[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS. 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
writes thus:—“Fifteen years of experience are 
worth something, or, at all events, ought to he of 
some value. Does the quantity of seed sown regu¬ 
late the quantity of grain to be produced ? Most 
decidedly not As a general rule, the larger quan¬ 
tity of seed sown produces the smallest result, be¬ 
cause it implies a poor or ill-cultivated soil, having 
no power to compel the plant to tiller. It would 
be absurd to lay down an arbitrary rule of quan¬ 
tity for all sorts and climates; but we may take 
these general rules as a safe guide: 
That the quantity of seed must be diminished in 
proportion as the natural or artificial fertility of 
the soil is increased. 
That in such soils the sowing of too much seed 
produces a rank and close vegetation, prematurely 
developed, laid early, apt to be mildewed, and ruin¬ 
ously unproductive in quality and quantity. 
The extreme illustration of this is afforded by 
the bunches grown from masses of seed dropped 
from the drill, or accumulated by mice. 
That time is gained or early harvesting is pro¬ 
moted by two causes—a highly manured, drained, 
and fertile soil, or by a large quantity of seed. In 
the latter case prematurity is attained at a sacrifice 
of quantity. If I were asked whether I would sow 
thick to produce an early harvest, or whether I 
would sow thin and earlier, to produce the same 
result, I would most decidedly prefer the latter 
mode.” In these remarks Mr. M. assumes that 
everybody drills or dibbles the Beed. 
Exhibition op the Royal Ag. Society. — The 
late Show of the ltoyal Agricultural Society, at 
Chester, was one of the best ever had, and the re¬ 
ceipts the largest since the formation of the 
Society. The number of visitors exceeded 70,000. 
At the public dinner, the President stated that the 
Society had expended upwards of $750,000 in the 
promotion of agricultural improvement during the 
last twenty years. 
Cattle Best Adapted to Daiiiy Purposes.— 
Chester being the great Dairy County of the King¬ 
dom, offered a local prize of $850, for cattle best 
adapted to Dairy Purposes. “ It is a matter of im¬ 
portance,” say the English paperB, “to see whether 
breeds or crosses, profitable as feeders, can be good 
milkers—or whether we must, for dairy purposes, 
develop the udder and milk-vein at the sacrifice of 
fattening properties. The answer to the question 
is, that the Short horns, and some good ones too, 
have come in for most of the prizes.” 
•A sample of 
cient stock should be turned in to consume the 
whole product. Then all should be turned into 
other fields, and a few weeks’ rest will give a new, 
fresh growth to the pasture, which, under a dif¬ 
ferent course of treatment, we have always found 
to assume a spotted appearance, the grass in some 
parts having reached mature growth, while in oth¬ 
ers it was closely consumed. 
We have said nothing of seeding and culture, or 
of the application of fertilizers; each of these ap¬ 
propriately furnish subjects by themselves, which 
have and will receive due attention in our colamns. 
The question of changing pastures, and of the 
kinds of stock which should graze together or be 
kept separate, remains for discussion. Will cor¬ 
respondents give us their views and experience on 
the whole subject of managing pasture lands? 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper, 
Th» Rural New-Yorker Is designed to be unsurpassed in 
Value, Purity, Dsefulnees and Variety of Contents, and unique and 
beautiful in Appearance Its Conductor devotes his personal atten¬ 
tion to the supervision of its various departments, and earnestly labors 
to ronder the Rural an eminently Reliable Gnide on the Important 
Practical, Scientific and other Subjects intimately connected with the 
business of those whose interests it zealously advocates It embraces 
more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, Educational, Literary and 
News Matter, Interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, 
than any other Journal,— rendering it the most complete Agricultu¬ 
ral, Literary and Family Journal In America 
O’-All communications, and business letters, should be addressed 
to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
ENGLISH AGRICULTURE 
lug it to the centre of tbe row; this, when the 
plants are small, is considered a very great im¬ 
provement. I>y closing the frame, using a shorter 
cross-bar, (C,) and moving the front tooth bacl^ 
and A and B forward, you have a Double Mold- 
Board Steel Plow, as the curves of A and B are tho 
same as front tooth, making a perfect joint. This 
Implement is peculiarly adapted to turning the soil 
from the trees for Manuring and Hilling in the fall. 
