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46 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 
therefore, provides them the most comfortable 
quarters he can, and keeping no more than he 
can maintain in a thriving condition,knows they 
enjoy his bounty with gladness, and yield him 
profitable returns. His carefulness goes so far 
as to know, that if their charge and ove;sight 
are for a time given to others, their condition 
is not affected for the worse. 
Nor is the diligent llock-maeter or herds¬ 
man likely to prove an idler in other branches 
of business. If, like many of our farmers, his 
care is divided between the cultivation of his 
land, the raising of fruit, dairying, wool-grow¬ 
ing. cattle-breeding, &c., his habits of obser¬ 
vation and economy arc carried into them all, 
and whatever he undertakes generally prospers 
—oft times beyond measure—so that his more 
careless and thoughtless neighbors exclaim, 
that “ luck is always with the man.' 1 Ah ! 
luck is but the sure result of diligent prudence. 
It may come slowly, and at times seem to 
thwart the honest endeavor through untoward 
circumstances, but come it will. 
Let us. then, give all heed to the words of 
wisdom, and seek to be not only diligent to 
know the state of our flocks, but diligent in 
every good word and work—diligent in all 
tilings—working with an earnest will. And 
not only should we look well to our herds, to 
seek out their condition, aud remove their 
ailments, but we should look well to all that 
pertains to the life and well-being of ourselves 
and those dependant on us. r. k. w. 
CANARY GRASS. 
Tub large amount of canary seed used iu the 
cities and villages for feeding these cheerful 
little songsters, may render an experiment for 
its growth worthy the attention of some ol our 
enterprising farmers. A large amount of 
money is now paid for foreignseed, which may 
be retained at home, if its growth here suc¬ 
ceeds so as to warrant its sowing by the Amer¬ 
ican farmer. 
Canary grass is au annual, a native of the 
Canary Islands, but has been found wild in the 
United States, and has probably become nat¬ 
uralized, if not a native. It succeeds best in 
a rich clayey loam with a tenacious sub-soil, 
and requires a high state of cultivation and 
clean soil. The plant grows about as large as 
spring wheat or millet, which it somewhat re¬ 
sembles. It should be sown as early in spring 
as possible, about twenty quarts of seed to the 
acre, and it is said to succeed best in drills 
about one foot apart. The leaves are a lively 
green, about half an inch broad, while the 
stalk or straw resembles that of the other cul- 
miniferous grains, and is an excellent food for 
horse 3 . The chaff is said to be exceedingly 
good, better than the straw, and more desira¬ 
ble than any other chaff. When cut at the 
time of flowering, it has yielded, of hay, 17,- 
G96 pounds, containing 1,876 pounds nutritive 
matter, per acre. 
Sincleaii estimates the value of an acre of 
timothy, cut in June when in flower, at 40,837 
pounds, from which it will be observed that 
the 18,000 pounds of Canary grass hay yields 
more nutritive matter than double that quan¬ 
tity of timothy grass. It is produced at the 
rate of twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre, 
under favorable circumstances, and may safely 
be estimated to sell at $1,50 per bushel, and 
generally commands more than that price in 
New York. Seed grown here has a darker 
appearance than the Sicily seed, but is equally 
valuable. W c have culled these facts as a 
matter of interest, thinking some one would 
try the experiment, and report the result for 
the benefit of cultivators generally. h. c. w 
Cffiitunutdbtts. 
PLASTER. — APPLICATION AND VALUE. 
[Thb following letter was recently written 
to a gentleman in the eastern section of the 
State, in answer to an inquiry on the subject 
discussed. The author has kindly forwarded 
us a copy, which we take the liberty of pub¬ 
lishing. Mr. Garbutt is known as one of the 
best farmers in Western New York—and the 
article will be particularly interesting to those 
who read his communication on the “ Rota¬ 
tion and Variety of Crops," published in the 
second number of our present volume.— Ed.] 
Sir :—Your favor requesting my views as 
to the efiect of Plaster on the various agricul¬ 
tural productions is received, and I will with 
pleasure state my conclusions, as to its benefi¬ 
cial effects, and what I consider to be the best 
method of applying it; but you must remember 
that these opinions arc founded upon its appli¬ 
cation to my soil and location, to my cultiva¬ 
tion and rotation of crops, all of which may 
materially affect the value of I laster to the 
cultivator, so that it is necessary for every 
farmer to settle these facts by his own expe¬ 
rience. 
