566 
IHE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
September 8 
THE FEEDING OF BY-PRODUCTS 
AS A SUBSTITUTE FOlt COST BY GRAIN. 
Advantages of Buying on Analysis. 
Tbe utilization of by-products as cattle food is a 
very important matter to the stock raiser, and as 
new foods are constantly coming into the market, it is 
important that the farmer should know their value. 
The time is coming when there will be attached to 
the tag, or printed on the bag, the chemical composi¬ 
tion of the article of food, as a means of judging in 
advance what this probable value is. Even to-day, 
though there is no law requiring it, still if I were 
manufacturing or selling such products as gluten feed, 
gluten meal, middlings, shorts, cotton-seed meal, etc., 
I would print its composition, and, as a standard for 
comparison, would also print that of corn meal. For 
example, suppose I had a quantity of gluten feed 
which I purposed to put on the market. I would 
print tags which should be put on each bag, giving 
the following information : 
GLUTEN FEED. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. 
100 POUNDS OK 
Contain Digestible 
Gluten Feed. 
Corn Meal. 
Albuminoids. 
18 74 
7 78 
Non-Albuminoids. 
70 90 
71.60 
Nutritive ratio Is as . 
1:3.7 
1:9.2 
Now to the farmer who is studying his business and 
keeps up with the procession—and there are a good 
many of them scattered all over this country—such a 
card would have a two-fold use. First, if he already 
understood the general signification of the terms 
albuminoids and non-albuminoids, he would at once 
say to himself, “ This new feed is practically like corn 
meal in its content of starch, oil, etc., that is in non¬ 
albuminoids, but it has times as much of the di¬ 
gestible albuminoids. Now for feeding with that 
poor hay that I cut in the meadow and swales, what I 
want is albuminoids, because that hay, as well as my 
ensilage and corn stover, is very deficient in this par¬ 
ticular part of the food. If the price is not essen¬ 
tially different, I will try it in preference to corn 
meal.” When he finds that the price is about the 
same as that of corn meal, he at once buys gluten 
feed. On the other hand, to the farmer who does not 
exactly understand what the card signifies, it is an 
inducement to look into the matter, and if he is a 
man who is up to his business, he sends to the ex¬ 
periment station in his State, asking for bulletins on 
stock feeding. The grain dealers are missing an 
opportunity here for helping both themselves and 
their customers. 
It is poor policy to buy largely of corn meal when 
the market is supplied with such foods as middlings, 
glucose, gluten feed, maize feed, hominy chop, etc., 
which sell at nearly the same price as corn meal. 
Another thing that farmers need to be cautioned 
against, is the purchase of so-called “ Condimental 
Foods,” which are little, if any, superior in feeding 
value to middlings or gluten feed, but which sell at 
from $100 to $200 per ton, and are fed out by the 
spoonful. Farmers should let quack cattle foods 
alone, and if their cattle are sick, secure the services 
of some one who is competent to prescribe medicine. 
If they are not sick, they should feed them whole¬ 
some, well-balanced rations, giving salt when needed, 
and save the outrageous profit which goes to the 
mixer of the so-called Patent Poods. G. h. whitcher. 
New Hampshire Experiment Station. 
Use More Concentrated Stock Foods. 
Some of the most valuable and economical stock 
foods on the market, are by-products from the manu¬ 
facture of oils like cotton-seed or linseed, or secondary 
products from the manufacture of starch, glucose and 
other cereal preparations. The chief difficulty in the 
use of these feeds, is their variable composition. In 
some cases, there is also reason to believe that dairy 
products may be injuriously affected by certain of 
these feeds. Cotton-seed meal will tend to make but¬ 
ter hard and waxy, while gluten, on the other hand, 
tends to produce a soft butter. As a rule, batter re¬ 
sults are obtained by feeding two or three of these 
concentrated feeds together, than by depending on 
considerable quantities of any one. The opportunities 
for frauds and deceptions in the manufacture and sale 
of cattle foods, point out, very strongly, the import¬ 
ance of studying all foods by their composition, and 
whenever feasible, of buying only on a guaranteed 
composition. A careful State inspection of cattle 
foods, and their purchase and sale only by a guar¬ 
anteed analysis, are as important to-day as they 
were 15 years ago in the case of commercial fertilizers. 
One of the cheapest by products that has come to 
the notice of the Storrs Station, is malt sprouts. It is 
found to be especially valuable in milk production, 
and may also be safely fed in small quantities for but¬ 
ter. Malt sprouts contain about 23 per cent of pro¬ 
tein, and for this reason its feeding value should rank 
with gluten feed. Malt sprouts could be bought in 
the New York markets during the winter of 1893-94, 
for $12 per ton, while the gluten sold for $22 to $25. Pea 
meal is a by-prcduct from the split pea factories and 
contains about 20 per cent of protein. It is one of the 
best feeds for fattening sheep and lambs, and may be 
fed with safety in larger quantities to this class of 
animals than any other of the concentrated foods. 