It has been thoroughly tested by some of tbe ftrst- 
clasB nurserymen and farmers in and about Roch¬ 
ester, and other parts of tbe country, and all that 
have given it a fair and impartial trial, or have 
seen 
“Sayre’s Patent Horse-Hoe and Double-Adjust- l 
able Mold-Board Plow, Combined,” was invented 
about one year ago—has been thoroughly tested by 
many farmers and nurserymen, and highly com¬ 
mended. The above illustration, and following de¬ 
scription by the patentee, will give our readers a 
very good idea of its construction and mode of 
operation: 
“For Hoeing, Hilling and Weeding, it has no 
equal; tbe Point and Mold-BbardB being made of 
tho best of Steel, tempered and polished, makes 
them durable and free from tbe trouble of clog¬ 
ging in heavy soil, which is a serious objection to 
cast iron. As it runs upon Wheels at both ends, it 
draws easy, and can be set to any desirable depth. 
It can be closed to any width without changing the 
angle of tbe Mold-Boards, as they are regulated by 
an Adjustable Arm. By changing the Mold-Boardt 
A and B, to opposite sides, the angle is reversed, 
taking tlie earth from the plants or trees and throw- 
MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. 
Foul Seed. — The “Natural History of Crop 
Seeds and their Weed Adulterations,” has formed 
an interesting subject for the editors of the Gar¬ 
dener's Chronicle to investivate, and the reports they 
are making exhibit, with remarkable clearness, the 
necessity that exists for farmers to call into exer¬ 
cise every appliance in order to rid the germs of 
future crops from all foul matter. A packet of 
eleven samples of seeds wa3 sent them by a corres¬ 
pondent for inspection. These contained speci¬ 
mens of natural and artificial grasses, and consist¬ 
ed of tbe following varieties:—White Clover, Red 
Clover, Cow-grass Clover, Rib-grass — Planiago 
lanceolata, Italian Rye-grass, Cocksfoot, Smooth- 
stalk'eu Meadow Grass, Crested Dogstall Grass, 
Meadow Foxtail Grass, Meadow Fescue Grass, and 
Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. The inquiries con¬ 
nected with theso samples had immediate reference, 
1st, To the numbers of weed present in a given 
quantity of each. 2d, To the kinds and nature of 
such weeds. 3d, To the weight of seeds. 4th, To 
the weight of a given quantity of each of the grasses. 
To the solutiqn of the first of these inquiries we 
now purpose to direct attention, and this is con¬ 
cisely presented in the following analysis: 
Weed Seeds to tbe pint 
Name. imperial. 
1. White Clover. 128,000 
2. Red Clover. 16,960 
3. Cow-grass Clover. 12,160 
4. Rib-grass — Plantago lanceolata. 1,920 
5. Italian Rye-grass. 2,200 
6. Cocksfoot. 3,440 
7. Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass. 12,000 
& Crested Pogstail Grass. 6,400 
9. Meadow Foxtail Grass. 19,200 
10. Meadow Fescue Grass. 3,200 
11. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. 1,690 
Upon the array of figures presented, the Chron¬ 
icle very truthfully remarks:—“The first example 
The seeding and manuring of meadows has 
recently received some notice in our columns—we 
would now turn to an equally important question— 
one, perhaps, needing fuller discussion, viz:— The 
We shall draw some 
Management of Pastures, 
hints from Tiiaer’8 Principles of Agriculture, tho’ 
not confining ourself to that or any particular 
I authority. 
