1895 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
381 
7 HE PROSPECT. 
Ik a single issue of a daily newspaper, were reports 
of a woman who was fatally gored by a bull, of a 
farmer mortally mangled by the tusks of an infuri¬ 
ated boar, and of a horseman seriously injured by a 
young stallion. None of these animals had ever be¬ 
fore shown any vicious propensities, hence no fear 
was felt, and proper precautions were not taken. It 
is frequently the gentle animals—the family pets—that 
do the damage. The moral is to be on guard, and 
never to run any risks. 
o 
It has been rumored for some time that millers are 
planning to increase the price of flour in anticipation 
of a rise in wheat. Eradstreet’s, which is about the 
most reliable statistical authority in this country, 
says : 
There has not been a time within five years when the outlook 
for a material advance in the price of wheat was brighter than it 
is now, and it is a safe conclusion that the flour millers will go as 
far to discount the future of the cost of their raw material as 
manufacturers in any other line. , 
It is not expected, though, that there will be much of 
an increase in the export price of flour. The Russian 
government is endeavoring, in every practical way, to 
increase the exports of flour from that country. It 
will even make loans to millers, and grant reduced 
rates of transportation on flour, and will also help 
wheat growers. If the Russian millers make a good 
quality of flour, they will undoubtedly increase their 
shipments to England. This will mean smaller ex¬ 
ports from America, and we shall have the curious 
experience of higher prices at home independent of 
the export price ! 
Q 
A very important change has been made in the 
methods of handling and selling the California fruits 
in this market. The greater part of the shipments 
have been made through two firms, the Porter Eros. 
Company and the Earl Fruit Company. Each of these 
firms has agencies or branch houses in all the prin¬ 
cipal Eastern markets. In California, the cars are 
loaded with larger or smaller lots of fruit from the 
different growers, each putting in as much or as little 
as he sees fit; sometimes a car-load comprises fruit 
from 10 to 20 different growers. These lots are col¬ 
lected at central shipping points, and the cars are 
loaded and sent on their way by these firms. The 
latter make the sales through auction houses, divide 
the expenses of transportation, refrigeration, and sell¬ 
ing pro rata among the shippers, charging a small 
commission for their services, and remit the returns 
to the shippers. Heretofore, the two auctioneers selling 
the fruit in this city, have not been able to agree upon 
the time of sales, hence two sales of fruit were often 
held at one time on different piers, dividing the buy¬ 
ers, and causing loss to shippers. That is, the fruits 
shipped by one company came into competition with 
those shipped by the other company. As a result, a 
series of meetings have been held in California by 
these two companies, a committee of fruit growers, 
and another public spirited citizen. As an out¬ 
come of these, details have been arranged, and the 
new plan has been put into operation in this year’s 
sales, the first of which has just been held. Ey this 
plan, nearly all the fruit will come to this city over 
the West Shore Railroad, and will all be sold on its 
pier at the foot of Franklin Street. Under this 
arrangement, but one sale must be held at one time, 
so that there will not be competition between the 
two auctioneers. This must naturally result in better 
prices, and more satisfactory results to shippers and 
producers alike. It is estimated that this season’s 
receipts will amount to about 1,500 car-loads, or about 
30,000,000 pounds of fruit. If the Eastern crops should 
be materially shortened by frost or otherwise, this 
amount may be increased. 
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE MADE EASY. 
“A PLANT DISEASED!” 
The Bordeaux Mixture. 
These diseased spores or fungi, cannot develop in the presence 
of copper. That is the thing that destroys them. A sore in your 
flesh can be dried up and kept from spreading by the application 
of certain substances usually put on in the form of salves. You 
put copper on the leaves and branches of the plants and trees for 
just the same purpose that you use the salve on your flesh to pre¬ 
vent the spread of the sore—which enlarges and makes its way by 
breaking down the tissues of the body. Why do you use the heal¬ 
ing substance in the form of a salve rather than in a solution ? 
