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70 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
of shelled corn per acre, which I attribute to 
IMPORTATION OF POTATOES. 
(Dm Serial Contributors. 
KESXtJCKI BLUE GliASS. 
In auswer to the inquiry of Mr. A. Blake, 
in the Rural of Feb’y 3d, we gather the fol¬ 
lowing information from individuals and pub¬ 
lications : 
The term blue grass is anything but prom¬ 
ising to farmers of Western New York, as 
they have long been sorely troubled and vexed 
with a blue or wire grass. This is a very 
common perrennial grass, found in fields and 
pastures in the United States, where, from its 
great tenacity of life, it is very troublesome in 
the tillage of certain crops, as well as in sum¬ 
mer fallow. This is the poa compressa, com¬ 
pressed or flattened grass, which makes good 
pasture for cattle but is not as valuable as the 
Kentucky blue grass. 
This grass is held in high estimation in 
Kentucky and other States contiguous, and is 
generally esteemed superior to all others ior 
grazing. It comes in spontaneously on rich 
calcareous soils, which are best adapted to its 
cultivation. Dr. Darlington calls it the 
poa pratensis, — “ Smooth-stalked meadow 
grass ; green grass; decidedly the most valua¬ 
ble of all the American pasture grasses.” 
It is sown on old exhausted fields for a per¬ 
manent pasture, and also in wood lands not 
too much covered with undergrowth, where it 
serves for a fair summer range, though not as 
valuable as that grown in the open field.— 
When sown in wood lands the brush and 
leaves must be raked off or burned, else the 
seed would be blown away with the leaves and 
thus be wasted. It is very desirable. grass 
sown in the edges of wood lands, where it will 
be found continually creeping inward, an 
occupying every place which may be bare o 
leaves, and shutting out noxious weeds. It 
must not be grazed the first year in such lo¬ 
calities. 
On old land it is generally sown after a se¬ 
ries of exhausting crops, with a view of their 
improvement, while it will furnish here the 
greatest abundance and the best quality of 
grazing, so much so that animals feeding 
thereon without grain, keep better, and become 
fatter than by any other treatment except 
regular feeding. In Kentucky and other 
places the late fall growth furnishes an abun¬ 
dance of excellent winter forage for cattle and 
sheep, ■which easily find it under the light 
snows should they prevail to any extent. 
Whenever practicable the blue grass seed 
should be sown on well-tilled land, either late 
in winter or early in spring ; as from the light¬ 
ness and small size of the seed, late sown is 
quite liable to be killed by the summer 
drouth. It succeeds well sown on wheat, bar¬ 
ley, or oats; the growing grain in a measure 
protecting the tender shoots from the extreme 
heat of summer. The practice which obtains 
the most, and answers the best purpose, is to 
sow it mixed with other grasses. A good 
mixture would be seven to ten pounds of blue 
grass, five pounds red clover, and some four 
quarts of timothy or orchard grass. The 
economy of this would be better understood 
with a knowledge that blue grass makes a 
very small growth the first year, during which 
time the clover and timothy furnish consider¬ 
able feed. It does not damage the blue grass 
as it soon supercedes all other grasses with 
which it is sown. Sow before a rain if possi¬ 
ble as the seed is light, weighing only fourteen 
pounds to the bushel, and may be blown away 
if left long on the dry ground. Rain covers 
the seed sufficiently to ensure vegetation. 
Very little of the grass is cultivated in 
New York though wo think the I-Ion. A. B. 
Dickinson, has grown it on his farm in Che¬ 
mung Co. We have heard him speak very 
highly of it as a grass to mix with others for 
pasture, being better than any other for fat¬ 
tening cattle, and for butter-making. It is 
the common practice in England to sow mixed 
seeds for permanent pastures, and w r e have no 
doubt that practice would be found to pay 
well with our farmers in general. It will not 
be very expensive trying the experiment. 
n. c. w. 
rt**!******/ 11 * <**»><***> * 1t ><**«*W ! *< l * > ** >l * l> * ,> * ,> l ** , * * > * ,><1,>l,> * > * ,> * ,>< ** 1t ** > * 
Cflittmuiutdiiitts. 
LIME—THEORY OUTS ACTION DOUBTED. 
BY TIIE RAGGED PHILOSOPHER. 
