PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
heals, la the latter it ia too apt to spread and in¬ 
crease. 
7Yeatment. —In the early stages of this disease, 
the most effectual remedy is to place the calf with 
the mother, that it may suck and knock about the 
udder at pleasure. Relief, in most cases, soon fol¬ 
lows, the milk flows dispersing all lumps. Should 
the inflammation continue, or the bag be so tender 
that the cow will not permit the calf to suck; and, 
especially, should the fever increase and the cow 
refuse to eat, or cease to ruminate, and the milk 
become discolored and mixed with matter and 
blood, then the case must receive immediate atten¬ 
tion. Youatt recommends bleeding, a dose of 
physic administered, the udder well fomented, the 
milk drawn gently but completely off, at least twice 
in each day, and an ointment, composed of the fol¬ 
lowing ingredients, a3 thoroughly rubbed into the 
bag as the cow will permit Soft soap, one pound; 
mercurial ointment, two ounces; camphor, rubbed 
down with a little spirit of wine, one ounce—rub 
well together. Apply after every milking, the ud¬ 
der being well fomented with warm water, and the 
remains of the ointment washed off before the 
next milking. 
If the foregoing fails to speedily remove the 
disease, iodine must be resorted to. Although io¬ 
dine often has admirable effects in diminishing 
glandular enlargements, there is an objection to its 
frequent use—it occasionally acts upon and dimin¬ 
ishes the gland itself. The mode of application is 
external, in the form of an ointment (one part of 
the hydriodate of potash being incorporated with 
seven parts of lard) one or two drachms (about the 
size of a filbert) of which should be rubbed into 
the diseased portion of the udder morning and 
night. Doses of the hydriodate may daily be given 
internally with a little gruel, gradually increasing 
from six to twelve grains. 
During the process the udder must be closely 
watched, as matter will begin to form, and it 
should be speedily removed. If suffered to work 
its own way to the surface, large, irregular ulcers, 
ditflcult to heal, will be formed. Whenever there is 
the appearance of suppuration the diseased part 
should be freely and deeply lanced. 
While the disease is in progress the bowels 
should be kept open, and for this purpose take half 
doses of the following:—Epsom salts, one pound; 
powdered caraway seeds, half an ounce. Dissolve 
in a quart of warm gruel. A fever diink composed 
of emetic tartar, one drachm; powdered digitalis, 
half a drachm; nitre, three drachms—mix and give 
in a quart of tolerably thick gruel. A drink more 
decidedly diuretic is made of powdered nitre, one 
ounce; powdered resin, two ounces; ginger, two 
drachms—mix well together in a little molasses 
and give in warm gruel. This latter drink it will 
be well to continue for two or three weeks after all 
bloody discharges have ceased. 
The treatment recommended by Dr. Dadd is to 
perseveringly foment the teats, or quarters that 
have become hot and tender, with an infusion of 
elder or camomile flowers, at the same time draw¬ 
ing in the most gentle manner, a small quantity of 
milk. He then gives an aperient—one pint of lin¬ 
seed oil and the yolks of two eggs, or one pint of 
sweet oil and halt a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper 
—and keeps the animal on light diet. If there is 
danger of matter forming, rub the bag with equal 
parts of goose oil and hot drops. If the parts are 
exceedingly painful, a wash of weak lye, or wood 
ashes, or sal soda, is recommended. If necessity 
compels the use of the lancet, after the matter is 
evacuated the part is washed clean and a stimula¬ 
ting liniment applied. 
We have thus glanced at the causes and various 
modes of treatment for this painful disease, and 
though there are a thousand so-called remedies 
put forth as curatives by cow-doctors and others 
throughout the country, the course we have no¬ 
ticed can lay some claim to regularity. We doubt 
not that either of the modes prescribed, if faithfully 
carried out, will meet all the objects the attainment 
of which is desired. 
and saving more in fitting it for the erop, or in 
first hoeing, than all it cost the year before. The 
destruction of the seeds of noxious weeds, turned 
under before they ripen. A deepening of the soil— 
the team being well rested from the spring’s work 
take hold with a will, and are better able to turn a 
good furrow than in spring plowing. These re¬ 
marks apply more particularly to light and sandy 
soils. Our heavy lands would be too hard, in our 
dry seasons, for early antumn plowing, nor are they 
well suited to the production of rye, or constant 
cropping. But light lands, so treated, would pro¬ 
duce a heavier crop of corn, roots, or spring grain, 
with the same manure, than if allowed to remain 
untilled in autumn. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
A If ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper. 
