VOLUME VI. NO. 4.} 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.—SATURDAY, JANUARY 27, 1855. 
{WHOLE NO. 2C4. 
Ittoorc’s Rural fttto-§Jarkr: 
A QUARTO 'WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY, & FAMILY JOURNAL. 
CONDUCTED BY D. B. T. MOORE. 
ASSOCIATE EDITORS C 
J. H. BIX BY, T. C. PETERS, EDWARD WEBSTER. 
Special Contributors : 
T. E. Wei-more, II. C. White, H. T. Brooks, L. Wktjtbrell. 
Ladios’ Port-Folio by Azile. 
The Rural New-Yorker is de-ignoil to be unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Gui le on the important Practical 
Subjects connected with the business of those whose 
interests it advocates. It embraces more. Agricultural, 
Horticultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and Nows 
Matter, interspersed with many appropriate and beautiful 
Engravings, than any other paper published in this 
Country,—rendering it a complete Agricultural, Literary 
and Family New-sparer. 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last ftage. 
great importance then that we should have 
trees growing in every place where we can 
afford the ground. But this is not all, for as 
the means of resort are multiplied, so do multi¬ 
ply the farmers best friends, the birds, and so 
well is the importance of birds now understood 
by intelligent men, that every means is taken 
to protect them, and to induce their multipli¬ 
cation. It is owing to their agency that the 
farmer is saved from so many of the enemies 
that waste and destroy his crops. It ought 
to be his study to multiply them, rather than 
have them diminished. 
Ivitnil IJeMTmier. 
PROG-RESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
PLANTING AMI) TRANSPLANTING. 
As we have an especial love of shade trees 
about dwellings, we propose to occupy a brief 
space in urging their importance upon the 
farmers, and, indeed, upon all our readers.— 
There is hardly a house in the country or the 
smaller villages where trees may not be set to 
advantage, and in a little while they will make 
a nice shade in summer, and, if properly ar¬ 
ranged, are more or less protective in winter. 
Many are deterred from planting out trees, 
from the idea that their growth is so slow that 
they will be of no use in their life-time. But 
good sized trees may be easily transplanted at 
a moderate expense, with very rare instances 
of a failure. 
SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR PLANTING. 
see it this year for the first time, we give it! po le, and hitch the machine to that. Either 
again. The instrument is a very useful one j bring it out safely. If the top be a 
upon almost any farm, and may be used for 1 handsome one, cut off one half of all the limbs 
tearing out stumps, lifting stones, loading saw ' by shortening in —that, is, cut off one-half of 
logs upon wheels, Arc. Tt is thus constructed : 
As a general rule we should recommend 
selecting trees which are common to the local¬ 
ity. Oak, Maple, White Ash, Basswood, Elm, 
Hickory, Tamarack, or Larch, as it is properly 
called, and the Beech, as well as the Hemlock, 
Pine, Spruce and Cedar ; any or all these will 
make excellent shade trees. The hard or 
sugar Maple, as well as the silver-leaf Maple, 
are very fine for shade, and hold their foliage 
late, and also take a beautiful hue from the 
autumn frosts. 
It is well to procure a few Evergreens, as 
they help to make a pleasant appearance in 
the winter,—when they cannot be procured 
from the forest, they should be obtained at the 
Nurseries. The Hemlock, Pine, Norway Fir, 
and silver-leaf Fir are the best kinds, though 
the White Cedar looks very well for a screen 
before, or around, any object that it is desira¬ 
ble to cover up. Evergreens look best, as a 
general thing, if thrown into groups, with now 
and then a single one. A very pretty thing 
maybe formed by striking a circle, and setting 
the trees around it two deep, with a single one 
in the centre. But no general rules can apply 
in all cases, and each individual must be gov¬ 
erned by his own taste or judgment in the 
selection and disposition of his trees. A little 
study and observation from different points 
will enable him to go right. 
Yet it is not immediately around the house 
alone, that trees may be planted with profit. 
