THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
5o9 
18U5 
1895 FAIRS. 
We append a list of State fairs received to date ; 
also a list of county and local fairs in New York 
State. We want to be represented at each of these 
fairs by a man who is ready to take off his coat, roll 
up his sleeves, and go to work taking subscriptions for 
The R. N.-Y. Taking subscriptions—like anything 
else that one gets paid for—means work. The harder 
the work, the better the success. We are already 
making assignments. Any one who can represent 
us, would better make application for an appointment 
at once: 
STATE AND PROVINCIAL FAIRS. 
State. City. 
Canada.Toronto. 
Connecticut.Danbury. 
Cotton States, Georgia.Atlanta. 
Delaware.Dover. 
Illinois.Springfield_ 
Indiana.Indianapolis. 
Iowa.Des Moines_ 
Kansas.Wichita. 
Maine. .Lewiston. 
Mass. “Bay State”.Worcester. 
Michigan. .Grand Rapids. 
Minnesota.Hamline. 
Missouri.St. Louis. 
Nebraska.Omaha. 
New Brunswick.St. John. 
New England.Portland. 
New Hampshire.Tilton. 
North Carolina.Salisbury. 
New Jersey..Waverly. 
New Jersey Inter-State.Trenton. 
N. W. T. (Canada).Regina. 
New York.Syracuse. 
Ohio...Columbus. 
Oregon.Salem. 
Quebec.Montreal. 
Pennsylvania.Uniontown 
Rhode Island.Cranston. 
South Carolina.Columbia. 
South Dakota.Sioux Falls.... 
Texas.....Dallas.. 
Toledo, Tri-State.Toledo. 
Vermont.Burlington. 
Virginia.Richmond. 
Washington.New Whatcom 
West Virginia.Wheeling. 
W isconsin.Madison. 
Wisconsin, Inter-State.La Crosse. 
Wisconsin.Milwaukee.... 
Date. 
.Sept. 2-14 
.Oct. 7-12 
Sept. 18 Dec. 31 
_Sept. 30 Oct. B 
.Sept. 23-28 
.Sept. 16-21 
.Sept. 6-13 
.Oct. 1- 5 
.Sept. 2- 6 
.Sept. 3- 7 
..Sept. 9-14 
.Sept. 9-14 
.Oct. 7-12 
.Sept. 13-21 
....Sept. 24 Oct. 4 
.Aug. 27-30 
.Sept. 10-12 
.Oct. 2- 4 
.Sept. 2 6 
.. ..Sept. 30 Oct. 4 
.July 29 Aug. 7 
.Aug. 26-31 
.Sept. 2- 7 
.... Sept. 25 Oct. 4 
.Sept. 12-21 
.Sept. 9-14 
.Sept. 16-21 
.Nov. 11-15 
_Sept. 30 Oct. 4 
.Oct 19 Nov. 3 
.Aug. 26-31 
.Sept. 3- 6 
.Oct. 8-12 
.Sept. 23-27 
.Sept. 2- 6 
.-...Sept. 10-21 
.Sept. 2- 7 
.Sept. 16-21 
NEW YORK COUNTY FAIRS. 
Allegany.Angelica. 
Broome.Whitney’s Point. 
Cattaraugus.Little Valley. 
Cayuga.Auburn. 
Chautauqua.Jamestown.. 
Chemung.Elmira. 
Chenango.Norwich. 
Clinton.Plattsburg. 
Colum bia.Chatham. 
Cortland.Cortland. 
Delaware.Delhi. 
Dutchess.Poughkeepsie. 
Erie.. .Hamburg. 
Essex.Westport. 
Franklin.Malone. 
Fulton.Johnstown. 
Genesee.Batavia. 
Greene.Cairo. 
Jefferson.Watertown. 
Lewis.Lowville. 
Madison.Brookfield. 
Monroe.Rochester. 
Montgomery.Fonda. 
Niagara.Lockport. 
Oneida.Rome. 
Ontario.Canandaigua. 
Orange.New burgh. 
Orleans.Albion. 
Oswego.Oswego. 
Otsego.Cooperate wn. 
Queens.Mineola. 
• Rockland.Spring Valley. 
Rensselaer.N assau. 
St. Lawrence.Canton. 
Saratoga.Ballston. 
Schoharie.Schoharie. 
Schuyler.Watkins. 
Seneca.Waterloo. 
Steuben.Bath. 