TnE Rubai, New-Yorkzr Is designed to be unsurpassed in 
Value, Purity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and unique and 
beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes his personal atten¬ 
tion to the supervision of its various departments, and enrnesUy labors 
to render tho Rural an eminently Reliable Guide on the Important 
Practical, Scientiflc and otlier Subjects intimntely connected with the 
business of those whose interests it zealously advocates. It ombraces 
more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, Educational, Literary and 
News Matter, interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, 
than any other Journal,—rendering it the most complete Agricultu¬ 
ral, Literary and Family Journal in America. 
THE POTATO CROP. 
C'fc7"All communications, and business letters, should bo addressed 
to D. I). T. MOO RBI, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
The 30th ult,, we spent among the potato fields 
and growers of this section. We do not think 
half as many potatoes are grown in the same ex¬ 
tent of territory, in any other place, as within 
twelve or fifteen miles of this city. There are 
several reasons why this crop receives so much 
attention. In the first place, this was the famous 
wheat section. Here we raised the world-renown¬ 
ed Genesee, and our city was known as the Flour 
City. When this crop failed, the potato seemed to 
furnish the most available substitute, and many 
engaged in their culture as a main crop. This 
fact becoming known, our city soon became the 
resort of purchasers for the New York market. 
The price paid has been such as to make this crop 
highly remunerative, not averaging leas than seven¬ 
ty-five cents a bushel for the last five years, and 
this, of course, has had its influence in stimulating 
the production. Host of the land, lying north of 
the city, and between it and the shores of Lake 
Ontario, is light, and peculiarly adapted to growing 
the potato in a healthy condition, and it is no 
strange thing to find farmers in this section, whose 
almost sole dependence is upon the potato, grow¬ 
ing from twenty acres upwards. 
Our growers are as much affected by the tastes and 
notions of the consumers in New York, as though 
they were in its immediate vicinity, for, of course, 
the purchasers buy to suit their customers, and the 
Mercer, which is a favorite sort, will sell for at 
least one-third more than most other kinds. This 
variety, however, yields but poorly, and is the most 
subject to the rot, and any variety that would pos¬ 
sess its good qualities without its bad would be a 
great acquisition. Some of our growers are try¬ 
ing to get such a variety from seed. 
The crop the present season is very light, the 
potatoes small in size and of poor quality. The 
tops were cut down by the blight, (which Mr. Hen¬ 
derson says is the insect,) before the tubers were 
half grown. We saw potatoes that were planted 
the first of June, as dead the middle of August as 
though they had endured a week’s hard frost The 
tubers thus suddenly stopped in their growth, are 
not of good quality, some seem to have partially 
ripened, while others appear as unripe as we would 
expect to find them at the first of August, with the 
tops all growing. Some are rotting, though the 
rot is not very general cn light land. The speci¬ 
mens affected seem to be very badly diseased, some 
being half, others entirely destroyed. Notwith. 
standing the poorness of the crop, potatoes have 
not been as cheap for many jears a3 at present.— 
Growers, especially those whose land is a little 
heavy are afraid to trust them over the winter, and 
force them upon the market. The result is, they 
are now selling at from twenty to thirty-five cents 
per bushel. If the crop, however, is not better in 
other sections than here, they mast bring a high 
price in the winter or spring. 
