct. 1. 
Sept. 10. 
.Sept. 24, 25. 
.Sept. 16,17. 
..Sept 15—17. 
.Sept. 9j 
.Sept. 17, 18. 
.Sept. 27, 28. 
..Sept. 29. 
..Sept. 29, 30. 
..Sept. 23, 24. 
.Sept. 15,16. 
..Sept. 24,26. 
.Sept. 20—22. 
.Oct. 7-9. 
.Sept. 2, 3. 
.Sept 28, Oct.l. 
.Oct. 12—16. 
.Sept. 27—30. 
.Sept. 21—25. 
.Sept. 21-24. 
.Sept. 21-24. 
.Sept. 28, Oct.l. 
.Oct. 5-7. 
..Sept. 10, 11. 
.Oct. 12—14. 
.Oct, 7, 8. 
.Sept. 28—30. 
.Oct. 6-8 
.Oct. 20-22. 
.Sopt. 28-30. 
.Sept. 28, Oct. 1. 
.Sept. 7—10. 
East Somerset, Hartland,.Oct. 6, 7. 
Hancock, Ellsworth,.Oct. 12,13. 
West Somerset, AnsoD.Oct. 6, 7. 
OHIO. 
Lucas, Toledo,. 
Clinton, Wilmington, . 
Muskingum, Zanesville. 
VIRGINIA. 
.Sept. 29, 30. 
.Sept. 22-24. 
.Sept. 29, Oct. 1. 
Loudon, Leesburg,.Oet. 19, 20. 
Valley Society, Winchester,.Oct. 19—22. 
CANADA WEST. 
Blenheim, Drumbo, 
Oct. 8. 
VERMONT. 
Addison and Chittenden, Vergennes.Sept. 9—11, 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
Belknap, -, ..,uin.umn;;..;n .Sept. 29, 30. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
North Luzerne, Waverly,.Oct. 6—7. 
INDIANA. 
South-Western, Vincennes,.Oct. 19—22. 
IOWA. 
Harrison, Magnolia,----—Oct. 
MICHIGAN. 
Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo,.Sept. 22 24. 
MARYLAND. 
Montgomery, Rockville,....Sept. 9, 10. 
Wheat Growing in Western New York is, to 
say the least, a very risky business since the pre¬ 
valence of the midge. Many, however, are encour¬ 
aged from the escape of the crop this season, to 
sow more extensively this fall than for several 
years. While we fear the result will be unfavora¬ 
ble, we trust it will prove profitable. Those who 
sow, however, should do so early, using seed of early- 
maturing and hardy varieties, and planting on rich and 
well cultivated reheat soil. These three essentials are 
all important requisites to success in any region 
where the midge prevails, and neither of them 
should be neglected or overlooked. We should 
prefer sowing the last days of August or first week 
in September. 
Good Yield—A Challenge.— An Auburn (Cayuga 
Co.) paper says:—'“ JohnReany owns two acres of 
land in this city from which he has just cut a crop 
of red wheat amounting to ninety bushels—forty- 
five bushels to the acre! Two years ago he raised 
over fifty bushels from one acre of the same land. 
He challenges the County to produce an equal 
amount of wheat from the same number of acres.” 