Along the wayside, upon side hills, in all waste 
places, with a little occasional trouble, trees 
can be planted that will adorn the landscape, 
give a grateful shade to animals, and help to 
cover the naked earth and retain the moisture 
so that its evaporation may exteud 6ver a 
larger period. The rapid disappearance of the 
forests over our country, will eventually lead 
to severe drouths; hence we must be more 
economical of our wood land, or fill up with 
new plantations, to prevent a serious draw 
back upon the profits of cultivation. 
An intelligent and observing friend, who 
has traveled much in the East, speaks of the 
barrenness of some of the finest portions of 
Greece as being occasional by the absence of 
any kind of forests. Lands, which history in¬ 
forms us were once productive to a high degree, 
are now barren wastes, and from no other 
cause than want of the rains which formerly 
fell upon them so bountifully,when the plains 
were interspersed with forests. It is of very 
PREPARING FOR THE TREES. 
In the fall, if possible, go and dig holes 
where the trees are intended to be placed, at 
least two feet deep, and a foot larger in all 
directions than the roots of the tree will mark 
when dug up. If the soil be clay or a hard 
pan, drain it if possible. The action of the 
frost upon the sides of the hole will pulverize 
and throw down the earth, ar.d make it quite 
mellow. If, however, the holes are to be dug 
in the spring*make them in the same manner, 
and larger than the roots of the tree will fill. 
Throw the surface soil on one side, and the 
lower or sub soil on the other ; and after the 
hole is dug, then loosen up the ground in the 
bottom to the depth of the spade. When the 
tree is set out fill the hole so that it will be 
some three or four inches deeper in the ground 
than when taken up, as the earth will settle 
away from it. As early in the sprirg as pos¬ 
sible, after the frost is out, select the trees, 
those that grow in fields, and are strong and 
healthy, and any size from eight, to twenty 
inches in circumference, ar.d larger if desired. 
With a sharp spade dig a trench a foot wide 
all round the tree at least two. feet, if large. 
Cut off’ the large roots with a sharp axe if 
possible, as it is very injurious to any tree to 
have its roots badly bruised. This has all been 
done by a great many people, and the tree 
pulled over and got out of its bed, but still it 
would not live. The reason was, it got badly 
bruised around the bedy in faking it up. The 
most difficult part of the whole is to get the 
tree safely and securely out cf its hole. The 
following very simple instrument will do it 
admirably. It has been figured and described 
before in the Rural, but as many cf its leaders 
Two nieces of strong, -three-inch white-oak ! b ‘ 
auu JJ.CGG3 . i trees were seen. 
plank, eight inches wide, are pinned together i _, , , r _._ 
at the ends through a pi^pe of four-inch g E ^ E RAGE MANURE.-IRRIGATION. 
scantling, between the planks, and furnished | _ 
with a movable leg or prop (4). Two rows of j -p ilE ev klent value of the sewerage manure, 
holes are bored through them 4 % inches apart! f urn j s hed so abundantly by large towns and 
and inches in diameter, to receive iron pins j c j-ties, has attracted considerable attention 
of the same size. The lever (1)—a round pole ! am011 g those interested in agricultural improve- 
10 feet long and 4 in. in diameter at the largest j meri t; t As yet, however, no 'means have been 
end, which is well banded—is furnished with a ' f 0UK j f or rendering generally available this in- 
ong, -threc- 
by shortening in — that is, cut off one-half of 
the length from the outside, and before setting 
out cut off’ the bruised roots smoothly ; put a 
wooden pin in the hole so as to fill it solid, 
and cut off close to the bark on each side. Set 
the tree in its place, fill up with good mellow 
soil, stake the tree so that the wind will not 
sway it about, and put some five or six inches 
of straw around it, so that the ground may not 
dry up too rapidly in the summer. If these 
directions are followed, it will not be long be¬ 
fore a handsome grove can be placed where no 
trees were seen. 