During the past winter, it could be bought for about 
the same price as corn meal. The gluten meals are 
valuable and safe feeds. The different brands vary 
much in composition, and should be purchased only 
after studying the analysis. Connecticut dairymen 
have found the Cream gluten to be one of the best 
brands for cream and butter production. There are 
several oat feeds, by-products from the oatmeal fac¬ 
tories, that furnish excellent food for dairy stock. 
These may be economically fed when the cost does not 
greatly exceed that of corn meal. Tne merits of 
cotton-seed, and old and new process linseed meals, 
are too well known to require special mention. 
Some of the best dairymen of the East are learning 
that first quality hay is one of the most expensive 
feeds for dairy stock. Where there are good markets, 
hay is found to be one of the most profitable crops to 
sell. It is good economy to produce the cheaper 
coarse fodders like ensilage corn, stover, oat fodder 
and oats and peas, and to feed only the cheaper grades 
of hay. With these, the concentrated foods should be 
liberally fed, to make up for the lack of protein in the 
coarse fodders. c. s. phelps, 
Connecticut Experiment Station. 
Cheap Foods for New York State. 
During the winter and spring months, we have used 
considerable Buffalo gluten feed, which has varied 
considerably in price, but was in April sold in bulk in 
large lots for $13 a ton in Buffalo. Its cost in small 
lots has been about $18 a ton here. This feed usually 
had less than 10 per cent of moisture, and the water- 
free substance contained about eight-tenths of one 
per cent of ash, 14.7 of fat, 7.5 of fiber, 24.2 of protein, 
nearly all of which was true albuminoids, and 52 8 per 
cent of nitrogen-free extract. (The crude albuminoids 
were, by analysis, 24.25 per cent of the water-free 
substance, and the true albuminoids 24 19 per cent). 
At the prices for which it has sold, we have considered 
it an economical food, especially for milch cows. We 
have considered buckwheat middlings a good food at 
the price which has prevailed here, that of $20 a ton 
delivered; but this by-product is not everywhere 
obtainable. We are now beginning to use in our 
grain mixtures some of the King gluten meal. The 
regular price is, I think, low for the grade of goods, 
but I am'unable just now to state what it is, but it is 
considerably less than $30. This gluten meal con¬ 
tained about 36 8 per cent of crude albuminoids, and 
an unusually large per cent of fat, that of 20.6 per 
cent. E. M. Cook of New York, has recently used in 
New Jersey an apparatus for drying brewers’ grains, 
and the product by this means is much more con¬ 
venient to handle than the wet grains, and of course 
can be shipped profitably to greater distances. Tne 
grains are dried without pressing, and as I understand 
the cost of drying is low, the grains may soon be 
placed upon the market at a price which would render 
their more extensive use profitable. These brewers’ 
grains dried without pressing are not yet on the mar¬ 
ket in any quantity so far as I know. 
Geneva N. Y. Exp Station. peter collier. 
The Use of Gluten Meals. 
In the sixth annual report of this station, a series 
of feeding tests with by-products of corn was reported. 
These tests were made upon Cream gluten meal, corn 
germ feed and Buffalo gluten feed. In all, there were 
17 trials of these feeds. We found that the germ feed 
had about the same feeding value as a half-and-half 
mixture of bran and corn meal; that the Buffalo gluten 
feed and Cream gluten meal had a higher feeding 
value than either the germ feed or the mixture ; that 
all three had a greater feeding value, pound per pound, 
than corn meal, and that they seemed to have a gen¬ 
eral tendency to produce a somewhat richer milk. 
During the past spring, feeding experiments with 
King gluten meal and Chicago maize feed, also by¬ 
products of corn, have been carried on. The results 
are not yet tabulated, but we expect to publish them 
in about six weeks. Among the new feeds upon the 
market which we have not tried as yet, but which ap¬ 
pear to have a decided feeding value, are the Pope’s 
corn oil cake. Pope’s gluten feed and Golden gluten 
meal. They are both quite rich in protein and de¬ 
cidedly rich in fat. The Golden gluten meal appears 
to be much the same material, and is manufactured 
by the same company, as the so-called sugar meal, 
wh ch was fourd by the Iowa Station to be decidedly 
advantageous to milk production and the quality of 
the flow. 
Recent analyses of oat hulls and peanut feed indi¬ 
cate poor feeding value. We shall probably use these 
in feeding tests before long. josepii l. hills. 
Vermont Experiment Station. 
PUMP IRRIGATION IN KANSAS. 
WATERING CROPS THROUGH A PIPE. 