We have been very much interested this season 
in watching about thirty varieties of potatoes, 
raised from seed, by George Vick, about five miles 
from this city. The seed waa sown two years ago 
this spring. His object was to raise a potato as 
good as the Mercer, one that would bring as high 
a price in the New York market, and yield a good 
crop. The Mercer, it is known, is a poor bearer, 
and although it sells higher than most sorts, is not, 
therefore, very profitable. The seed was obtained 
from Mercers, Scotch Greys, and several other 
sorts. This spring the seedlings were planted care¬ 
fully, and labeled, and in a short time we expect 
to see some interesting results. But, what attract¬ 
ed our particular attention, was the different de¬ 
grees of injury the leaves and tender shoots 
had received from the insect A portion of 
them have their leaves and top3 slightly in¬ 
jured, some are injured quite badly, while 
the haulms of others were destroyed, almost 
entirely, quite early in the season. Then, there are 
others entirely uninjured, and as sound and healthy 
as could be desired. Is it not singular that the in¬ 
sect shows such a nice taste? Whether or not an 
insect causes the rot, there can be no question but 
that the insect before referred to injures the 
haulms. We have sad proof of this in the destruc¬ 
tion of onr Dahlias, by the same enemy. 
The past Spring J. Rapalje presented na with 
two large, whitish potatoes, of something of a 
WHAT IS GARGET? 
Messrs. Eds.:— Seeing many inquiries in the Rural 
for remedies for Garget, Enlarged Udder, &e., I am led 
to think that it is not exclusively in the city that the 
milk of unhealthy cows is used. I deem the subject one 
of much importance as regards the health of the people, 
and would like to see it fully treated in your columns, 
believing great good would result therefrom.— Henry 
Long, Mottville, Cass Co., Mich., 1858. 
At no time since the first issue of the Rural, have 
we had as many inquiries relative to the diseases re¬ 
ferred to by our correspondent as during the pres¬ 
ent year; and his belief that “ the milk of unhealthy 
cows ia not exclusively used as an article,of “city 
nourishment,” certainly possesses a firm base. 
That part of medicine which explains the nature of 
diseases affecting our domestic animals, their 
causes, and remedies, is hidden in much darkness; 
but the importance of these co-workers with man 
is fast being properly appreciated, and this, taken 
in connection with the fact that men of clear 
minds,— men enthusiastic in their chosen profes¬ 
sion,—are philanthropicaliy devoting themselves 
to the perfecting of a Materia Medico, specially 
adapted to the wants of the brute creation, gives 
us glowing hopes for the future. Day by day 
these individuals are gaining the strength which 
knowledge alone can give—and we hope the agri¬ 
cultural press will soon be enabled to chronicle the 
downfall of empiricism and barbarity. The times 
demand a rational method of medication founded 
upon physiological laws, a correct system of thera¬ 
peutics, pathology and chemistry,— without these, 
success is a myth — the most arduous and severe 
labor will accomplish literally nothing. 
Garget is a disease attacking the internal portion 
of the udder—one of the teats or the quarters be¬ 
comes enlarged, hot and tender,—it soon begins to 
feel hard, iB knotty, containing within it small, dis¬ 
tinct, hardened tumors or kernels. The disease 
spreads, and other portions assume the same char¬ 
acter. The milk coagulates, and where it lodges 
local inflammation ensues. Young cows, after 
their first calving, are particularly subject to an 
attack, especially when in high condition. A 
greater or less degree of fever is usually attendant. 
Garget may be classed among maladies of an in¬ 
flammatory type. 
The symptoms attending general inflammations 
(though all may not be present in every case,) are 
swelling, redness, pain and heat. The swelling is 
caused by distension of the vessels of the part, at 
the outset, but effusions from the surface after¬ 
wards take place. Redness is the result of a sur¬ 
plus quantity of blood being present in the vessels. 
Pain is produced by the pressure of the enlarged 
vessels upon the nerves of sensation. Heat, an 
invariable symptom of ieflammatioD, is owing to the 
development of more than an ordinary amount 
of caloric, from the presence of an unusual quan¬ 
tity of arterial blood. The part inflamed is more 
abundantly supplied with blood than when in a 
healthy condition, — if the inflammation is not 
suppressed the blood vessels become enlarged and 
a permanent enlargement often results. 
The causes for inflammation in the disease under 
consideration are various. Garget may be brought 
on by exposure of the animal to cold and wet at 
the time of, or soon after, parturition, and by high 
condition. Hastily drying a cow has produced 
indurations not easily removed. Lying upon and 
bruising the udder is another cause. Another 
source of this evil — and, probably, the most fruit¬ 
ful one, — ia the careless habit of not milking the 
cow clear), leaving a quantity of milk in the bag to 
irritate and inflame. 
