1894 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
5i 
or woolen cloth, against each of which a frame of 
hoard just fitting the opening is fastened during the 
winter season. These, with a tight shutter on the 
outside, make the window practically a double wall 
also. If conveniently situated, use may be made of 
this window as an entrance in the time of storing 
vegetables for the winter, thus avoiding the other¬ 
wise necessary travel hack and forth through the 
dwelling apartments. 
While the cost of such a room is ordinarily greater 
than that of a cellar of the same capacity, its service 
is also greater, and it may well be considered a close 
question of economy in making choice between the 
two ; and where a cellar cannot be made, it is almost 
a necessity. s. r. shull. 
Ohio. _ 
BIG CABBAGES WITHOUT MANURE. 
Mr. P. H. Jacobs is known to the world chiefiy as a 
poultry expert. He has, in connection with his poul¬ 
try a very successful garden on which he raises all the 
vegetables and fruits used in a large family, with a 
good-sized surplus. All this is done on a light, sandy 
soil without any stable manure. The cabbages, shown 
at Fig. 20, were grown in this way, and this is what 
Mr. Jacobs has to say about them : 
“ The field consisted of 400 cabbages, and did 
not take up more than one-eighth of an acre. 
The soil is very sandy, and the plants were grown 
from seed purchased of David Landreth & Sons, 
transplanted July 15. I used no manure, but applied 
two bags (400 pounds) of “Mapes manure for sandy 
soils” on one acre. Consequently these cabbages got 
about 50 pounds. After each rain I applied a table- 
spoonful of nitrate of soda around each cabbage, 
making four applications. The land was plowed ome, 
then harrowed. The cultivation was 
done with a wheel hand hoe, my 
little son doing the work on Satur¬ 
days, at the enormous expense of five 
cents per hour. I always compel my 
boys to earn their spending money, so 
as to teach them to value it. The sea¬ 
son was fairly good, and there were 
few cabbage butterfiies. One or two 
cabbages were 15 inches across the 
head, and none was smaller than 10 
inches. The variety was late Fiat 
Dutch. I tried this as an experiment, 
to raise large cabbages, and suc¬ 
ceeded. My beets, carrots, turnips, 
etc., were equally as good. 
From a little patch of strawberries, 
I picked 100 quarts a day. I have two 
acres, one acre is taken up with my 
dwelling and buildings, usi Jg one acre 
as a garden. I have 12 persons in my 
family, and I buy no fruits or vege¬ 
tables, raising them all myself, and 
have melons, etc., to spare. If I had 
to pay for what I grow, at market 
prices in the s+ores here, it would 
cost me over $300. I do it all with commercial ferti¬ 
lizers. Sometimes I buy the chemicals and mix them 
myself. My duties prevent me from giving but a lim¬ 
ited portion of my time to the garden. I have also 
plenty of apples, pears, grapes, peaches, raspberries, 
blackberries and strawberries, and grow nearly all the 
vegetables in the seed catalogues, even okra and sa'’sify. 
I keep cabbages, roots down in the ground and heads 
up, covering with hay and cornstalks, and they keep 
better than when the heads are buried, and give me 
early sprouts in the spring. p. n. Jacobs. 
LANDLORDS AND TENANTS. 
HOW CAN BOTH LIVE ON ONE FARM? 
In this and adjoining States is a large number of old 
farmers who are no longer able to stand the wear and 
tear incident to the conducting of the farm, and, hav¬ 
ing learned by rough experience how so to economize 
as to be able to live on a small income, are erecting 
small dwellings on acre and half-acre lots in the 
suburbs of the villages, and renting their farms to 
their sons or other active young men. They are mov¬ 
ing into the villages in order to be nearer to church, 
physicians, neighbors, etc., and to be entirely rid of all 
work and worry connected with the farm. Many of 
them keep a cow, and garden a little for exercise, 
raising all the vegetables and small fruits they need. 