Eds. Rural :—I do not profess to be much 
versed in chemical cause and effect, and there¬ 
fore, perhaps ought not to interpose an opin¬ 
ion at variance with yours and the hypothesis 
of those learned in that science, of the action 
that the use of lime exerts on the soil. I am 
satisfied that all good and productive soils do, 
or ought to, contain lime, either as a carbon¬ 
ate, sulphate, or hydrate ; but that it has a de¬ 
composing effect on vegetable matter, as you 
assert, I cannot conceive. It is an alkali, and 
the mo 3 t powerful of all the mineral kinds; 
and, as far as my experience goes, it has a 
greater preserving, than fermenting or decom¬ 
posing effect. I know that the boards used 
for mortar beds, lying on or under the ground, 
last for many years, and that barrels and 
boards used about leaches, become almost un¬ 
changeable as to rot. Ashes, lime, and old 
mortar are often used successfully in setting 
posts to preserve them from rotting. 
Woody fibre only decays from absorbing 
water and the solution of saccharine and mn- 
cilagenous matter contained in the wood, and 
the absorbence of oxygen—the base of nearly 
all the acids known, whereby fermentation is 
produced, and eremacausis, or rot, is carried 
on. As far as I can reason on the subject, an 
alkali which in all cases instantly neutralizes 
all acids, would be entirely fatal to that pro¬ 
cess ; therefore I came to the conclusion, that 
in its effects on soils, it must operate in some 
different manner than in decomposing the or¬ 
ganic matter. Caustic, or quick lime, has 
such a strong affinity for carbonic acid, that 
in a very few hours after spreading on the 
earth it becomes a carbonate, and is effete and 
neutral as powdered chalk, and therefore can¬ 
not have any lasting or very apparent effect 
on vegetable or animal matter. 
Neither can I conceive how lime can liquify 
and liberate the alkalis, either vegetable or 
mineral, from clays. One alkali has no action 
upon another, as far as I understand elective 
affinity or decomposition. It would undoubt¬ 
edly disengage the ammoniacal gas from any 
acidifying principle, as the sulphuric or car¬ 
bonic ; and if there are such materials as free 
acids in the soil, of which there is not a parti¬ 
cle of evidence, it would most certainly neu¬ 
tralize them, and form a new compound. That 
lime, for some unexplained purpose, should be 
a component part of all good soils, there can be 
no doubt, and the proof of the fact is elicited 
in the absolute necessity that exists in the old 
and worn soils of the old countries of Europe. 
In all the lands in England, the annual appli¬ 
cation of a given quantity of lime is as much 
a covenant as is the rent. 
All scientific and practical farmers are unan¬ 
imous, that lime has a very injurious effect 
on manure heaps and composts in a state of fer¬ 
mentation, from its tendencies to dissipate the 
gases. 
The glazing of straw and other cereals is a 
silicate, but whether of potash or lime, is not 
well settled, and the solution of silex at all is 
not understood, being one ot the most insoluble 
of all material things ; and, as lime is much 
more abundantly disseminated by nature than 
potash, I am disposed to think that its action 
on silex or sand is as likely to be one of the 
offices it exerts, as to attribute it solely to 
potash. Its action in any way, is as much a 
matter of speculation and hypothesis, as any 
of the inscrutable acts of nature; and when we 
can arrive at cause and effect, we shall have 
unlocked one of the secrets of its arcana.— 
There is no little importance attached to this 
subject, and I hope my crude remarks will wake 
up some of your readers, better able to eluci¬ 
date the modus operandi by which its action is 
effected, and give their experience of its effect 
on crops. 
Littoria Farm, Feb., 1855. 
LONG MANURE—CORN GROWING, Ac, 
Messrs. Editors :—There appears to be a 
great diversity of opinion among farmers as to 
the best method of using barn-yard manure.— 
Some draw it out early in the spring, or per¬ 
haps at intervals of open weather in winter, 
and haul it off the wagon or sleigh in just the 
easiest manner they can, leaving it about half 
way between being spread and in heaps, thus 
leaving it exposed for weeks to the searching 
influence of sun and winds; whilst others 
spread it so slovenishly, as to leave from one- 
third to one-half of the ground uncovered.— 
And I am acquainted with an intelligent man 
and a pretty successful farmer, (though I do 
not attribute his success to his method of using 
manure,) who leaves his manure in the barn¬ 
yard until late in the fall, when he draws it 
out on to his next spring’s planting ground 
and spreads it, thinking that the rain and 
melting snow will carry it down into the soil 
so as to be most beneficial to the succeeding 
crop, and that in this way he obtains the 
greatest profit from his manure. I think that 
he loses a large proportion of the best and 
most efficient properties of it. Is it so, or is 
it the most economical method ? 