1. Pastures should be entirely free from stag- 
| nant water to be fitted to the production of good 
grasses, and to prevent injury to tbe health of cat- 
I tie and sheep feeding thereon. On swampy ground, 
drains should not only be provided, but they should 
be kept in order. However well such land may be 
seeded at first, and however valuable the first crop 
may prove, if the drains become stopped, and 
water remains on the ground late in spring, the 
cultivated grasses in time give way to coarser 
herbage; water grasses, flags and rushes takes their 
place. This fact has come within the observation 
of every farmer. In many cases a few days’ work 
would go far to remedy the evil — on level land a 
good system of surface draining could be provided 
and kept open at small expense. On favorable sit¬ 
uations, underdrains would be far more permanent 
and thorough in operation, and hence more eco- 
I nomical in the end. 
2. Pastures should not be allowed to grow up to 
weeds—and yet how few there are which are not 
wofully disfigured in appearance, and lessened in 
product by these “ pests of the farm.” Thistles, in 
particular, multiply with great rapidity in rich 
pastures, for cattle will not touch them, conse¬ 
quently the seed ripens and takes root. They not 
only destroy the grass, by taking its place, but 
prevent cattle from eating it near their thorny 
leaves. The evil is easily remedied — if mown 
with a scythe a few times during the flowering 
season, they will eventually disappear — besides, 
cattle will eat them in a withered state. Most 
other weeds yield to the same treatment—all will 
do so if it is perseveringly applied, and the pasture 
i is at the same time encouraged, by seeding and 
manure, in the production of tbe grasses. 
3. Occasional attention to spreading the manure 
dropped by tbe catile and horses at rest, will, in 
most cases, prove advantageous. If tbe dung is 
left undivided, the plants it covers are at first 
completely stilled; but the following year, strong, 
coarse tufts of grass shoot up, which the cattle will 
not touch, unless compelled by hunger. If the 
manure is spread, on the contrary, the growth of 
grass is increased, and the distasteful flavor is 
very slightly, if at all, injurious, 
4. Pastures should never be crowded with a 
greater number of cattle than they can properly 
support Heavy stocking checks vegetation—the 
plants have not time to attain any growth; the 
cattle bite off their tops, and then tear them up by 
the roots, 
it work, arrive at the same conclnsion — that 
it is a great Labor-Saving Machine; simple in its 
construction, durable, of easy adjustment, and not 
liable to get out of order.” 
This implement is manufsstured by Sayre A 
I Remington, Utica, N. Y., who offer State, County 
| and Town rights for sale. 
This sugar is perfectly dry, it worked perfectly, 
and without tbe slightest difficulty, at every stage. 
Nov. 17, Temp. 34 c -48°, N. W.—Boiled all tho 
molasses from the above (except the two lbs. from 
the tops, which was too poor for recrystallization) 
23.25 lbs.; added clear lime water until it marked 
35° Beaumc when boiling; took off a thick, gluti¬ 
nous scum, and boiled it down to 243 ’ Fah. In 
two hours it produced a copious crop of very good 
crystals. Allowed it to stand till morning, when it 
was quite solid. 
Dec. 18, Temp. 30 c -52°, S. E.—Here an unfortu¬ 
nate accident occurred. Having placed the crys¬ 
tal mass over a slow fire, to render it fluid enough 
to cast into a mould, I was called oft to a case of 
illness, leaving it over tho fire, and being detained 
much longer than I anticipated, on returning I 
found all tho grain melted and the molasses boil¬ 
ing vehemently, and badly burned. Mnch dis¬ 
couraged, I however proceeded. It crystallized 
the second time, and was put into a mould. 
De c , 20 —Weighed tbe sugar from tbe 23.25 
pounds of molasses boiled on the 17th of Novem¬ 
ber, as follows, viz: 
I .... 11 »* 
quarter gallons, 10° Beaumd, treated as above, and 
set it aside. 