In leasing their farms they are exceedingly con¬ 
servative, and in a majority of cases reserve the right 
to prescribe what crops shall be grown on the land, 
and the number of acres of each. This they have found 
necessary in order to prevent the tenant, who is some¬ 
times a man of limited experience, or emphatically 
“ on the make,” from impoverishing the soil by grow¬ 
ing exhausting crops exclusively. Many of these men 
are owners of but 80 or 160 acres, and, as a majority 
of them rent for a portion of the crop, usually two- 
fifths, they are obliged to watch the corners closely in 
order to be sure of a living. Some of them own 
larger tracts and live in better style, but even these 
are careful to see that the source of their income 
is not impaired by injudicious management. In most 
cases the land has been cropped for years and years 
with but little rest and manure, and while it will stlU 
yield good crops in favorable seasons, if well farmed, 
it no longer contains the cream it once did. There¬ 
fore, the great problem which confronts the owners 
is : How to keep up the fertility of the soil, and at the 
same time draw sufiieient income therefrom to enable 
them to live. Farm products are too low in price to 
warrant the purchase of expensive fertilizers, while 
not enough stock is kept by the tenants to make any 
great quantity of manure, and so it is apparent that a 
clear solution of the problem is somewhat difficult. 
Not far from my home lies a tract of land compris¬ 
ing 2,800 acres, that has been cropped by tenants for 
years. Their sole object has been to get all the fer¬ 
tility possible out of it with the least labor, and in¬ 
stead of being farmed it simply has been butchered. 
The owners lived in another part of the country and 
cared nothing for the land^ other than to get their 
yearly rental. Last year this tract came into the 
possession of three men who have instituted a new 
order of things. They look upon their mvestment as 
the source of a permanent income, and instead of rob¬ 
bing the soil of every vestige of fertility, they intend 
to build it up and increase both its productiveness 
and value. 
A New Scheme in Renting Land. 
Mr. Geo. E Maxon, one of the three, is general 
manager, and attends to all the business connected 
with leasing, marketing, rents, etc. He gave me a 
brief outline of his system of renting, etc. “We 
have,” said he, “ 2 800 acres of land, most of which is 
tillable. It is divided into farms of 80 and 160 acres 
each, and is let to tenants in one or the other of these 
quantities.” 
“ What are your terms ?” I asked. 
“Two-fifths of all the grain and seeds grown on 
the land, the same to be delivered in one of two 
towns, equi-distant from the tract.” 
“ How long do your leases run ? ” 
“We make all leases for the term of three years, 
with the understanding that they are to be renewed 
for a like term if the tenant prove satisfactory, but 
not otherwise.” 
“ What about fences ? ” 
“ The hedges are to be trimmed and kept in proper 
order and the trimmings burned by the tenant. When 
fencing is to be done, we furnish all material at the 
station, and the tenant hauls it out and builds the 
fence in a substantial and workmanlike manner with¬ 
out further cost to us. Repairs of buildings the same. 
In case new buildings are to be erected, all we require 
of the tenant is the hauling.” 
“ What about ditches and weeds along the high¬ 
ways ? ” 
“ All ditches are to be kept open and clear of weeds 
and trash the year ’round. All weeds along the public 
roads—which in and about this tract are 60 feet wide— 
are to be mowed as often as is necessary to keep them 
down and the roads clear and open.” 
“ Ho w do you expect to keep up th^ fertility of your 
land ? ” 
“ We require our tenants to sow clover with each 
and every wheat crop raised on the land, we furnish¬ 
ing two-fifths of the seed.” 
“ Have you established a rotation of crops?” 
“ Not yet. We expect to do so, however. We shall 
experiment a little and try to find out what is best for 
the soil of our tract before settling upon any fixed 
rotation.” 
“Will your tenants cut the clover for hay, or seed?” 
“If the stand of clover is good, and they desire to 
grow a crop of seed, we shall allow them to do so. 