SEWERAGE MANURE. — IRRIGATION. 
The evident value of the sewerage manure, 
strong iron hook [shown in_ 
fig. 2.] which is first fastened 
to the root of the tree, and ||J|” 
then one of the pins is inserted 
under the lever. The lever is 
now elevated, and the other ||fi 
bolt is placed under it. It is 
next pressed down, and the 
bolt elevated one hole higher, 
and so on until the tree is out. 
To prevent the lever slipping, there are notches 
for the pin to rest in on each sick-of the bolt. 
1 exhaustible supply of material for keeping up 
1 and increasing the fertility of the soil. Ex- 
! periments in irrigating growing crops with the 
1 water of sewerage, have been made to some ex- 
! tent in Great Britain, and we find in the 
North British Agriculturist , an important ar¬ 
ticle discussing the best means of making an 
economical use of the rich manurial elements, 
now only a nuisance and expense. The sub¬ 
stance of this we shall give to our readers. 
From information here presented, it appears 
that the application of sewerage manure by 
When the first time up does not get the object : irrigation, is liable to serious objections, 
high enough, block up and begin again. ; though at first sight, the system presents a 
Having got the machine, with the stone- 1 considerable degree of simplicity, and has hith- 
boat, along side the tree, and earth thrown out ! erto been regarded by practical men with most 
from the trunk around it, two methods may be 1 favor. In the neighborhood of towns, espe- 
pursued in getting it up. Bore a hole through ' daily when situated favorable for the applica- 
the body of the tree, as near the ground as j tion of sewerage water by gravitation, this 
possible, from an inch to two inches, according 1 plan promises most success. W hen the level 
to its size; put through an iron pin that will j is such as not to admit of the use of this 
project on each side; place the machine against j means, it has been suggested that a power, 
the tree, hitch a log-chain to each end of the ; such as steam, could by raising the sewerage 
pin, and fasten to the hook of the lever and j to the required height, irrigate the land either 
hoist away. Another is to make a hole with ! by open gutters, or by. pipes and hose. On 
the iron bar under the tree, and put in a stout • the meadows east of Edinburgh, part are irri¬ 
gated by gravitation, and part require the wa¬ 
ter to be raised by a steam engine, the sewer¬ 
age water being afterward applied by open 
gutters. 
As an improvement on this, a system of 
conduit pipes has been suggested, and it ha5 
been proposed to extend them for miles, so 
that farms on their route could he irrigated 
by smaller pipes for the distribution of the wa¬ 
ter. But the apathy of farmers on the subject 
—shown by the fact that they seldom avail 
themselves of sewerage, even where it passes 
through their farms to the nearest river— 
would render the experiment of constructing 
such a system pipes, hopeless, in a pecuniary 
point of view. The irrigated meadows near 
Edinburgh, mentioned above, are almost the 
only illustration of the profitable application 
of sewerage water. The London market 
gardeners, arc willing to pay but a small sum 
for sewerage manure, even under their highly- 
forced and most productive methods of culti¬ 
vation. 
The most important view of the question, 
however, is the sanitary one, for wherever 
irrigation by sewerage water is practiced the 
atmosphere is necessarily in a polluted state.— 
This is most unpleasantly the case in certain 
parts of the year, in Edinburgh. Attempts 
have been made there, in reference to this fact, 
to show that this effluvia is not productive of 
any class of diseases. By .the same process of 
reasoning open sewers and defective drainage 
are not deleterious to health, yet the latter 
rather confines disease-producing agencies, 
while the former spreads them over a more ex¬ 
tended surface. If those located in the neigh¬ 
borhood of irrigated lands, either by sewerage 
water, or a system of liquid manuring, were 
aware of the injurious effects of these practices, 
it woald scarcely be permitted. ^ 
Another difficulty will be found in the fact 
that in this climate, irrigation can only be 
practiced successfully in spring, summer, and 
autumn. Consequently, for about four months 
in the year, it must be ( allowed to escape.— 
This difficulty cannot be met by constructing 
a large rsservoir to hold the sewerage water.— 
Were such attempted, it would most proba¬ 
bly rouse public opinion against the whole 
system of irrigation. There are other ques- 
d Tij. 2.. 
r s.~z~ 
wj, 
' fO&B£S./XL 
PRINDLE’S PATENT SELF-SUSTAINING PORTABLE OR HURDLE FENCE. 