I will not attempt to reply to G. F. W., as 
I think Mr. Bartlett has done it admirably. 
I have been striving for a few years past so to 
arrange my barns, stables and yards, as to 
have the most of my manure made and kept 
under shelter. 'There I leave it until about the 
tenth of May, or the last thing I do before 
plowing my planting ground, which is gener¬ 
ally green sward. By this time it will have 
become considerably decomposed. I then 
draw it on to my planting ground at the rate 
of about twenty-five loads to the acre, and put 
it in four or five compact heaps to the load.— 
When we get ready to start the plow, we com¬ 
mence spreading the manure as evenly over 
the ground as possible, turning it under from 
six to eight inches deep, leaving it as short a 
time as may be, exposed to the sun and wind. 
I then drag the land thoroughly (not having a 
roller, though every farmer should have.) and 
mark it out and plant it three feet lour inches 
distant each way. In this manner I rarely 
fail of raising from fifty to seventy-five bushels 
my method of manuring, together with good 
tillage. I have practiced the above method 
for about twenty years and have never been 
able to discover that my corn has suffered in 
consequence of the manure in time of drouth, 
but on the contrary, it has always been the 
heaviest where manured most, other things be¬ 
ing equal. N. Hart. 
Lysander, N. Y., Feb. 14, 1855. 
CONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE. 
WINTERING SHEEP. 
Eds. Rural: —With proper management 
sheep are quite profitable stock to keep on a 
farm. In the summer season they feed where 
other stock would hardly live. On a summer 
fallow, they are decidedly an advantage to the 
farmer, by keeping the weeds and grass down, 
and thus putting to use what would otherwise 
be worthless. Sheep, however, should not be 
kept poor, for it is a fact known to every one 
that a small flock well kept is more profitable 
than a large flock poorly kept. 
Wheat straw is excellent feed for sheep if it 
is cut early and properly cured. It should be 
foddered out regularly and enough, so that 
they can pick out the heads and such parts as 
they like, without being forced to eat the 
coarse straw. It is a good plan to sprinkle 
strong brine on the straw once or more each 
week; the sheep will eat it more readily.— 
Bean straw, pea straw and buckwheat straw 
are first-rate; if not threshed quite clean, all 
tlie better. They will eat most kinds ol weeds, 
when cured with hay, and will be picked out in 
preference. Without much labor farmers could 
gather a good deal of feed for sheep in the 
course of the summer season, by cutting weeds 
and curing them for hay. Good clover is with¬ 
out doubt the best feed for sheep, it comes 
nearest to grass of any kind of fodder, and 
sheep should be fed with it, in the spring when 
they need the best, especially ewes with lambs; 
and it is also necessary to shelter them from 
cold storms.— j. p. 
HAY TO SPARE.-LANDS FOP. SALK. 
Eds. Rural I was requested by a neigh¬ 
bor to inform you, that there is a surplus of 
hay in this (Tioga.) and the adjoining county, 
(Bradford.) It has occurred to us that as we 
have now abundance of snow, it might be an 
object to transport some into your State. It 
can be had for eight to nine dollars a ton, and 
if pressed, (you have portable hay presses, 
have you not ?) two or three tons might be 
carried at a load, on the plank road to Tioga, 
and then put#n tjj^ railroad to Corning, also 
along the line of the Tioga R. R. some of 
the farmers have hay to spare. Our region 
suffered little, comparatively, from the drouth, 
and we had abundance of rain in the fall.— 
Having no hay to sell, I am not personally in¬ 
terested. 
If some of your good farmers will come out 
to see about this, you can likewise see what 
great capabilities we have, in the farming and 
grazing line. A great many farms are in the 
market,—our locomotive people are always 
ready to sell, —and from ten to twenty-five dol¬ 
lars would be the price per acre, according to 
site and improvements. To be sure this is not 
a very good time of year, but still something 
can be learned, although the snow is more 
than a foot deep.— J. P. Morris, Wellsboro, 
Tioga Co., Pa. 
