been skimmed. In the many hundreds of samples of 
cheese which he had examined he had never found one 
made from whole milk that had less than one and forty- 
five hundredths of fat to one pound of casein. Usually 
it went from one and five-tenths to one and fifty-five 
hundredth pound fat to one pound casein. He would 
therefore fix the legal standard for a full cream cheese 
as one which contained not less than one and four- 
tenths pound butter fat to one pound casein 
Mr. Woodward in speaking on the essentials of 
success,” said that the greatest need of the present 
time is some method of testing the capacity of the 
dairyman as impartially as the Babcock test will test 
the cows, while all unprofitable co'vs should be 
sentenced to the bone yard, we should first see to it 
that the fault is not in the dairyman, and the cow 
sho\ild have a fair chance. So long as profit comes 
from the food in excess of the maintenance ration 
cows should be fed liberally; even to their full capacity. 
The best cow is not the one that gives the largest 
yield from the least food, but the one giving the larg¬ 
est yield from the most food. A filthy dairyman is an 
absurdity. In the market butter is worth from eight 
Old times in the dairy; v.lvit new ones mean", favoring cents per pound to 30 cents and o^'er, and the larger 
dishorning; fied the calf early: a cheap pound of proportion is of the lower grades. 90 per cent of the 
butter; constancy of fat and cayein ; a test 
for dairymen; the animal aid its food ; 
note from the Colurrhian teyt. I-^—- — -^-- 
to be plowed under for green manuring, so much stable 
manure is not needed, but most fruit growers are in¬ 
tensive farmers and cannot spare the land for growing 
green crops. 
The use of good fertilizers is sure to increase as farm¬ 
ers become convinced that it is possible to provide a 
substitute for manure. A thorough knowledge of the 
possibilities of chemicals will work great changes in 
Eastern farming. Many hillsides, at present neglected, 
because of the great cost of restoring their fertility 
with stable manure, can be turned into profitable fruit 
farms with fertilizers. There are such slopes and hills 
fronting the sun that might be turned into veritable 
gardens in a few years by the judicious use of fer¬ 
tilizers. There should be no rivalry between m .nure 
and fertilizers. Each has its legitimate place in agri¬ 
culture. The g-'eatest mistakes are made when farm¬ 
ers through prejudice against fertilizers ascribe to 
manure fictitious properties and values. n. w. c. 
Mr. Mattison said that we do not sufficiently con¬ 
sider the great effect the prenatal conditions may have 
upon the offspring. 
Professor Roberts said that in order to develop the 
calf into the best cow, she should be bred when about 
one year old, otherwise she gets into the habit of put¬ 
ting all she eats upon her back. But by breeding her 
young, she will get into the habit of making milk of 
her food. It is important, however, to remember that 
the heifer has to eat for both herself and her off¬ 
spring. In three generations they have lifted the 
herd at Cornell from 3,000 to 8,000 pounds. 
“Brown Bessie Notes and Resolutions. 
Mr. Gilbert said that Brown Bessie, after being in the 
close, warm barns, and being fed on dry food for the 
five-months’ test at Chicago, gave milk that made over 
three pounds of butter the day before she left there. 
One of the most valuable lessons taught by the Colum¬ 
bian Test was the importance of studying the capacity 
of individual cows to eat and assimilate food While 
general'principles could be followed in formulating 
the rations, each cow requires a ration to fit her 
powers of disgestion. 
In discussing the use of Babcock test to determine 
the value of milk in a cheese factory, Prof. 
Roberts said that there was no use talking 
“H, about the cheese cow as distinct from the but¬ 
ter cow any longer. Dr. Van Slyke had 
' demonstrated beyond cavil that the propor¬ 
tion existing between butter fat and casein 
..V was fixed and practically unvarying, and that 
the butter fat in the milk was its true 
measure of value for cheese making. 
Dr. Van Slyke said that cream could be 
added to milk and the butter fat maintained 
in the cheese A pound of butter fat in the 
milk would give 2% pounds of cheese every 
^ time in the hands of a competent cheese 
maker. As ordinary dairy milk runs, from 
three to four per cent of butter fat, the Bab¬ 
cock test is the true and only fair way of 
measuring its value. 
The officers elected for the ensuing year 
are: President, E. S. Munson, Franklin; 
Vice-President, A. 1) Baker, Aurelius ; Secre- 
tary, B. D Gilbert, Clayville; Treasurer, Geo’ 
•t' T. Powell, Ghent. 
= Two strong resolutions were passed by the 
Aesociation. Oue favoring a change in the 
law relating to the sale of milk, and requir- 
ing it to be sold on a guaranteed percentage 
I-,-. of butter fat. With such a law a man could 
buy three per cent or four, or eight or ten 
! per cent milk as he desired, and all incentive 
to the watering of milk would be taken away. 
The other was in favor of a law requiring all 
cheese to be branded full cream or skim and 
that any cheese found with less than 1 M pound 
of butter fat to one pound of casein should be 
declared skim cheese. w. 
SAYINGS OF NEW YORK DAIRYMEN, 
IX COXVEXTIOX ASSEMBLED, 
“ Th n and Now in the Dairy.” 
The New York State dairymen met in an¬ 
nual convention at Watertown December 
12. Mr. Shattuck said that OO years ago few 
cows were stabled at any time. The milk 
was set in shallow pans, churned in dash 
churns, and packed in firkins holding 100 
pounds, and sold in New York at from eight 
to twelve cents per pound. Then more than 
^20 000,000 worth of butter and cheese were 
imported. Now we have our improved dairy 
implements, our cows are fairly well cared 
for, and our butter sells for from 16 to 30 
cents per pound ; instead of importing, we 
are large exporters of dairy products. The 
average daily consumption of milk in this 
Htate is over 8100,000, or 835,000,000 per 
year. What a dire disaster it would be were 
the cows to go on a strike. He had his herd 
of .50 cows dishorned last March, and is 
very much pleased with the result. He is 
satisfied that his cows do better in every way, 
are more quiet, produce more from the same 
food, and never injure each other. 
