horse manure was shipped, the i.itrogen alone of 
which cost $127,500 ; and this does not represent one- 
third of the total cash expenditure for nitrogen in 
these counties. The point is that the nitrogen in Crim¬ 
son clover is just as good as that in the manure, and 
may be had at a mere nominal expense of time and 
labor. There is no time for details here, as to how 
this clover may be utilized and what changes should 
be made in rotations, etc. The fact is that this Crim¬ 
son clover offers the farmer a chance to cut down his 
immense bills for manure. The possibilities are per¬ 
fectly sure in this case. 
As Stock Food —In most situations. Crimson clover 
is too valuable as a stock food to be used directly as 
manure. Its feeding value should be utilized also. 
As pasture it is much earlier than Red clover or the 
grasses. When pastured early in the spring and 
plowed under later for corn, the farmer will obtain 
the full benefit of the clover and if he will use on the 
corn muriate of potash and some form of phosphoric 
acid, he may continue to grow corn and clover on the 
same ground year after year—with the soil improving 
all the time. 
As a soiling crop, when in bloom, the Crimson clover 
will give excellent results Prof. Voorhees suggests a 
dairy ; he will find that in every department of farm¬ 
ing there is a loud call for special-purpose work, pre¬ 
ceded by a lot of thinking, and in a few years the farm 
will show everywhere that the man at the bead is one 
who thinks as well as works. 
In selecting a male for breeding purposes, I would 
always get one that showed his sex strongly in 
his outward appearance ; I wouldn’t buy a bull, for 
example, that had a slim neck and a cowy, mild- 
looking head on the end of it. The pedigree is im¬ 
portant, as, given a good milk or butter pedigree for 
several generations back, we are the surer of getting 
the prepotency that will transmit this heredity to the 
offspring. The color doesn’t count, only I wouldn’t 
buy a spotted Berkshire boar, a red and white Hol¬ 
stein, or a Jersey that didn’t carry the Jersey color. 
As for breed, what I have already said will be su^- 
cient, so far as dairy cattle go; the special-purpose 
idea should be carried out no matter what the kind 
of stock may be. First, determine what you intend to 
breed for, then buy a male that comes up to your ideas. 
Get a “ business ” male. That little book, The Busi¬ 
ness Hen, shows what can be done with special-pur¬ 
pose hens; would any one of those men who gave their 
experience in that book have been successful if they 
had kept scrub stock ? No. They are 
all special-purpose men making money 
with special-purpose hens. From the p=- 
hen to the horse the same principle 
governs ; breed for an object, a special 
object, and then if you fail, it will not - - 
be because you had special-purpose 
stock, but because the special-purpose 
stock was owned by a general-purpose 
CROSBY. 
clay upland. I got a fine stand ; the clover stood the 
winter which was, in the latter part, remarkably 
severe, and April 1 was more than twice as large as 
Medium clover, just across the fence, that was sown 
six months before. I did not pasture any. The Crimson 
clover and oats grew together well and the first week 
in May were cut for hay. It was as good a mixture 
of as fine hay as 1 ever saw, and gave a good yield, but 
not so heavy as the Medium clover cut six weeks 
later. There was not a weed in it, while the Medium 
clover and Timothy meadows were foul with weeds. 
When cut for hay, the clover was 14 to lO inches high, 
and the oats were heading at about two feet high. I 
never saw nicer or cleaner hay. 
The Crimson clover was quite a curiosity to our 
people with its dense mass of rich crimson flowers, 
and I think it must be good for bees, for thousands of 
the busy little workers swarmed in it every day for 
about three weeks while they paid no attention to 
Medium clover blooming just across the fence. Some 
of the Crimson clover was allowed to ripen for seed, 
but it was found very hard to save it as it shatters off 
the head so badly. The heads were two to three 
inches long, and are very productive of seed, but the 
shattering is a great fault. I pulled up one stool and 
found 6G good heads. On rubbing 
out one head in my hand I counted 73 
- matured seeds, thus making a yield 
of from 4,000 to 5,000 seeds from one. 
I cannot say how it will stand graz¬ 
ing or how it will recuperate after 
being grazed down. I find that Crim¬ 
son clover with winter oats makes a 
fine hay early, or will furnish a good 
coat of green manure if turned under 
the first of May in time to plant a crop 
of corn. It should be sown here from 
the first to the middle of August, and 
will mature seed the first of June fol¬ 
lowing. 
The objections I find are, 1, it will 
last but one year; 2, the ground should 
be made smooth so the mower can run 
close to the surface, as the clover does 
not grow here more than 16 inches 
high ; 3, as a seed crop I think it will 
be hard to save when ripe because it 
shells off so easily that the loss will 
be heavy. For grazing purposes, it 
may be sown on top of the ground in 
July or August, in corn fields, and 
make a good growth by Christmas. It 
need not be harrowed in. There are 
July 18, thousands of healthy 
man. 
CRIMSON CLOVER IN NEW JERSEY 
ITS VALUK CLEARLY POINTED OUT. 