Nov. G, Temp. 50°-62° 8., cloudy. — Weather 
changing, cut and ground fifty-eight feet, ninety- 
five canes, nine and five-eights gallons, 10° Beaumc, 
treated as above; also ground the tops of all the 
above 232 feet, which produced four gallons, two 
quarts, and three half pints of juice, weighing 12° 
Beaumc, more acid than the lower joints, treated 
it the same, boiled it to 238° Fah., and set it aside. 
In the morning I found a good crop of crystals, 
but the mass thick and viscid, added three table- 
spoonfnls clear lime water, heated it to enable me 
to pour it into a mould; gross weight nine and a 
half pounds, tare four and a half pounds, net five 
pounds. On the 13tb, knocked it out, and bad 
three pounds good brown sugar, and two pounds 
molasses. 
Nov. 7, Temp. 54°-G6°, South.—Boiled one-half 
of the remainder of the proceeds of the above 
lower joints (one-third of the whole having been 
boiled on tbe 2d, as above stated) to 23G° Fah., and 
added it to that boiled on the 2d; boiled the other 
half to 237° Fab., potted it at 170° Fah., very hand¬ 
somely crystallized, and very light colored. 
Nov. 8, Temp. G0°-74°, S. W.—Withdrew the 
stops and set it on pots to drain. 
Nov. 9, Temp. 34°-50°, 8. W. —The full mould 
(fifteen pounds size) had run one and one-eight 
gallons molasses, or syrup; if it had been boiled a 
little higher it would have produced more sugar, 
and lesa molasses. 
Nov. 14, Temp. 30°-42°, N. E, ice.—The whole 
having now stood seven days, and being thoroughly 
drained, weighed as follows: 
1 small mould, 10 Its. 
Tare, i'A 
- net wt. sugar, C>A Its. 
1 larger “ 18Js£ 
Bird Island Guano in England. 
this Guano, offered for sale at £5 per ton, was an¬ 
alyzed by Prof. Voklcker, Chemist of the Royal 
Agricultural Society, and he reports that it appears 
to be an artificial compound, made up of more than 
half its bulk of Plaster of Paris, and containing less 
than one-half per cent, of ammonia. This almost 
equals some of the artificial fertilizers “got up” 
on “ Uncle Sam’s” dominions. 
Steam Plowing.— According to Bell's Weekly 
Messenger, Mr. Lem. Smith, of Woolston, in Bed¬ 
fordshire, has, for three years, cultivated his farm 
entirely by steam power, and so great has been bis 
success, that within a few months twenty persons 
in different parts of the kingdom have purchased 
complete sets of his apparatus. 
THE CHINESE SUGAR CANE. 
EXPERIMENTS OF JOSEPH S. LOVERING. 
Second crop of crystals from die 2.5 2 j It*, i 
Deduct pro rata for the fourteen feet excess 
of an acre,. 
Second returns from one-fiftieth ol an acre, 
Multiply by. 
Product of an acre from die molasses,. 
Then we have, as the whole 
acre of canes, 
1st returns,. . 
2d “ . t 
And deduct molasses converted,. 
[Concluded from page 302, last No.] 
Fourth Experiment. — Nov. 2, Temp. 38°-50°, 
N. E. clear.—Since the 28th of October, th8 weather 
has been mild and foggy, with heavy rains; tem¬ 
perature varying from 48° to 60°. A very decided¬ 
ly increased development of sugar in the juice has 
been ascertained, viz.: 7.29 per cent, instead of five 
per cent., and I have gained some experience; so, 
instead of allowing the syrup to remain from four 
to twelve days, still containing a great portion of 
its fermentable impurities, gradually undergoing 
decomposition and depreciation, I remedy this evil 
to some extent, as will be seen. I also dispense 
with the fine ivory black and the filtering, thus sim¬ 
plifying the process. 