RENOVATING WORN OUT SOILS. 
Eds. Rural :—I see an inquiry in your pa¬ 
per for the best method of bringing hard-worn 
lands to a proper state of fertility. I have 
had considerable experience in the matter ; 
the cheapest method for sandy loam is to sow 
a crop of buckwheat in the spring — say two 
bushels to the acre—and as soon as the seed is 
up, sow two bushels of plaster, broad-cast.— 
As soon as the buckwheat is in full blow, put 
on the roller and roll it down and turn it in. 
Seed and plaster same as before, and by the 
time the second crop is fit to turn in it is time 
to sow fall grain. You can then sow to 
wheat or rye, as you like; in March put on it 
a heavy seeding of large clover. When the 
land has laid two years, put on twenty-five 
loads of unfermented manure to the acre and 
turn in your clover ley and I will warrant a 
crop of corn.— John Morris, Oneida Castle, 
Feb. 15 th 1855. 
Tapping Maple Treks. —I have a small 
grove of sugar maple trees—about one hun¬ 
dred in number. They are what we call sec¬ 
ond growth, occupying about one acre of 
ground. I tapped them a year ago last spring, 
(the yield was two hundred lbs. of sugar,) by 
boring them with an inch auger. Some of 
my neighbors say that this method of tapping 
will cause the trees to decay sooner than any 
other. Now Is that so ? An answer to this 
by describing the best plan of tapping from 
yourself or any one of your numerous subscri¬ 
bers who know will be thankfully received.— 
J. M. Wake, Williamson, N. Y. 
We think the way above described is as 
good as any, if the hole is smoothly plugged 
up after the sap season is over. Perhaps 
some of our readers may know better from ex¬ 
perience—if so will they report?— Eds. 
To Correspondents. —Thanks to the kind¬ 
ness and attention of Correspondents we are 
liberally favored with articles for the Agricul¬ 
tural and other practical departments of the 
Rural. Many of these are necessarily defer¬ 
red for want of space, and others because they 
will be more seasonable at a future period.— 
Our rule is to give, first, articles which are 
timely, and next such as will aid us in furnish¬ 
ing a proper variety in each number. Sever¬ 
al valuable articles have been on file over a 
month—and which, we assure the authors, are 
just as acceptable as though we had published 
them at once. The fact that the matter for 
this department of each paper is prepared from 
a week to ten days before its date, will account 
for the delay of some communications, and the 
non-appearance of others that are of no value 
unless published in the number intended by 
the writer. 
This explanation is not designed to discour¬ 
age any one from writing. On the contrary 
we hope our contributors and correspondents, 
and others disposed to become such, will occu¬ 
py a portion of the winter leisure yet remain¬ 
ing, in writing for the pages of the Rural.— 
What we cannot publish soon, will not spoil 
in keeping until the season when many of our 
friends are too busy to address so large an au¬ 
dience. Therefore, good friends, please con¬ 
tinue to “ write for your paper,” on the vari¬ 
ous subjects upon which you are qualified to 
instruct or advise. 
Farming in New Mexico. —The Sante Fe 
papers hold out inducements for emigrants 
and especially farmers, to go to that country. 
It avers that, “ Cattle, horses and mules are 
raised with facility, and with little expense 
and trouble. Agricultural produce of all 
kinds commands a fair price and finds a ready 
sale. Corn is rarely, if ever, lower than $1 
per bushel, and very often double that price. 
Butter sells at fifty cents per pound, and scarce 
at that; potatoes are eagerly purchased at 
five dollars per bushel, and but few in the mar¬ 
ket ; and all other vegetables are scarce and 
high. These are remunerating prices, and pay 
a farmer well for his labor.” 
All this may be true,—and yet the reverse 
of the picture, if shown, might prove the 
chances anything but inviting or extraordi¬ 
nary. In deciding as to the feasibility of em¬ 
igrating to any new country, its drawbacks to 
health, comfort, etc., should always be consid¬ 
ered in connection with its real or supposed 
advantages. 