Plaster is not a fertilizer; it does not en¬ 
rich the soil, but it is a powerful stimulator, 
by its operation on the gases in the atmos¬ 
phere and soil, by which it iucrease3 the 
growth of plants rather than grains, and this 
increase of vegetable material add3 to the 
quantity of the barn-yard manure, which ena¬ 
bles the farmer to enrich the soil; and this in¬ 
crease of the manure, to all who are careful in 
preserving it, and judicious in its application, 
is one of the greatest benefits resulting from 
the literal use of Plaster. 
On wet laud and on alluvial soils, or on 
ground that is bountifully supplied with veg¬ 
etable mould, Plaster has little or no effect, 
but on dry, sandy, and gravelly, or even clay 
soils, that are deficient in vegetable mould, 
its effects are astonishing, and a liberal appli¬ 
cation of it always remunerates the fanner for 
the expense. 
The time of application is not very materi¬ 
al, providing that it is in season, so that the 
young plants can receive the benefit of it—for 
the Plaster Is not lost by being put into the 
ground before vegetation requires its assistance; 
if it is not used by the plants the first season 
it will be the next, as a bountiful supply ol 
it will last three or four years. I think the 
best time to apply Plaster to the soil, for the 
benefit of any grain crop, and especially wheat, 
is to sow it 'before plowing. I invariably sow 
mine iu the spring, before breaking up ; a 
liberal supply of it put on at once will 
answer for three years, as well as to apply it to 
each season, which is a saving of labor. 
1 sow out of the wagon, always before 
plowing, at the rate of from two to four bush¬ 
els (or cwt.) per acre, as the wants of the soil 
may require. The more I apply at once, the 
longer it will last, but the more that the soii 
becomes supplied with Plaster or vegetable 
mould, its effects are lessened, and its frequent 
application not so necessary. 
The application of Plaster to barn-yard ma¬ 
nure is very beneficial; it fixes the ammonia, 
assists the decomposition of the dry vegeta¬ 
bles, and also increases very much, the fertil¬ 
izing property of the manure. I apply it 
twice during the winter, (or rather towards 
spring, when the manure begins to ferment,) 
on the heaps by the stables and all over the 
yard,—and in spring, when the manure is piled 
up, give the heaps a covering with it, using a 
ton of plaster to a hundred loads of coarse ma¬ 
nure ; do not apply it to the sheep yards until 
the sheep have gone to pasture, for it injures 
the wool if they get amongst it. 
One season I put five tons of Piaster on 
three hundred loads of manure, over the yard 
and over the manure piles, and applied the 
whole on ten acres of dry gravelly soil iu the 
fali, and plowed it for the next spring hoe 
crop. I had three bountiful crops of grain, 
viz., corn, barley, and wheat, one cf clover 
seed, and a plentiful season of pasture without 
any other application ; but all the fonr seasons 
were favorable to the production of bountiful 
crops. Yet I am fully satisfied that a liberal 
application of Plaster to the barn-yard manure 
will liberally remunerate for the labor and ex¬ 
pence of its application. W. Gap.butt. 
Wheatland, Feb., 1855. 
ROTATION OF CROPS-MANURING. 
Eds. Rural: —One of your correspondents, 
“ G. F. W.,’’ has au article in the Rural of 
27th ult., under the above title. In using 
coarse manure in the spring (on green sward, 
I presume he means) for the corn crop, he says 
“ if a severe drouth happens to prevail, the 
coarse manure that was plowed under iu the 
spring, is not only no benefit to the corn, but 
a positive injury.” Entertaining different 
views from the above, I have practiced plow¬ 
ing in my coarse, partially fermented, winter- 
made manure, for at least a part of my corn 
crop, and generally with good results. Last 
spring, about the 10th of May I carted the 
course manure from under my dung shed3 on 
to sward-land at the rate of 25 cartloads per 
acre, plowed it under—depth of furrows about 
eight inches,—and pressed down the furrows 
with a heavy roller, and harrowed lengthwise. 