We have told our readers something about the irri¬ 
gating plants of western Kansas. The system em¬ 
ployed is unlike that followed in Colorado or other far 
Western States. It is individual irrigation, each farmer 
striving to supply needed water for his own crops with¬ 
out combining with others to build expensive canals 
and ditches. At Garden City, Kan., great progress in 
this individual irrigation has been made. While for 
miles around, the country is brown and bare as a des¬ 
ert, in that town everything is green and fresh, be¬ 
cause hundreds of pumps are kept hard at work lifting 
water into reservoirs for irrigating. Throughout 
western Kansas, at a depth of from eight to ten feet, 
lies what is known as the “ underflow,” a large bed or 
reservoir of water slowiy moving through a vast bed 
of gravel or sand. With this inexhaustible supply of 
water so near the surface, irrigation is made easy. It 
is only necessary to sink a strong pipe into the water 
and build a tight reservoir. The Stover Manufactur¬ 
ing Co., of Freeport, Ill., have taken a great interest 
in the development of this region and have prepared 
an excellent pamphlet on this system of irrigation. 
The picture (Fig. 146) showing the reservoir, etc., of 
D. M. Frost, was loaned by the Stover Company. The 
building of a reservoir is of great importance, and the 
following directions are given : 
First, select a sultabJe location, one that will occupy the land as 
high, or higher. In elevation than any of the land to be Irrigated. Lav 
off tne lines marking Us dimensions. If the land on which the reser¬ 
voir Is to be built, be of fresh sod. it will be necestary to plow up or 
remove all tbe sod from the ground cn which the embankments are to 
be constructed, otherwise there would always remain a seam through 
which the water would escape from the reservoir. As sod la not a ht 
material to use In the construction of embankments, it should not be 
used when building them up to the required height. When the out¬ 
lines of the embankments are established and the sod removed, plow 
within the lines of the proposed embankments, and with a scraper 
draw the earth from the Inside of the reservoir to build up the walls 
with. Tne wall should not be lees than live feet In height, measuring 
on the outside, and very wide or thick at the ground level. It should 
be BO carried up that the slope from the Inside wlil be very gradual, 
not abrupt, for the reason that If the walls are nearly perpendicular, 
waves of the water will destroy them hence the advantage of making 
the walls very sloping from the Inside. The outer walls may be made 
more perpendicular, because there Is no water trom the outside to In¬ 
jure them. Having built the walls by using the earth from the Inside 
of the reserve r. make everything ready lor puddling the earth to hold 
water. The llrst thing In order is to plow up all of the land over tbe 
whole bottom surface of the reservoir, four or nve Inches deep. With 
a harrow or drag, or other suitable Implement, re luce the earth to a 
very One pulverization, and after this Is thoroughly done, the next 
thing is to make ready to puddle. 
The whole bottom is thoroughly puddled to make it 
hold water. The sides are protected by stone, plank, 
brush or sods. As to the general success of the sys¬ 
tem, the following notes from actual irrigators will be 
interesting. 
Haiu Came in Time. 
We organized an irrigation company to test the 
feasibility of irrigation with windmills. We put in two 
7-inch wells and two 8 foot, back-geared mills, and built 
a reservoir 50x80 feet and eight feet deep. By the 
time we finished, the rain was sor plentiful that we 
never tested the reservoir, but the mills will each 
pump in a fair wind 15 gallons per minute ; this would 
be enough to irrigate 10 acres. The reservoir cost to 
excavate and build $100 and will cost about $50 to 
cement the bottom. I am fully satisfied that it will 
be a success. e. c. R. 
Alliance, Neb. 
It Has Proved a Success. 
I have been as successful as I anticipated with my 
irrigating pump and windmill. My mill is an Ideal 
12-foot mill and is attached to an ordinary suction 
pump with an 8-inch cylinder and having a 10-inch 
stroke. The capacity is about 2 1-5 gallons per stroke. 
It is supplied with water by means of a 4-inch pipe ex¬ 
tending about 15 feet below the cylinder to which is 
attached a 10-foot sandpoint or screen, which receives 
the water from a stratum of coarse sand about 16 feet 
in depth. The water is discharged through a galvan¬ 
ized iron pipe 9 inches in diameter and 26 feet long. 
The water is lifted altogether about 36 feet, and 
stored in a reservoir of about 25x75 feet area, with 
banks about five feet high. The reservoir seems to 
hold well except at the bottom, which leaks badly, 
and for this reason I am unable to say how much land 
can be watered with my plant. But I think that 
when I get the leak stopped, I can safely count on 
handling five or six acres ; possibly more. 
The land is perfectly level with a very slight, almost 
imperceptible inclination to the north and east. I 
irrigate by furrows only. It takes much less water, as 
A 