Inflammation is succeeded by suppuration — the 
formation of pus, or matter. The sequel of in¬ 
flammation is exhibited by ulceration, —the absorp¬ 
tion and removal of substance — being illustrated 
by an abscess. Ulcers may occur in cattle both 
when in health and diseased, and may be preceded 
or not by suppuration; in the former case it soon 
ARABIAN LIORSE “ TARTA1 
Fine horses are always popular and aclmired, but 
this popularity and admiration seems to culminate 
daring the season of Fairs, when so many superior 
specimens of the equine race are exhibited to ad¬ 
vantage. The present is, therefore, the season to 
talk and read about the best breeds, and compare 
and discuss their respective merits. And hence 
we offer no apology for devoting more than usual 
attention to portraying and describing representa¬ 
tive horses. Two or three weeks ago we gave a 
portrait of an English Draft Horse, and talked 
somewhat of that elephantine breed; and we now 
represent a pure blood Arabian, and converse of 
his family relatione. 
We give an excellent portrait of the Arabian 
Horse “ Tartar,” sired by the celebrated “ Imanm”— 
a pure Arabian stallion, presented by the Saltan of 
Muscat, to Mr. Pingree, of Salem, Masa, and said 
to have been selected as the best of a stud of one 
hundred favorite horses. “Tartar” was bred by 
Asa Pingkek, of Topsfield, Mass., and was subse¬ 
quently owned by J. S. Leavitt, Esq., of Salem. 
The unnatural and cruel manner in which his 
beautiful head is curbed in, is a decided blemish— 
while his back is somewhat low, and longer than 
accords with our idea of strength and symmetry, 
though for speed it is not au objection. The best 
points which the engraving displays are the head, 
(which we consider superlatively beautiful,) the 
well arched and exquisitely set on neck, the large, 
well developed, muscular quarters, and strong flat 
legs, short from the knee to the fetlock joint 
The Arabian horses are known to be the swiftest, 
hardiest and gentlest in the world, and though it 
is averred that a superior Arab mare has never been 
sold out of the country, yet such as have been im¬ 
ported into Europe, have stamped indelibly their 
valuable characteristics on the breeds crossed with 
them. The modern English racer awes some of his 
best qualities to Arabian blood. According to Mr. 
Layard, there are five distinct breeds of Arabian 
horses, which are said to descend from the five fa¬ 
vorite mares of Mahomet. The pedigrees of their 
horses are kept with the most scrupulous accuracy. 
The mares are considered most valuable. A Be¬ 
douin parts with everything rather than sell his 
mare. They frequently fetch as mnch as $5,000. 
Their average height is from 14 to 141 handB high, 
seldom reaching fifteen. They are never placed 
under shelter during the intense heat of an Arabian 
summer, nor protected from the biting cold of the 
desert wind3 of winter. The saddle is rarely taken 
from their hacks, nor are they ever cleaned or 
groomed. Thus, apparently neglected, they are 
but pkin and bones, and one is surprised at seeing 
an animal he would scarcely ride home, valued al¬ 
most beyond price. Although docile as a lamb, 
and requiring no other guide than the halter, when 
the Arab mare hears the war cry of her tribe, and 
sees the quivering spear of her rider, her eyes glit¬ 
ter with fire, her blood-red nostrils open wide, her 
neck is nobly arched, and her mane and tail are 
stretched out to the wind. The Bedouin proverb 
says that a high-bred mare when at full speed, 
should hide her rider between her neck and tail. 
They are so particular about pedigrees, that 
when a horse falls into the hands of an Arab, his 
first thought is how to ascertain its descent. If the 
owner he dismounted in battle, or if he even be 
about to receive his death blow from his enemy, he 
will frequently exclaim, “ Fellan (such a one,) the 
mare that fate has given you is of noble blood.”— 
He then describes her breed, and tells who owned 
and rode her dam. After a battle or foray, the 
tribes who have taken horses from the enemy, will 
send an envoy to ask their breed, and the person 
so chosen, passes from tent to tent unharmed, hear¬ 
ing from each man, ns he eats his bread, the de¬ 
scent and qualities of the horse he may have lost. 