A Sharp Chap. —Some farmer up in one of 
our northern counties made a very good drive 
out of the good-natured ones, at the Annual 
Meeting of the State Agricultural Society, the 
other day, at Albany. He had some Egyp¬ 
tian Wheat, which he sold at the rate of $12 
per bushel on the strengh of its being an en¬ 
tire new variety. It was a fair sample of 
wheat, and may prove valuable, but it’s not a 
new kind, as the old fellow tried hard to make 
the multitude believe. He evidently means to 
make hay while the sun shines. 
Lice on Cattle, &c. —A correspondent 
asks for the most effectual way of destroying 
lice on horses, cattle, &c. We have publish¬ 
ed several recipes, — one is to apply the water 
in which Irish Potatoes have been boiled, and 
it is said to succeed invariably. Another is to 
apply a mixture of lard and sulphur, feeding 
sulphur at the same time. The best remedy 
is to keep your animals clean and in good or¬ 
der —then lice will not long trouble them. 
Ontario Co. Ag. Society.— A synopsis of 
the proceedings of the last annual meeting of 
this most prosperous and progressive Society, 
intended for our present number, has been 
mislaid, and also the data from which it was 
prepared. The Secretary will confer a favor 
by forwarding us a paper containing the pro¬ 
ceedings. If the Secretaries of other County 
Societies will furnish proper data, the princi¬ 
pal doings of their respective Associations 
will be duly chronicled in the Rural. 
The Albany Co. Ag. Society, at a recent 
meeting, resolved to offer premiums amount¬ 
ing to $2,000, to be awarded at its Fair for 
1855, and fixed upon the 25th, 26th and 27th 
of Sept, next as the time for holding said Fair. 
The Tariff on Wool. — Recent advices 
from Washington leave but faint hope for the 
wool growers on the subject of wool being ad¬ 
mitted duty free. The tariff is to be altered, 
so that the great interest of the country will be 
prostrated to benefit a particular class. It is 
proposed to make wool, railroad iron, and dye¬ 
stuffs free of duty, by making it an amendment 
to the appropriation bill. We give the manu¬ 
facturers notice that if the duty be removed 
from wool, we shall agitate the subject till all 
woolens are also admitted free. If they compel 
the farmers to pay them 20 per cent, extra 
profit on their cloths, they must pay the far¬ 
mers a corresponding profit on their wool.— 
But if they are to have wool free, we must have 
cloth free also. We have an abiding faith 
that there is a power among the farmers to pro¬ 
tect themselves, and that in the next Congress 
they will use it. Henceforth, down with the 
duty on clotlis.— Wool Grower. 
A writer in the Scientific American, speak- \ 
ing on this subject, asks, and, we think, justly : £ 
‘■Is our country become so poor that it can £ 
no longer supply our own inhabitants with \ 
food ? It really appears to be so this year, tor £ 
great quantities of potatoes have recently been ( 
imported into this city from Scotland and Ire- 3 
land. A large portion of the last cargo of the £ 
steamer Glasgow was potatoes, which, after ; 
paying the tariff, yielded, we have been told, | 
very handsome profits to the exporters, as they ; 
sold them for four times the price obtained in £ 
their own markets. We have been shipping 3 
flour, wheat and corn to Europe, and are now ) 
being partly paid back in potatoes. Has this ; 
escu:ent become so difficult to cultivate in our 5 
country, that we must have it sent from abroad £ 
to supply our wants ? The potato rot visited £ 
those countries in Europe which are sending 5 
us potatoes, a few years ago, with greater se- £ 
verity than our own country, but it appears £ 
that the farmers there have devoted more at- 
tention to its cure than ours have. This shonld £ 
not be so, for the potato is a native of our con- £ 
tineut, and we think it can be raised in as great 3 
abundance, and of as good quality by our far- | 
mers, as by those in Europe. This is an agri- £ 
cultural subject which demands attention, and £ 
we hope these remarks will lead many of our £ 
farmers, during the present winter, to adopt £ 
measures for cultivating and improving a more j 
extensive potato crop next season.” I 
FACTS WANTED. 