Chiefly because you wish it to stick to the sore and remain right 
on the diseased parts. A solution would reach the parts as well, 
but unless the bandage were kept constantly moist, there would 
be times when none of the healing substance was present, and, of 
course, this would not answer. It is the same way with doctoring 
or healing a plant. It will not answer to put on a simple solution 
of copper that will be washed off by the first rain. There must be 
something in the mixture to cause the copper to stick to the leaves. 
The “ Bordeaux Mixture” may be likened to the salve which sticks 
to the flesh and does not run away or evaporate like a simple 
solution. That is one great reason why Prof. Bailey and most 
other leading scientists argue that this “ Bordeaux Mixture” is 
the safest and best of all the copper doses for sick plants. 
An excellent bulletin has just been issued from the Cornell Sta¬ 
tion (Ithaca, N. Y.) on this subject, that all should read. It is 
enough here to say that the “ Bordeaux Mixture ” originated in 
France. As first used, it was a thick paste of lime water and 
copper sulphate, which was sprinkled on vines or trellises near 
the highways. The object of this was to keep tramps and boys 
from stealing grapes, as this mixture was believed to be jjoison- 
ous. It was observed that the parts of the vineyards thus treated, 
did not suffer from rot or mildew. As these diseases stole more 
grapes than the tramps ever did, it was not long before the remedy 
was applied to the whole vineyard with excellent results. What 
we have to-day, is the mixture of lime, water and copper, with the 
changes in preparation and proportions which have been sug¬ 
gested since then by experience and the study of plant diseases. 
In France, the use of the mixture has been confined almost en¬ 
tirely to diseases of the grape and the potato. In America, how¬ 
ever, this use has been extended until now it is generally regarded 
as the safest and best form in which to apply copper to plants. 
A few exceptions to this rule will be noted later. 
As before stated, the “ Bordeaux Mixture ” is composed of lime, 
sulphate of copper, and water. The following simple formula may 
be observed in making it—six pounds of copper sulphate, four 
pounds of lime, and water in varying quantities to suit the differ¬ 
ent crops to which it is applied. 
First dissolve the sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) in water. Six 
gallons of hot water will do it in a few minutes, but the usual way 
is to put the copper sulphate in a bag, and hang this bag in a bar¬ 
rel containing about 18 gallons of water, so that the copper is just 
below the surface of the water. In six hours or so, it will be dis¬ 
solved. Slake the lime carefully with water—adding the latter 
little by little, until about four gallons have been used. In this 
way, all the lumps will be broken up, and the result will be a fine 
milk of lime. If you were to throw the water in too rapidly, you 
would not have a genuine “milk,” but a mixture containing much 
unslaked lime. Now strain this “milk” through a piece of sack¬ 
ing or a fine sieve, and ponr it into the 18 gallons of the copper 
solution, stirring it well while pouring. Some growers use it in 
just that strength for grapes, while others add more water to give 
a weaker solution. I shall talk about the strength of this mixture 
for various crops, and the method of applying it, in another 
article. h. w. c. 
THE EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 
Oregon (Corvallis) Bulletin 36 deals with the chemistry of fer¬ 
tilizers, and gives interesting facts in a plain and simple way. 
Bulletin 3f details some experiments in cattle feeding. 
Cornell Station (Ithaca, N. Y.) Bulletin 87 discusses the merits 
of the Dwarf Lima beans. Prof. Bailey has given these dwarfs a 
careful test both in the greenhouse and outdoors. He considers 
them all acquisitions to our list of garden vegetables. Of the little 
Sieva beans, the Henderson is the earliest and most productive. 
The Thorburn and Dreer are genuine dwarfs of the ordinary potato 
Lima, while the Burpee is a large Lima dwarf—well adapted to 
general field culture. Bulletin 88 is on “ Early Lamb Raising,” by 
Prof. Watson. This is a very practical and useful bulletin, and we 
shall give some extracts from it later. 