Above we present a perspective view of an 
improvement in field fences, patented by D. R. 
Prindle, of East Bethany, Genesee Co., N. 
Y., April 25th, 1854. At the last Annual 
Fair of the N. Y. Slate Agricultural Society, 
a Diploma was awarded to the inventor. 
Since that time, we are informed, it has been 
still further improved and perfected, and is now 
offered to agriculturists, railroads, Ac. Owing 
to the scarcity and expense of suitable timber 
for fencing purposes in many sections of the 
country, the great mass of our farmers are 
directly interested in the introduction of this 
fence into common use. 
The great advantage of this invention con¬ 
sists in a peculiar shaped standard or post, so 
connected with a metallic fastening, that the 
fence will sustain itself without having its posts 
set in the ground. These posts will enable the 
builder to make almost any kind of a fence, 
from almost any variety or form of timber,— 
whether boards, bars, rails, poles, Ac., or most¬ 
ly of wire or pickets, if desired, rendering the 
same a portable or hurdle fence, easily and 
quickly transferred from place to place. It is 
designed to be set up a little crooked, but not 
to occupy as much ground as the common rail 
fence. The work of construction, very con¬ 
veniently for the farmer, can be performed 
mostly in winter, as it is formed of separate 
panels or lengths, ready for setting up in the 
field. By adding a different connection, cost¬ 
ing not over 25 cents, any panel will serve as a 
gate, a fact of much importance to the farmer. 
To make small enclosures, such as stack, 
sheep, and poultry yards, is but a few moments 
labor with this fence. 
The -standards or posts of this fence are 
made equally as well from round poles as from 
sawed lumber — the bevel or shape necessary 
being formed upon the convex surfaces, placed 
in contact with each other. The savins: of 
timber is large, as not using one-sixth the 
quantity of an ordinary rail fence. In addition 
to the standards or posts, from 25 to 40 feet of 
lumber is required — 40 feet making a tight 
fence for swine, Ac., and 25 feet one for cattle 
alone, thus greatly reducing the cost. The 
saving over an ordinary board fence is esti¬ 
mated at fully one-half to one-fourth, according 
to style and lumber. The combination of the 
different panels is so managed that the weight 
of the fence serves to keep it together—mak¬ 
ing it perfectly self-sustaining, whether placed 
upon the ground or upon flat stones, as may 
be thought advisable. The fence can be made 
by nailing, if desired, different posts being em¬ 
ployed, varying considerably from the others. 
Drawings, with full directions, explanations, 
Ac., will be furnished upon application to the 
Patentee, to all who wish to purchase territory. 
Enterprising men, the owners of any motive 
power, may thus engage in a profitable business 
by manufacturing the posts ready for use, as 
the same can be done by machinery at one- 
fourth the expense of hand labor. This 
will not only be a saving but a great conveni¬ 
ence to the farmer, as it will enable him to put 
up at short notice any quantity of fence, for 
the balance of the labor i3 simply to saw or 
cut to the right length the beards, rails, Ac., 
and to put the whole together—the entire 
work being worth, perhaps, 10 cents per rod. 
From an examination of this fence we are 
satisfied that it is a valuable one—superior to 
any yet brought before the public. As a 
hurdle fence it is perfect, being so constructed 
as to be taken apart and put up again with 
ease and rapidity. For the prairies of .the 
West this fence is particularly valuable, as the 
whole may be made at any point where timber 
is plenty, ready to put up as soon as taken 
upon the ground, and its transportation will 
not be expensive. 