Mr, Woodward said that to stop ble ding 
when dishorning, apply a solution of one part 
tincture muriate of iron to five parts water. 
Feeding the Calf, Cheap Butter. 
Mr. Mattison would begin to feed the dam 
immediately after conception, with a view 
to improve the qualities of the offspring. He • 
has a heifer one year old last June, which, 
though never having a calf, has been giving 
milk ever since before she was one year old. 
She is now giving over four pounds per day, ’-i 
and recently, on a test, made over six 
ounces of butter per day. He attributes this 
largely to the influence of feed given her dam 
before, and to her since her birth. He would 
breed the heifer young to encourage early production, 
but would raise no calves from immature parents, as 
he believes it would impair constitutional vigor. 
Mr. A. D. Baker on “How to Cheapen the Production 
of Milk,” said that ensilage is by far the cheapest 
cattle food we can grow, and by its use largely, he is 
now making butter at an actual cost of 10 cents per 
pound. In a discussion as to the cost of a pound of 
butter, it was given as all the way from 10 to 22 cents. 
The discussion showed that much depended on the 
producers. 
Fixed Relations of Fat and Casein. 
Dr. Van Slyke, of the Geneva Experiment Station, 
read a paper on “Dairy Science vs. Dairy Legislation.” 
He showed very clearly that we have at last a very 
practicable method by which to delect cheese made 
from milk from which any considerable amount of the 
butter fats has been removed. By very full and care¬ 
ful experiment made with milk from over 50 cheese 
factories handling over 5 000,000 pounds of milk per 
year, he had found a constant ratio of butter fat to 
the casein. When milk is normal it will never be 
found to contain fat and total solids in proportion to 
the present legal standard with three per cent fat. 
The total solids will never exceed 113^ per cent. When 
water is added, the milk will only be diluted, but 
the proportion of the solids will not be changed. Fat 
and casein are always proportioned, one pound of fat 
to two-thirds pound of casein. Any milk which has 
less than 1.3 pound fat to one pound casein has surely 
A FERTILIZER FARMER TALKS. 
I notice on page 847 of The R. N.-Y. what 
a correspondent has to say in reference to his 
experience in running in debt for fertilizers. 
I am surprised at his conclusions. It appears 
unfortunate—from his complaints—that The 
Rural should recommend the use of fertilizers, even 
with all information of the ordinary success in 
their use. It is true that we do not always re¬ 
alize satisfactory results after a heavy application 
of fertilizers. I know, however, that it is true that 
there is more plant food left for future use, and it is cer¬ 
tain to be returned with a profit. In my experience I 
have never known it to fail. If there is any one thing 
for which a farmer can afford to go in debt, it is a lib¬ 
eral outlay for fertilizers; even extraordinary expendi¬ 
tures, in seven times out of ten, will prove profitable. 
Take my own case during the last year for example. 
I planted 19 acres of potatoes, and never applied 
more fertilizers per acre. I planned for a maximum 
crop, but, in consequence of the protracted drought, 
did not have half a crop, averaging about ICO bushels 
per acre. Notwithstanding the excess of rain of the 
last of April, which drowned out quite three acres, 
our sales amounted to a little more thaJ 81,300. Our 
outlay on this field for fertilizers was 8588. I applied 
84.20 value in fertilizers to the wheat, making 1,600 
pounds per acre applied for the reason. Let our friend 
who complains so much come and see the wheat crop, 
if a fair crop year, and then come back and see the 
grass crops we shall cut from this field for two years. 
I think he will agree with me that it will even 
pay to go in debt for fertilizers rather than not to 
make the application. The fertilizers cost 830 per 
acre, while the receipts were 868 per acre. Esti¬ 
mating 812 interest on the land per acre, we stiU have 
826 per acre to pay for the labor ; so that, with all the 
How Nitrogen Affects the Growth of Roots. Fig. 3, 
difference in grades is due to care and cleanliness, 
and it costs just as much to make the cheap as the 
dear butter. 
No Scrub Stomach for the Cow. 
Professor Roberts very ably discussed the “Part 
Food Plays in Variation of Animals,” he said that a 
cow with a scrub stomach can’t appreciate a large 
amount of the better foods. The power of better pro¬ 
duction comes not through breeding, but through bet¬ 
ter food. Animals vary by reason of changes in 
environment, food, habits and care. Variations from 
poor food will always be for the worse. Food furnishes 
all the energy, and habit directs the energy. All im¬ 
provement comes from variation and the owner 
should strive to force that variation in the direction 
of betterment. Similarity with slight variation for 
the better in each generition will lead to high excel¬ 
lence. Improved feeding is the foundation of all im¬ 
provement. Much time is spent in looking up pedi¬ 
grees that could be better spent in giving better feed 
and care. The higher the animal is developed the 
more care will be needed, because the more tender it 
will become. He was struck with the similarity in 
type of the best cows of each breed at the Columbian 
Exposition, and he believed that the superior diiry 
cows of the future would be v“.ry similar, except per¬ 
haps in color. He warned dairymen to take heed that 
the higher their cows were bred and the greater the 
capacity they acquired, the better care and feed they 
must have and the better environment or they will 
very quickly lose all improvement. 