Nov. 3, Temp. 38°-50°, N. E., clear.—Cut and 
ground fifty eight feet of a row, one hundred canes, 
the upper portions of the stalks turning yellow, 
leaves dead and dry; ground six and seven of the 
lower joints, produced ten gallons juice, weighing 
10° Beaumc, much less acid than previous samples, 
and barely changing litmus paper, neutralized with 
milk of lime, and clarified at once perfectly with 
eggs, passed it immediately through three and a 
half feet black, and boiled it to 234° Fah.; after 
standing an hour tbe crystals were large and sharp, 
but not very abundant till morning, it being boiled 
too low. 
Nov. 4, Temp. 31°-50 c , Ice.—Cut and ground 
fifty-eight feet, one hundred canes, nine and fifteen- 
sixteenths gallons, 10° Beaumc, rather more acid 
than the last, clarified it fully a3 above, passed it 
through five feet black, and set it aside, as it is 
clear and bright, and contains no feculent matter. 
Nov. 5, Temp. 34°-62°, S. W.—Cut and ground 
fifty-eight feet, ninety-four canes, nine and three- 
And 12 lbs. molasses per gallon gives.74.39 gal 
Say sugar, per acre, 1,221.85 lbs.; molasses, per 
acre, ^74.39 gallons; sugar, per cent, 7.35;* molas¬ 
ses, per cent, 5.37; sugar and molasses, 12.72 per 
cent. , .. . 
I will repeat here, that, owing to the accident 
before stated, this sugar, 2d returns, is not nearly of 
so good quality as it otherwise would have been. 
Fifth Experiment. —Nov. 9. —I must now men¬ 
tion that the last experiment was intended to have 
been on a considerably larger scale than those pic- 
vious. Each day’s work was, however, kept dis¬ 
tinct and separate from the others, thus enabling 
me to determine it at any point. 
Having thus proceeded to, and finished the clari¬ 
fication of the 4th parcel, (Nov. 8th,) and the wea¬ 
ther becoming and continuing very warm, (the 
thermometer as high as 74°,) I observed a very sud- 
• It may, perhaps, appear inconsistent to tho casual observer, to 
find IX, per cent of sugar obtained, wlien the juice only contained 
7 70 n/.r rent., ns sliown by tho polariscopc. 1 Ms is rcadilv exp un- 
Sugar fVom the tops, 
Product of 232 feet canes, 
1 pot molasses, 17 lbs., tare 
The injurious effects of this course are 
very evident. For the same and other reasons, 
cattle must not be turned into pastures too early 
in tbe year, or kept there too late. 
5. On the other hand, it is equally injurious to a 
pasture to be grazed by too small a number of cat¬ 
tle or other stock. The pasture, is not fully used, 
we lose in the return it might give; it is also im¬ 
poverished by the neglect. The herbage shoots 
up luxuriantly, and some grasses cattle refase after 
they attain full growth. These kinds consequently 
increase and strengthen, while the finer kinds of 
herbage, closely consumed by stock, and crowded 
by the stronger plants, decrease and disappear. In 
permanent pastures losses more frequently result 
from this cause than any other. And from those 
which stand for a few years only, the full benefit is 
not derived, unless they are fed off with proper 
amount of stock, in due season. Clover especially, 
needs some care in this respect It should attain a 
fine start in spring before feeding, and then suffi. 
l « \2A“ & 
Molasses from the tops, 
Product of molasses from 232 feet cane, 
236 feet are more than one-fiftieth part of 
an acre by 14 feet, therefore, deduct 
pro rata 
Product of one-fifrieth part of an acre, 
Multiply by 
Product of an a ere in lbs. 
A gallon of molasses weighs 12 lbs., there 
by 12 for gallons, 
and we have 928 pounds sugar (first returns) and 
98.87 gallons molasses, made from one acre (18,27 <) 
of canes, which produced 1,817 gallons juice, weigh¬ 
ing at nine pounds per galloD, 1G,G23 pounds, or, 
sugar, first crop, 5.68 per cent., molasses, 7.14 per 
cent.; together, 12.72 per cent* 
1180.60 