One of the most valuable bulletins 
ever issued by the New Jersey Station 
is No. 100 on Crimson clover. Director 
Voorhees has always been interested in 
this plant, and has always believed in 
its value for New Jersey farming, and 
set about proving its value in a thor¬ 
oughly practical and scientidc way. It 
was sown on three different farms with 
differing soils, and carefully sampled 
and analyzed at four different stages 
of growth, viz., the latter part of April, 
early in May, when the plant was in 
bloom, and when fully matured. The 
object of this was to learn when the 
plants were at their best so far as the 
feeding value and amount of nitrogen 
are concerned, and also to determine 
the value of Crimson clover for pasture, 
soiling or green manure. As a result 
of these studies. Prof. Voorhees con¬ 
cludes : 
1. That It will grow In any part of New Jeraey, 
and that It is quite as hardy aa the common Red 
yarlety. 
2. That when aeeded between July 16 and Sep- 
tember 15, it will mature from three to four weeka 
earlier than Red cloyer. 
8. That Blnce it la an annual plant, and dlfTera 
from other clovera in its time of growth and de- 
yelopment, it cannot be regarded aa a aubatitate 
for them. 
4. That the quality of the fodder and hay la an- 
perlor to that of Red cloyer. | 
The plant shown at Fig. 129 was i 
pulled up April 24. It shows the stool- -- 
ing capacity of the plant, and also 
the root formation. This single plant 
had 86 branches. The experiment crops 
were plowed under for corn, turned in on a peach 
orchard, and fed as a soiling crop for cows. For these 
purposes, the clover served admirably and was a com¬ 
plete success. 
Those who desire all the details of the experiment 
are referred to the bulletin. We have space here for 
but a few more important features to emphasize what 
has already been said about this remarkable plant. 
As A Green Manure. —Crimson clover is admirably 
adapted to this use, as it grows in such a way that it 
interferes with no other crop. When sowed among 
the corn or in tomatoes or after potatoes, it grows so 
as to provide a large amount of vegetable matter by 
the next spring. One acre of the clover in this experi¬ 
ment yielded May 31, 6,997 pounds of organic matter, 
212 pounds of nitrogen, 52 pounds of phosphoric acid, 
and 186 H pounds of potash. This amount was found 
in the tops, stubble and roots. The nitrogen alone is 
more than equal to that found in 20 tons of stable ma¬ 
nure, and could not be bought for $30. In the earlier 
stages of growth, April 24 and after, the plants were, 
of course, smaller and contained less nitrogen, still at 
any period it provided a large amount of fertility, and 
far more than paid the cost of labor and seed. In four 
counties of southern New Jersey, over 85,000 tons of 
now, 
looking plants where it was allowed 
to mature seed, of its own seeding with¬ 
out any other preparation. I believe 
Crimson clover will fill a useful place 
in our Southern farming. 
Maury Co., Tenn. j. n. meronky. 
CALIFORNIA THROUGH EASTERN 
SPECTACLES. 
THE FRUIT INDUSTRIES. 
The greater part of the fertile and 
desirable lands of this State, are situ¬ 
ated in three valleys and the foot¬ 
hills which encompass them. They all 
have their beginnings at or near San 
Francisco, and radiate like the spokes 
- in % wheel; Santa Clara, the smaller, 
reaches off to the southwest just be¬ 
hind a low range of mountains; the 
Sacramento extends to the northward 
for 100 miles and embraces the bottom lands of the 
river of the same name and its tributaries, and has an 
average width of 30 miles. A part of these lands are 
subject to overflow, especially those lands along the 
Feather River, and dykes from 10 to 20 feet high have 
been erected for 30 miles, by the farmers, to prevent 
the sliken, the product of hydraulic mining, from 
covering and destroying their farms. The San 
Joaquin, the hottest and driest of the three valleys, 
stretches off to the southward, well into the rainless 
belt where agriculture can only he carried on by irriga¬ 
tion. In the north end of this valley, as well as in the 
two first mentioned, fruit trees find sufficient moisture 
and food in the six rainless months, in the deep reten¬ 
tive soil not only to leaf and blossom, but to perfeet 
fruit and fruit buds for the coming year. In fact, a rain 
in June or July is a thing to be dreaded, as it injures 
hay, grain, pastures and fruit seriously. The cherry 
harvest is just now at its hei{/ht. The unexpected 
rains which have fallen in the last 10 days have pro¬ 
duced rot, and so softened the fruit that it will not 
“stand up” during a long journey, so that much of it 
has had to find a nearby market by express. Fifty 
c^nts for a lO-pound package to Denver, makes a large 
demand on the profits. 
Plant of Crimson Clover Taken April 24. Fie. 129. 
daily ration of 50 to 75 pounds of green clover and 
eight pounds of corn meal. It is hard to conceive of 
anything cheaper than this, considering the way the 
Crimson clover is grown, or of anything that will 
come closer to first-class pasture. Prof. Voorhees con¬ 
cludes from his experiments that one acre of Crimson 
clover in bloom will provide food for 10 cows in full 
flow of milk for 20 days—worth, at present feed prices, 
at least $25. Well cured hay from this plant shows 
better composition and digestibility than that made 
from Red clover. 
This bulletin adds to the already strong arguments 
in favor of this plant. We are glad to see the fact 
emphasized that many failures have been due to the 
use of poor, imported seed. There is no question that 
an experiment with this new clover will prove profit¬ 
able to any farmer south of Lake Ontario. The time 
has come for sowing it in the corn or tomato fields. 
CRIMSON CLOVER IN TENNESSEE. 
The R. N.-Y. of June 30, asks information from cor¬ 
respondents in the Central and Southern States in re¬ 
gard to experiments with Crimson clover. I procured 
some seed last summer, and sowed it August 11 last in 
connection with Virginia Winter Turf oats on medium 