Mississippi (Agricultural College P. O.) Bulletin 33 is on corn, 
including its culture, insects that affect it, selection of seed, values 
of different varieties, etc. The whole subject is well covered from 
the standpoint of a Southern farmer. The variety of corn best 
suited to Mississippi, seems to possess these characteristics : A 
“ dent” rather than a “ flint” variety. The ears should point 
downward and not upward when mature. The stalk should have 
well developed roots. The stalks should average nearly or quite 
two ears each. The ears should be of medium size. The individual 
grains should be long. The cob should be small. The grain 
should be white. 
BUSINESS BITS. 
Tue Garry Iron and Steel Roofing Co., of Cleveland, O., have just 
shipped a large iron building and covering into Texas. They will 
send catalogue on application. 
Tiie Lawrence-Williams Co., Cleveland, O., will send free a 
booklet on the use of caustic balsam, and the treatment of ail¬ 
ments of the horse. The balsam blisters without leaving a scar, 
and is an excellent liniment. 
Mr. Henry Hedges, of East Durham, N. Y., will send sample 
and instructions for making a pest-proof perch for chickens, for 
25 cents in stamps. Mr. Hedges is a successful chicken man, and 
his perch looks as if it would do what he claims for it, if used as 
he directs. 
Nearly every farmer has had hay damaged by being “ caught 
in a shower.” No need of it if you only had some waterproof caps 
on hand to cover the hay in the field. They are made of light 
material, and are cheap, too. Write The National Waterproof 
Fiber Co., 36 South Street, New York City, about them. 
J. C. Noble, of Auglaize County, O., writes that ho painted 
buildings about 12 years ago with Ingersoll’s mixed paints, and 
now wishes to use the same kind of paint again. He says that he 
can save money by doing so. This paint is ready mixed. Write to 
O. W. Ingersoll, 240 Plymouth St., Brooklyn, N. Y., for particulars. 
It never pays, in the long run, to have an inferior farm imple¬ 
ment, especially when the best can be had for about the same 
price as the poorer one. What is true of farm implements in gen¬ 
eral, is especially true of grain drills. You don’t want a drill that 
is everlastingly getting out of order, and it isn’t pleasant to have 
one that requires a horse-power to raise the shoes. The Buckeye 
has so many advantages in its fertilizer distributor, shifting bars 
and general features, that we find that it gives general satisfac¬ 
tion wherever used. Write P. P. Mast & Co., 9 Canal St., Spring- 
field, O., for full description. 
“ Have you five or more cows ? ” If so, lend us your ear a min¬ 
ute ! If you put the milk from six average cows into pots and 
pans in the usual way, lifting, skimming and washing as usual, 
we figure that in the course of a year, you perform the following 
service: You wash and scour about 18,000 square feet of tin and 
lift and carry over 90,000 pounds of weight. You don’t, perhaps, 
but your wife does. What do you do that for when a “ Baby ” 
separator will reduce the washing surface to less than 1,000 square 
feet, while the milkers will do the lilting, and the big dog can run 
the separator? Maybe you like to wash pans ! We want to see 
more profitable work roll off the ends of your fingers and, there¬ 
fore, we urge you to write the De Laval Separator Co., New York, 
for their catalogue. 
J FRUIT GROWERS 
V Should get our book that explains 
* a e .r.“! DAVIS SPRAYER 
fk sent Free if you say you saw ad. 
v In this paper. Write now. 
f, DAVIS-JOHNSON CO. 
^ 45 Jackson St. Chicago, ills- 
KILL all BUCS 
SfAST, ^ver^ne^creTT"ona 
hour. Easy to use. Only one 
pound Paris Green to acre. No 
plaster or water used. 400 
bushels potatoes to acre. How 
to do it; BOOK FREE. Will 
pay you to write. 
The Hotchkiss & Tuttle Co., 
Wallingford, Conn* 
Leggett’s Paris-Green or Powder Gun 
No plaster or water required. From pound to one 
, ■ pound of Green per acre is suffi- 
cien^for potatoes and other vege¬ 
tables. Ten acres covered dpi 1 
day. THE GUN will distribute 
evenly any quantity you wish. 