We may learn a lesson from the Arabin regard to 
purity of blood, which we, with all our boasted 
knowledge and improvements, are apt to forget 
stance, those planted in the month of March at 
Flat Bush, Long Island, were so much diseased in 
the beginning of August that from one third to 
! one-ha!f were left on the ground at digging. The 
smallest young insects, such as we examined to¬ 
gether in Rochester, we re very numerous on the 
decaying tubers under ground. 
Your paper of the 21st August, is before me, 
and in answer to the Albany Country Gentleman's 
statement that from the earliest times, the farmers 
have found the insect referred to infesting their 
potato fields, and have consequently given it the 
common name of Potato Bug, I say that in all 
my travels, I have not yet found one jarmer who 
had ever seen the Phytocoris before I pointed it 
out to him. The Potato Bug, so called by the 
farmers, is an entirely different insect, having no 
proboscis, and injures the leaves in the early part 
of the season by eating them, but no rot is pro¬ 
duced. I did find one store-keeper on Long Island 
who had seen the Phytocoris on some of his pota¬ 
toes growing in his garden, but did not know what 
injury it was doing. 
To the second question, I think S. S. Rathvon’s 
letter is a complete answer, for he there states that 
he has foreign specimens which resemble the 
Phytocoris, which he calls P. Pralensis. In yonr 
remarks you say that yon think that Dr. Smee does 
describe, in his work on the potato disease, an in¬ 
sect very much like this in form, habits, &c. In 
that you were not mistaken. Mr. Smee, in para¬ 
graph 245, says that “ a very small insect which is 
constantly tobe seen updn tubers, is a small Acarus , 
which runs about the potato very nimbly. There 
kidney shape, with pink eyes, which he called the 
Mammoth Pink Eye. The sort was sent him two 
years previous by a gentleman of Washington 
county. Liking their appearance we gave them 
to one of our potato growers who cut them into 
forty pieces, as they contained this number of 
eyes, and planted each piece in a hilL We exam¬ 
ined them when growing, in a field of ten acres, 
containing several of the best sorts, and yesterday, 
the last day of September, dug several of the hills, 
and they are the largest, most productive, and ap¬ 
parently the most healthy of any that we have seen, 
equalling the Merino in vigor and productiveness. 
If the quality is fair, which we are informed it is, 
this sort must be a great acquisition. Some good 
judges who tried them last year are loud in their 
praise. The English Fluke and some other prom¬ 
ising new sorts are rotting badly. 
The following communication from Mr. Hen¬ 
derson, has been crowded oat several weeks. It 
can do no harm, and we think will do good, to 
heed hia counsel, given in a previous number, and 
dry thoroughly all potatoes before housing. 
MANAGEMENT OF STUBBLE FIELDS. 
The best method of managing a stubble field, 
which ia to be sown or planted the next seasoD, is 
a question of interest, and yet one which receives 
very little attention. Very ofeen they are allowed 
to perfect a crop of weeds, filling the land with 
foul seeds, and injuring largely the crops which 
follow, or entailing serious increase of labor in 
their cultivation. A better way would be to plow 
under this growth, as it would clean the land and 
benefit the soil, but a more thorough system is that 
commended by Mr. Hubbard, of Hampshire, Co., 
Mass., in a communication to the County Ag. So¬ 
ciety, some years ago. He would plow soon alter 
harvest, and sow on a crop of rye,—a light seeding 
only being necessary. 
Among the benefits of the practice are these:— 
The fall feed, which will pay for the seed and plow¬ 
ing. A green crop of rye to turn in as’manure in 
the spring, equal to five or six loads of manure 
per acre. Autumn plowing, pulverizing the land, 
Eds. Bur al:— Since I visited Rochester, in the 
beginning of August, I have traveled over sixteen 
hundred miles in different parts of the country, 
visiting during that time over five hundred potato 
fields, and in every particular have my previous 
investigations been verified. I have not found one 
farmer who doubted. The matter is so plain that 
the simplest individual can see and understand 
how the rot is produced. I found the earlier 
lanted potatoes were very much affected; for in¬ 