Suffolk.Riverhead. 
Sullivan.Monticello. 
Tioga.Owego. 
Tompkins.Ithaca. 
Ulster.Ellenville. 
Washington.Fort Edward. 
Wayne.Lyons. 
Westchester.White Plains. 
Wyoming.Warsaw. 
Yates.Penn Yan. 
NEW YORK LOCAL FAIRS. 
Altamont.Altamont. 
Cambridge Valley.Cambridge. 
Co bleskill.Co bleskill. 
Delaware Valley.Walton. 
Hornells ville.Hornellsville. 
Oswego Falls.Oswego Falls. 
Phoenix Union.Phoenix. 
..Sept. 10-12 
.Sept. 3- 6 
.Sept. 2-5 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 2-5 
.Sept. 2-6 
.Sept. 17-20 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 24-26 
.Sept. 24-27 
.Sept. 24-27 
.Aug. 27-29 
.Sept. 24-27 
.Sept. 2-5 
.Sept. 16-19 
.Aug. 27-29 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Oct. 1-3 
.Sept. 23-27 
.Sept. 9-12 
.Sept. 19-21 
.Sept. 23-27 
.Sept. 24-26 
.Sept. 17-20 
.Sept. 19-21 
.Sept. 2-7 
.Sept. 23-25 
.Sept. 24-28 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 24-27 
.Sept. 17-20 
.Aug. 27-30 
Sept. 30 Oct. 3 
.Oct. 1-4 
.Sept. 24-26 
.Sept. 24-27 
.Oct. 1-3 
.Sept. 3-6 
.Sept. 10-12 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 10-13 
.Sept. 9-13 
.Sept. 12-13 
Sept. 30, Oct. 5 
.Sept. 24-25 
.Sept. 17-20 
Sept. 16-19 
Sept. S -6 
Sept. 23-26 
.Sept. 10-13 
Aug. 26-31 
Sept. 17-19 
Sept. 24-26 
See page 512 for report of work done by agents last 
year, and the profits derived therefrom. There is a 
chance here for good, honorable and remunerative 
employment during the fall and winter, for any one 
who starts in with a determination to win. All it 
requires is steady, persistent work. Those who can¬ 
not take it up themselves, can, no doubt, mention the 
matter to some one who would be glad to have the 
employment. Special inducements will be made to 
agents for trial subscriptions for the rest of the year. 
Agents, of course, are wanted at county and local 
fairs in every State. Additional dates will be pub¬ 
lished later. Send for appointment and terms at 
once. The Rural New-Yorker, New York. 
A “ COLD PROCESS ” OF CONDENSING MILK. 
It is generally understood that what is commer¬ 
cially known as “ condensed milk,” is ordinary raw 
milk from which a portion of the water has been 
taken. Usually the water is driven off by heat. The 
milk is boiled in a vacuum, and the steam passes 
away, leaving the solids and a small proportion of 
the water—which residue is what we call “condensed 
milk.” It is well known that boiling injures milk, 
both as to its taste and physical chai’acter. In the 
open air, water boils at 212 degrees F. In a vacuum 
or space from which air has been entirely removed, 
milk goes through the process known as boiling at 100 
degrees F., and it is because of this lower temperature 
that milk condensers use the “vacuum process.” But 
even this gives an undesirable product. The “ con¬ 
densed milk ” when diluted with water, is never like 
raw milk in taste, odor or consistency. It is a t best a 
poor substitute. 
Q 
These facts have led chemists to study other 
methods of condensing milk. A new process is now 
proposed—the exact opposite of that of boiling, viz., 
the separation of the water by surface freezing. All 
boys in cold countries have noticed that muddy pud¬ 
dles are often covered with a layer of pure, transpar¬ 
ent ice. Take a bowl of strong coffee and freeze a 
thin layer on the surface. That layer will be odor¬ 
less, tasteless and pure—nothing but water. By freez¬ 
ing the uvper surface of a liquid, all solids are re¬ 
jected, and only the purest ice is formed. This rejec¬ 
tion of solids will go on until the layer of ice becomes 
thick enough to form an insulating covering, when 
the ice and solids will freeze in contact with the metal 
containing them. In boiling water or milk in an 
open vessel, as is well known, the temperature does 
not rise above 212 degrees F., unless the steam is con¬ 
fined. In the freezing chamber, though the tempera¬ 
ture might be 10 below zero, the milk will remain at 
32 degrees so long as any of it is unfrozen. Boiling 
drives water from the milk as steam, while freezing 
takes it out in the form of ice—while the result in 
either case is “ condensed milk.” 