Planted with corn the 23d of May; a small 
handful of compost, of muck, guano, and hen- 
dung was dropped in the hill at the time of 
planting. During tho summer we had one of 
the most continued and severe drouths with¬ 
in the recollection of “ the oldest inhabitant,” 
so that there was not half an average crop of 
corn raised in this vicinity. But I have sel¬ 
dom had a better crop,—a portion of the field 
was gravelly and sandy, aud but a small por¬ 
tion of the corn, apparently, suffered by the 
drouth. 
When inquired of, as I frequently was, by 
passers-by, what I had done to my ground, to 
keep up such a green and luxurious growth, 
while other fields were scorched and ruined— 
the reasons I assigned for my success, were, 
that by plovring under the green manure, litter, 
&c., with tho inverted sod, it formed a layer of 
spongy matter, that absorbed and retained the 
moisture that came from the subsoil, during 
the drouth. The furrows were laid flat, the 
interstices between them beiug filled by the 
pressure of the roller and action of the harrow, 
the moisture and gases from the manure could 
not escape, only by permeating the soil above 
them, which brought them in contact with the 
roots, and, as the corn increased in size, the 
roots descended to the dung, and there found 
food, heat, and moisture. But, Sirs, I may be 
wrong in all this, for Mr. “ G. F. W." says 
«If a severe drouth happens to prevail, the 
coarse manure that was plowed under in the 
spring, is not only no benefit to the corn, but 
is a positive injury.” Well, I had over sLxty 
bushels per acre, dry as it was ! Can any one 
tell me how much the “ positive injury ” to the 
crop was, in consequence of the coarse manure 
plowed under ? 
Again, says Mr. “G. F. W.” “the better 
method is to pile the (winter made) manure in 
the spring, mixing with it whatever muck and 
other materials may be collected, and add a 
few bushels of plaster- and ashes. Shovel it 
over as often as possible during the summer.” 
This course he recommends in preparing the 
manure for winter wheat. The whole teach¬ 
ings of the Rural have been that manure for 
wheat, was valuable just in proportion to the 
percentage of ammonia it contained. I know 
of but one more effectual method of expelling 
the ammonia from manure than your corres¬ 
pondent has pointed out. Newly slaked lime, 
with repeated shoveling over would probably 
expel the ammonia somewhat quicker. 
After the corn was harvested, I used a light 
plow, plowing the whole surface of the field, 
leaving the furrows unharrowed, for the pur¬ 
pose of having the laud dry earlier in the 
spring, (and the action of the frost will be 
greater than if laid down level) and was care¬ 
ful not to disturb the inverted sod, or manure. 
If we sow spriug wheat, 1 shall only make use 
of the cultivator aud harrow in preparing the 
ground for the wheat and grass-seed—believing 
1 shall get better crops of both, than to turn 
up the half-decomposed sod. If I sow barley 
or oats 1 shall only sow clover seed and plas¬ 
ter, plow in the clover and oat or barley stub¬ 
ble, with a coat of manure, and sow winter 
wheat, and Timothy and red-top seed; in the 
following spring sow clover seed and mow the 
land for several years succeeding the wheat 
crop. Repeated experiments have proved that 
the grain crop is as good, and the grass crop 
better, when sown on laud that is planted only 
one year, where the inverted sod Is not disturb¬ 
ed iu the process of preparing tho ground for 
the grain and grass crop. L. Bartlett. 
Warner, X. II., Jan. 29tii, 1SS5. 
Remarks. —We are glad to see in the above 
and other communications received, that our 
prediction proves true—“G. F. W.’s” views arc 
contested by others. With such deep careful 
plowing, &c., as that practiced by Mr. Bart¬ 
lett, the result he arrived at would be one 
almost certain to follow, but under the too 
general mode of preparing the soil for corn, by 
shallow and careless plowing, half covered, 
strawy manure often proves of little benefit in 
dry seasons. We do not wonder that “ G. F. 
W.’s” summer management of manure calls out 
objections. It seems to us an extremely waste¬ 
ful one. But we need not add further remarks, 
—save that the subject is a seasonable one, 
and we shall be glad to receive further ac¬ 
counts of experiments giving light uponit.— Ed. 
CONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE. 
TURNIPS.-A PROFITABLE CROP. 