The first cutting will be given to the tenant for the 
labor of cutting and getting it off the ground. The 
second cutting, you are aware, is the seed crop. Two- 
fifths of the seed must be delivered to us the same as 
any other crop.” 
“At what time of year will the clover seed be sown?” 
“In March. I have rarely failed to secure a good 
stand when the seed was sown in Mjirch. We may ex¬ 
periment a little along this line.” 
“Do you experience any difficulty in securing good 
tenants?” 
“None at all. Tenant farmers seem to like our 
terms very well. Many landlords now require one- 
half the crop, and we would have no difficulty in rent¬ 
ing our land on those terms, but we prefer the other 
considerations we get. We have secured a good class 
of tenants and think we shall get along first-rate,” 
Christian County, Ill. feed grundy. 
SANATORY MILK FOR A SANITARIUM. 
NOTHING LACKING IN THIS LACTEAL FLUID. 
Where the Sick Are Made Well. 
[KDITORTAT. COBRK8PONDENCB.] 
A place of world-wide repute for the sick, and the 
building up of wornout and rundown humanity, is the 
Clifton Springs Sanitarium. It is located in the beau¬ 
tiful village of Clifton Springs, in Ontario County, 
N. Y., 3t) miles east of Rochester on the Auburn 
branch of the N. Y. C. & IT. R R. R., in the midst of 
some of the finest farming country of the Empire 
State. The institution, which now 
has a capacity for the shelter and 
treatment of more than half a thou¬ 
sand people—the great dining-room 
seating at one time 400 people—sprang 
from very humble beginnings in the 
middle of the present century. Dr. 
Henry Foster, a young physician 
with what were then new theories 
relating to the healing of the sick, 
chose this spot, then known as Sul¬ 
phur Springs as the place to put in 
practice his ideas. The early set¬ 
tlers, and before them the Seneca 
Indians, the aboriginal dwellers, had 
used the waters of these springs freely 
in the treatment of disease. The be¬ 
ginning was small; but faithful, con¬ 
scientious work, and persistent ad¬ 
herence to the original plan, have 
resulted in an institution where the 
most favorable spiritual surroundings 
are united with the highest scientific 
skill for the combating of disease, 
and the restoration of health. 
But it is the farm to which most 
interest probably attaches for the readers of The R* 
N.-Y. This is carried on for the purpose of furnish¬ 
ing wholesome milk and other needed supplies for the 
tables of the Sanitarium. It is located about a mile 
from the Sanitarium, just north of the village. The 
surface is undulating and the soil good. Dr, Thayer, 
the general superintendent of the Sanitarium, also 
has the control of the farm, though the active farm 
manager is Mr. A. S. Cotton, who resides on the place. 
A Small Regiment of Cattle. 
“ We do not breed stock for sale, and have nothing 
to advertise, so :hat we don’t have anything in the 
way of fancy build’ngs or appliances. We simply aim 
to make the animals comfortable for the production 
of wholesome milk and butter,” said Dr. Thayer, 
“ How much stock do you keep ? ” I asked the at¬ 
tendant who was showing me around. 
From 240 to 250 cows and young cattle.” 
“ How many acres in the farm ? ” 
“ About 400 in this and what we call the Annex. The 
latter has a separate set of buildings, and there we 
keep the dry cows and some of the young stock. Then 
we have rented another farm of about 50 acres near 
here, and shall use that in connection with this.” 
“ Do you aim to produce all the farm supplies needed 
at the Sanitarium ?” 
“ No; only the milk, cream and butter, and pork 
and other hog products. We furnish little besides 
these, and even with our large herd of cows, have to 
buy considerable. Let us look at the young stock.” 
These are in a separate building, in several rows, 
and are as thrifty and sleek-looking as any young 
stock I ever saw. They are all heifers to keep up the 
supply of milch cows. They are stabled nights, and 
during stormy weather, being let out on pleasant 
days. One row of youngsters are still being fed on 
skim-milk, though as large as the average yearling. 