O 
It is now proposed to take advantage of this prin¬ 
ciple in removing the water from milk in the follow¬ 
ing way : The milk as it comes to the factory, is tested 
by means of the Babcock test, and at once cooled 
down to 30 degrees, where it is held until ready. 
Enough cream is added to bring it up to the standard 
of butter fat. The milk Hows from the cooler into 
shallow metal pans which are mounted on trucks and 
track so that they may be wheeled into a freezing 
chamber which is cooled by the ammonia process. 
These pans hold from 250 to 400 quarts, and have an 
upper surface of about 50 square feet. The tempera¬ 
ture of the closet is kept close to zero. The milk is 
permitted to freeze until a thin film of ice forms at 
the top. Then an automatic stirring apparatus breaks 
the ice into particles or crystals. This operation of 
thin freezing and stirring, is kept up until all the milk 
is a mushy mass of small ice particles with thick milk 
held between them. The whole mass is then poui’ed 
iuto a centrifugal machine and whirled about. The 
ice at once separates from the milk in the form of 
hard sxiow, which, when the process is carefully car¬ 
ried out, shows not over two- tenths of one per cent of 
milk solids. The substance remaining after the ice is 
removed, is pure “condensed milk.” It differs from 
the ordinary article in several respects. When diluted 
with water, it dissolves completely, and forms genuine 
milk of normal flavor and taste, from which cream 
will separate naturally. It is much different in this 
respect from the boiled milk product. Butter and 
cheese can be made fi’oxn this frozen milk. As to the 
keeping quality of the canned product, we are not in¬ 
formed ; but if these results can be obtained in actual 
practice, it is easy to see how they may, in time, in¬ 
fluence the milk trade. If, as seems probable, it is 
simply a matter of adding to the condensed article the 
water that has been frozen out of it, in order to secure 
normal milk, the “condensed” will be by far the most 
satisfactory form of selling. The cost of carx-ying an 
immense amount of water, will be saved. It will be 
much easier to keep the condensed article under gei-m- 
proof conditions, and the consumer can secure “milk” 
of almost any desired quality. This new process is 
certainly full of promise, but it must be remembered 
that practical application on a large scale, may take 
all the promise out of it. 
THE PROSPECT. 
A New York clei-gyman told his congregation that 
the men were gi-owing worthless for want of sufficient 
responsibility, lie went to the bottom of the subject 
in a masculine, logical way, and “attributed it to the 
fact that the women are all self-supporting.” In the 
first place, we believe that he is tx-ying to explain a 
condition that is more imaginary than real. But, 
granting that the conditions are as he states, he has 
turned things upside down (as is often done when look¬ 
ing for the woman who is at the bottom of things) and 
thus changed places with cause and effect. If he will 
leave his social and political prejudices at home, and go 
into New York streets looking for the real cause of 
man’s growing worthlessness, he will find many times 
at a street’s corners, as many as three or four of the 
shops where they turn out worthless men. At most 
of the places, a half dozen or more samples of their 
work adorn the sidewalk. lie may learn that these 
shops have every facility for making a perfect wreck 
out of the very best material ever put into American 
manhood, if only given a chance. After this, one 
might think that our learned friend would be able to 
tell why some women are going to work. But he’ll tell 
you, “Simply because they are unreasonable creatures, 
bound to their own destimction and that of the race.” 
Yoix will not hear him preach on tempenince to his 
congregation ; it isn’t a popxxlar subject. He must 
keep up with the times, and anti-suffrage is the latest 
among the conservatives. Are there more like him ? 
O 
The genius of the Yankee has resulted in many in¬ 
ventions which have been used, both for blessing and 
injux-ing the human race. One thing the Yankee did 
not invent, was oleomai’garine. That was a European 
product. The object of the inventor was to provide 
a cheap and palatable fat for the poorer classes. He 
doubtless had no idea that his invention woxxld be 
used by scheming men to produce one of the most 
unscrupulous business frauds of the age. Prof. Fleisch- 
rnann, one of the best Eui-opean daii’y expei’ts, now 
says of it: 
A careful consideration of all conditions of the trade proves the 
oleomargarine industry to be of a purely parasitical character. 