Eds. Rural :—I see much said about low 
laud, blind ditches, &c., and am inclined to 
give you a little of my experience. I had a 
regular frog-pond, filled with bogs, flags, &c., 
and containing eighty-four rods of ground.— 
This I drained by an open ditch on one side 
and a covered drain through the middle. I 
plowed this piece iu June, harrowed it once, 
and the 20th of J uly run the gang-plow thro’ 
it and sowed it to turnips. Iloed them twice. 
They were very thin, consequently the tops 
were very large—covering the ground. The 
largest turnip weighed 11 lbs., and from this 
84 rods, I gathered three hundred bushels, 
worth $75, indeed I sold most of them for 25 
cts. per bnshel. I also received the first pre¬ 
mium of $3,—the tops were well worth $5, 
which makes $83, from 84 rods of grouud. If 
any one has done better this dry season, let 
them tell us of it. — II. J. Wirt, Barre, Or¬ 
leans Co., Jan. 1855. 
Green Cp.ops for Manure. —1 wish to in¬ 
quire of you, or any one of your many thou¬ 
sand subscribers, who can answer from experi¬ 
ence, what would be the best green crop, to 
plow in for manure on a summer fallow for 
wheat. Soil, sandy loam. The clover crop 
failed from drouth, last season, and I think of 
substituting a crop of corn, sown broadcast, 
or two successive crops of buckwheat. Any 
information on the subject, would be thankfully 
received.—J. M. D., Columbia Mills, Mich., 
Jan, 1855. 
English Farms and Farming. — Farms 
occupy two-thirds of the land of England. 
The number of the farms is 224,318 ; the av¬ 
erage size 111 acres. Two-thirds of the farms 
are under that size, but there are 771 of above 
1,000 acres. The large holdings abound in 
small farms in the north. There are 2,000 
English farmers holding nearly two millions 
acres; and there are 27,000 others who alto¬ 
gether do not hold more. There are 40,650 
farmers who enqfloy five laborers each ; 16,601 
have ten or more, and employ together, 311,- 
703 laborers; 170 farmers have sixty laborers 
each, and together employ 77,000. 
N. Y. State Ag. Society. —As heretofore 
announced the Annual Meeting of this Socie¬ 
ty is to be held at the Capitol, in Albany, on 
Wednesday next, (Feb. 14.) The Winter Ex¬ 
hibition will comprise Grain and Seeds, Win¬ 
ter Fruits, Fat Cattle and Sheep, Dressed 
Meats, &c. We trust the display will be alike 
creditable to the Society and exhibitors,—and j 
that Western New York will, as usual, be 
well represented. Some fine samples of Grain 
and Fruit, grown near this city, will be shown 
on the occasion. A suburban friend will pre¬ 
sent some thirty bushels of the cereals, and wc 
hope many of our readers, residing in t his part 
of the State, will contribute to the show in a 
literal manner. 
The meeting will alsoteinteresti g in other 
respects. Officers of the Society are to be cho¬ 
sen, the place of holding the next Fair discuss¬ 
ed if not designated, and other important busi¬ 
ness transacted. It is therefore desirable that 
all sections of the State be fully represented, 
and that individual members interested in the 
advancement of the Society, and its laudable 
objects, should not only be present at the 
meeting but participate in its proceedings.— 
We hope the various County' Societies will 
have delegates in attendance who regard the 
welfare and progress of the Society, and the 
prosperity of the Agricultural Community, as 
paramount to all other considerations. 
The Location of the next State Fair is 
a question of some interest, about these days, 
though less is apparently manifested than in 
previous years. We have heard Elmira, Syra¬ 
cuse, Utica and Rochester mentioned as desi¬ 
rable points, and as having claims to the loca¬ 
tion. Regarding the interests of the Society, 
and the respective claims of the places men¬ 
tioned, irrespective of personal prejudices or 
considerations, we are inclined to believe El¬ 
mira the most desirable location. The point is 
easily accessible by railroad from all direc¬ 
tions—East and West, North and South— 
and we are confident the people of the “ South¬ 
ern tier ” would appreciate the location by 
giving the Society a substantial benefit in the 
way of attendance, and contributions to the 
exhibition. And if the people of any particu¬ 
lar locality have any claims, we submit that 
the farmers of the Southern Counties—who 
have made more “ Progress and Improvement.” 
during the past five years than those of any 
other section of the State—are entitled to con¬ 
sideration in determining the question of the 
location. This opinion is frankly expressed, 
upon our own responsibility, and without the 
knowledge, even, of any one in the locality 
named. If it is well founded, others will con¬ 
cur ; but if, on the contrary, it is believed the 
location of the Fair at either of the other 
points named, would be more promotive of 
the interests of the Society and the Farmers 
of the State, we shall cordially acquiesce in 
such decision. 