LONG TUBES for ORCHARD 
WORK with each Gun. Easier 
and better than spraying. 
Circular on Application. 
LEGGETT & BROTHER, 301 Pearl St., New York. 
SPRAYING CROPS: Why, 
When and How to Do It.— By Prof. Clar¬ 
ence M. Weed. Illustrated. 
This little book tells in plain, understandable 
English, just what the ordinary farmer and fruit 
grower most needs to know. It describes all the 
ftisecticides and fungicides used in spraying; all 
the principal appliances used ; tells when to 
spray; what precautions to observe; describes 
the insects and fungi against which it is neces¬ 
sary to guard; in fact, is a complete, condensed, 
convenient handbook on the whole subject. Price, 
in stiff paper covers, is but 25 cents, postpaid. 
THE RURAL PUBLISHING CO., New York. 
ASPINWALL 
—Paris Green sprinkler— 
^__ 
Bugs will come. 
Save your crop. 
Examine the merits of 
our Sprinkler. 
Ten to fifteen acres cov¬ 
ered in a single day. 
An even mixture of the 
poison constantly 
secured. 
The Potato Growers’Friend 
Send for illustrated 
circular. 
ASPINWALL MFG. CO., 62 Sabin Street, Jackson, Mich. 
TOO LATE! TOO LATE! TOO LATE! 
If you wait until the day you need a spray pump 
you will surely be too late. Get an “ECLIPSE” 
Spraying Outfit right away. It is worth a dozen 
of the cheap cast-iron pumps now on the market. 
Send for catalogue. 
MORRILL & MORLEY, Benton Harbor, Mich. 
I A A| I TT p added to stable manure enriches its quality, frees it from insect life. Comes finely 
■ I & powdered; applied with bellows on sunny mornings it kills insect life, mildew, and 
similar fungoid growth affecting plants and trees. For ordinal hag of 10U pounds remit $5, 10-pound sample 
parcel, $1. to AUGUST ItO.LK.KJK <fc SONS, Seedsmen, New York. 
SPRAY 
AUTOMATIC 
* MACHINERY, 
Send for HI. Catalogue. John J. McGowen, Ithaca,N. Y 
ONE-HOUSE DOUBLE ROW 
PARIS-GREEN 
AND 
FERTI¬ 
LIZER 
DISTRIBUTOR. Send for Circular. 
Address J. \V. SI'ANGLLK, York, Pa. 
Market Gardeners, Florists, 
PLANTERS, 4 FRUITGROWERS, 
SAVE YOUR M PLANTS FROM 
BUGS AND 
DROUTH . 
BY USINGTHE 
Studebaker “Little Gem” 
One Horse Farm, Garden, Flower-Bed & Lawn SPRAYER. 
(Capacity 150 gal .,i in. tires). Most practical device for the 
DISTRIBUTION OF LIQUID MANURE 
PARIS GREEN OR OTHER LIQUID MATTER’ 
°^, A , T £r- V ^ N ,E S Y O U N G TREES, ETC. 
FOR WATERING CELERY PLANTS. 
Can be readily adjusted to apply tiie stream directly on 
one or two rows at a time, or for watering any other 
VEGETABLES PLANTED IN ROWS. Will NOT 
CLul*. EoSY TO OPERATE. FLOW Or WATER KEGU- 
LAIED FROM DRIVER S SEAT. Write, mentioning this 
paper, for illustrated catalogue and price, to 
STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. CO., South Bend, Indiana. 
(Tue Largest Vehicle Makers in the World.) 
SPRAYING 
PUMPS 
M 
11 ^ 
am Insects, prevent leaf blight 
and wormy fruit. We have had 
60 YEARS’ E *™ c l 
Send for catalogue and much 
useful knowledge; its FREE. 
W.&B. DOUGLAS, 
MIDDLETOWN CT., 
NEW YORK CITY. CHICAGO. 