It benefits no one but itself, and grows rich at the expense of the 
dairy industry and the poorer classes. That there should be 
dairies which do not scruple to work in the interests of this indus¬ 
try, is as difficult to understand as it is lamentable. 
This is as tx-ue here as it is abroad. How any daii-y- 
xnan can help such trade, is beyond our undei'standing. 
0 
A new process of baling cotton is in opei’ation in a 
small way, which promises to be of gx-eat importance 
to cotton gi*owers. As at present managed, the cot¬ 
ton is crushed or pi*essed into a lai*ge wad, covex’ed 
with bagging, and tied with x-opes or iron bands. 
This makes a very unsatisfactory package. It is 
liable to burst open ; it absoros water, gi-ease and 
oil, and thei’e is always great danger of its taking 
fire. The new process consists in winding the cotton 
on a roll in one long lap, somewhat as ribbon is 
wound on a stick. As the cotton comes from the 
gin or cleaning machine, it passes between two iron 
rollers, and is spi-ead and flattened out to the re¬ 
quired width and thickness. Then it is wound around 
a wooden spool so tightly that it is packed as solid as 
a log of wood. The machine acts automatically, and 
when a certain weight is reached, the cotton is cut 
off and a stout cloth is wound around the bale or 
roll, covering it completely. It is estimated that this 
system would effect a great saving in labor, bagging, 
freight and insurance. It is a good illustration of 
the economy to be found in simple, labor-saving de¬ 
vices. Much the same thing is seen in the histoi’y of 
the printing business. For yeax-s, newspapers were 
printed on separate sheets of paper, each one fed 
into the press by human hands. Now all this is done 
by machinery. Strips of paper twice the width of 
the printed sheet and a mile or more in length, are 
wound tightly on a stick. This revolves with almost 
inconceivable rapidity into the press, and two papers 
are printed, cut and folded at one time. This method 
of printing, and the making of cheap paper from 
wood pulp, have revolutionized the pi-inting tx-ade, 
and it seems as though the same process were going 
on all through our industrial life. 
BUSINESS BITS. 
If you have never tried Tuttle’s elixir, better send two two-cent 
■tamps to pay postage on u free sample which Dr. S. A. Tuttle, 27 
Beverly Street, Boston, Mass., promises to send R. N.-Y. readers. 
It’s a good liniment. 
Tixjs Ann Arbor Agricultural Works, Ann Arbor, Mich., will 
send catalogue of feed cutters and other farm machinery on 
application. They have feed cutters as low as $2.80, and, of 
course, better ones in proportion to price. 
The Woodridge Fertilizer Company, Commercial Wharf, Balti 
more, Md., make high-grade fertilizers from the best grades of 
materials, and farmers on shipping lines running from that 
center, will find this a desirable house with which to deal. 
Tub Neponset roofing is used largely in covering out-buildings, 
especially henhouses, and in sheathing. It is cheaper to keep 
stock warm by lining buildings with this material, than to keep 
up the bodily beat by extra feeding. Send to F. W. Bird & Co., 
East Walpole, Mass., for samples, etc. They are sent free. 
Sx'anish Pink is a new insecticide made by Leggett Bros., 301 
Pearl Street, New York City. They tell us that it destroys potato 
bugs, cabbage worms and caterpillars more readily than Paris- 
green, and is less dangerous to handle. Without having tried it, 
we give considerable credit to anything put out by this house. 
That the Columbia bicycle has maintained its popularity, may 
be inferred from the statement of the manufacturers that now is 
the first time during the year that they have been able to catch 
up with orders, so as to be able to till demands with reasonable 
liromptuess. The Pope Mfg. Co., Hartford, Conn., will send infor¬ 
mation about the 1895 wheel, and also the Hartford wheel, which 
they manufacture. 
Economy in cutting corn has been the great problem of the silo, 
and has cut a big figure also in harvesting corn for the grain. 
But in this, as in almost everything else, modern invention has 
supplied machinery to take the place of hand work. The so-called 
sled cutter or harvester, is becoming quite popular, and has prob¬ 
ably done more than anv other one implement to facilitate the 
handling of corn, and to reduce the cost of harvesting it. The 
Standard Harrow Company, Utica, N. Y., make one of these har 
vesters. It is on four low wheels, attended by two men, and 
drawn by one horse. A very good cut of it is shown in their adver¬ 
tisement on another page, but fuller description will be found in 
their circulars, which will be sent free on application. 