The Late Poultry Show in New York.— 
The so-called “ National” Poultry Show lately 
held in Barnum’s “ National” Museum, New 
York, is represented to have been very good, 
though the people did not attend in large num¬ 
bers. The Boston Cultivator says that the 
principal exhibitors and prize-takers were R. 
C. McCormick, Jr., of Woodhaven, L. 1.; 
Myndert M. Kimmey, of Cedar Hill, Albany 
county, N. Y.; E. E. Platt, Albany ; Sher¬ 
man Smith, of Port Chester, N. Y.; and R. 
H. Avery, of Wampsville, Madison county, 
N. Y. Mr. Platt received the first premium 
for Spanish fowls, and also the first for Black 
Shanghais. The latter are said to have been 
“ by far the largest fowls exhibited, and of 
remarkable beauty." Mr. Kimmey received 
fourteen premiums. Mr. Avery exhibited 
turkeys which weighed 30 to 33 lbs. each.— 
They were a cross of the wild. 
Thorough draining is another subject with 
regard to which our farmers are much too 
apathetic. Some of the very finest soils in 
Europe were but a few years ago almost en¬ 
tirely worthless. They were cultivated, to be 
sure, but so constantly full of superabundant 
moisture as to make them hardly worth work¬ 
ing. By judicious underdraining, they have 
been changed, a3 if by magic, and made worth 
hundreds of dollars per acre. 
We have seen somewhere, within a few 
weeks, a curious remark with regard to the 
temperature of soils before and alter draining. 
It is found that this process, when thoroughly 
carried into effect, raises the average tempera¬ 
ture of the soil some ten or fifteen degrees. It 
is thus accounted for. All the rain that falls 
upon our fields must be canned away by natu¬ 
ral or artificial drainage, or, having thoroughly 
saturated the soil on which it falls, be left upon 
the surface to be carried off by evaporation. 
A great deal more heat is necessary to pre¬ 
serve water in the form of vapor than is re¬ 
quired as a liquid. Every gallon carried off 
by evaporation requires as much heat as would 
raise five and a half gallons from the freezing 
to the boiling point. 
It is thus easy to see what a vast amount of 
caloric must be lost to vegetation by the evap¬ 
oration which is constantly going on in an 
undrained field. So great is it that when a 
part of a tract of land has been carefully 
drained, and another part left in its natural 
state, it often happens that the crop grown on 
the latter portion is not only greatly inferior to 
the rest in quantity and quality, but is actual¬ 
ly harvested full three weeks later. A differ¬ 
ence is thus made equal to a degree or two of 
latitude, so that a thoroughly underdrained 
field, in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, may 
be rendered nearly as early in the production 
of its crops as one in the latitude of Wash¬ 
ington, in its natural oozy condition. 
It is also asserted, by the most experienced 
European farmers, that one-third less organic 
manure will answer the purpose of a well un¬ 
derdrained acre than would be requisite on one 
not so treated, even in cases where a superficial 
observer would say that there wa3 no need of 
any draining at all. These are all additional 
reasons for the more universal adoption of this 
valuable improvement in modern scientific ag¬ 
riculture .—Piedmont ( Va.) Whig. 
HOOF BOUND. 
The following are the directions of Dr. Dadd 
for this disease, and we regard them as the best 
we have seen on this interesting subject to 
every farmer, few of whom are acquainted with 
this important knowledge: 
In all cases we must endeavor to give the 
frog a bearing on the ground ; and in order to 
do this the shoe ought to be removed. A dry, 
brittle, and contracted hoof may be improved 
by repeated poulticing with soft soap and rye 
meal, applied cold. Ho soon as the hoof soft¬ 
ens, let it be dressed, night and morning, with 
turpentine, linseed oil, and powdered charcoal, 
equal parts. Yet, after all, a run of grass in 
a soft pasture, the animal having nothing more 
than tips on his feet, is the best treatment. A 
very popular notion exists, that cow manure 
has a wonderful effect on a contracted hoof; 
but it is the candid opinion of the author, and 
no doubt the reader will- coincide, that filth 
and dirt of every kind are unfavorable to 
healthy action. Such a remedy, aside from it 
objection on the score ol' decency, savors too 
much of by-gone days, when live eels were seat 
on an errand down a horse’s throat to un¬ 
ravel their intestines. If any benefit belongs 
to such an objectionable application, it is due 
to the property it possesses of retaining moist¬ 
ure ; therefore cold poultices and water are far 
superior. Clay and moist earth, placed in the 
stall for the horse to stand on, are far inferior 
to a stuffing of wet oakum, which can be re¬ 
moved at pleasure. In order to keep it in 
contact with the sole, we have only to insinu¬ 
ate two strips of wood between the sole and 
shoe; one running lengthwise and the other 
crosswise of the foot. It affords considerable 
pressure to the foot, is cooling and cleanly, and 
is far superior to the above articles. 
Remarkable Grinding. —The Manchester 
American says that at the Amoskeag mill in 
that city, on Tuesday morning, ninety-one 
bushels of corn were ground in one hour, with 
a single run of stones, and without heating the 
meal. The diameter of the stones was four 
feet a quarter. 
Connecticut State Ag’i. Society. — At 
the recent annual meeting of this Society, 
Hartford was fixed upon as the place of the 
next Exhibition. The following officers were 
elected for the year :—President, Samuel II. 
Huntington, of Hartford ; Vice Presidents, 
Charles II. Pond, of Milford, and Nathaniel 
B. Smith, of Woodbury ; Cor. Sec’y, Henry 
A. Dyer, of Brooklyn ; Rec. Sec’y, John A. 
Porter, of New Haven ; Treasurer, John A. 
Porter, of New Haven. 
The “ Transactions of the Onondaga Co. 
Ag’l Society, for 1854” have teen received 
from II. D. Didama, Esq., Sec’y of the Socie¬ 
ty. The matter contained in this pamphlet is 
worthy of being printed much tetter than it is, 
and we hope our different County Societies 
generally, will take the subject of getting up 
their publications in better style into considera¬ 
tion. 
Herkimer County Ag. Society. —The fol¬ 
lowing are the officers elected by this Society 
for the present year :—President, Col. Geo. B. 
Judd, Frankfort ; Vice President, Duane 
Richardson, Schuyler; Secretary, Wm. Dy- 
gert, Frankfort; Treasurer, J. A. Rashach, 
Uion. 
FRENCH HORSES. 
There is nothing in Paris which shows the 
distinction between the aristocrat and the 
common people so much as their horses. The 
cart-horses are immense, and almost univer¬ 
sally a light iron grey—or more properly 
speaking, white speckled with black, with feet 
as large as dinner plates, and such a profusion 
of mane and fetlock, and all buried under such 
ponderous harness as to excite great curiosity. 
The riding and driving horses of the gentry 
are very graceful, with clean, delicate limbs, 
and arched necks; so nicely groomed and 
broken, especially for riding, its to make me 
wish we had such in New V ork. 
The fashionable color is a cross between an 
iron grey and brown—a most peculiar color. 
I never saw the like before. 
Another color is also much used for saddle 
horses, which is between a cream and sorrel, 
near akin to a dark salmon. The mane and 
tail are a shade or two darker than the body, 
and are very beautiful, according to my fancy. 
You will see troops of these handsome crea¬ 
tures, backed by Frenchmen, iu the fashionable 
quarters, as gay as so many popinjays. 
There are many beautiful varieties of the 
heath, which I see in the markets and stores. 
I wish these could be more cultivated in our 
country. Wc scarce find them except in our 
green-houses, and only a few even there. The 
Crystal Palace is rapidly completing, and is a 
magnificent building, i hope America will 
be well represented here.— Ccr. Am. Ag. 
Singular Circumstance. — A cow was 
slaughtered, on Saturday, Dec. 2d, on the farm 
of Andrew McMurray, in Byram, N. J., and 
imbedded in her heart v r as found a cut nail, 
over two inches long. The heart appeared to 
be considerably decayed in consequence. The 
animal, to appearance, had always been health)’ 
.. . .... 