Senator A. B. Dickinson made an able } 
speech on Wednesday before the N. Y. State £ 
Agricultural Society. It related principally £ 
to the method of breeding and feeding cattle, 3 
and he evinced a thorough knowledge of the £ 
subject—derived from extensive practical ex- £ 
patience. He stated that a man who knew 3 
how to feed cattle properly was wise enough to £ 
be President of the United States. Mr. Dick- £ 
inson is a man who is fully impressed with the 3 
idea that a farmer occupies a noble and digni- ( 
fled position, and Mr. Dickinson spoke as if he \ 
were prouder of his rank as an agriculturist £ 
than as a politician. The more of such men £ 
we have, the better .—Exchange paper. § 
One who heard the speech above re'erred to £ 
Jailed to get any satisfactory knowledge of 5 
what it cost the Senator to make a pound of £ 
beef in the winter. He said much about the £ 
advantage of scales, but he did not seem able 3 
to tell how much corn meal and how much hay £ 
it took make a pound of beef. That is an 3 
important fact, and one of great value. Wc £ 
hope the Senator will at some time be able to £ 
give us the figures. i 
“THE LOCUSTS ARE COMING." \ 
Gideon Smith gives notice in the Balti- I 
more Patriot, that the seventeen years’ locusts | 
will appear this year, (1855,) in the following £ 
States, viz.:—Massachusetts, about Barnsta- 3 
ble and adjacent towns. This is a very small £ 
district, but the locusts will be very numerous £ 
in the groves. They will not, however, “ bend 3 
down nor break by their weight the limbs of £ 
the trees,” as Dr. Harris remarks they do.— £ 
Maryland, the whole of the Eastern shore, and 3 
on the old Liberty and Windsor mill roads, £ 
commencing about five miles from Baltimore, £ 
and extending to Carlisle, Pa. They will ap- 3 
pear also all over the State in very small num- £ 
bers. Virginia, Kanawha County. This is a l 
very small district, unless it is connected with jj 
the next district, in Kentucky, &c. Kentucky, £ 
about Lexington, Frankfort, Fleminsburg, and £ 
extending to Meigs and Gallia counties, Ohio. % 
This will be a very interesting year to those £ 
who pay attention to such matters, a? it will £ 
afford an opportunity for many observations. 3 
They can be found in all the above places, £ 
wherever trees, shrubbery, or forests grew in § 
1838, by digging down one or two feet. They 3 
will be found in their cells, inside of lumps of I 
earth of the size of the fist or larger ; and when 3 
these ^re broken by the spade or otherwise, the 3 
cells will be exposed, and the locust grubs in I 
them, one in each cell. 3 
Tiie California Wheat Crop. —The wheat £ 
crop of California for the past season has been I 
a subject of much discussion. The San Fran- £ 
cisco papers tell us that during the harvest, £ 
parties traversed the State for the express pur- C 
pose of ascertaining the condition of things, £ 
and that the following is the result of their in- £ 
vestigations as to the extent of the crop :— 3 ' 
135,024 acres were planted, and the yield was £ 
8,339,533 bushels. During the year 1853 the £ 
imports of flour into the State were 229,547 3 
barrels and 190,420 sacks ; for the year 1854, ? 
the imports were 150,420 barrels, and 67,349 £ 
sacks. Thus the breadstuff trade of California 5 
has been completely revolutionized, and but a ^ 
comparatively short period can elapse before £ 
the importation of flour from other parts must S I 
cease. The crop of the presont year is not so £ 
large as some exaggerated estimates, early in £ j 
the season make it; but the progress made is I 
remarkable, and shows the capacity of the £ 
State. £ 
Grain and Pork. —A report made to the £ 
Essex County Agricultural Society several £ 
years ago, stated that experiments had proved 3 
that a bushel of corn would make twelve £ 
pounds of pork. If the corn is ground into £ 
meal, it is probable that this could be done in | 
the average of cases. W e have heard of in- £ 
stances where the proportion of pork was £ 
greater than here assumed. In some districts 3 
of England it is taken as a rule that a bushel £ 
of barley weighing 56 lbs. will make eight £ 
pounds of pork. The weight of Indian corn, $ 
we suppose, might be taken at 60 lbs. per bu. £ 
At these weights, it would seem that corn has £ 
a much greater fattening power than barley, 3 
weight lor weight. Can any one cite us to £ 
experiments which throw further light on the £ 
subject ? It would be interesting to know all £ 
the facts which bear on the question, though j 
there is no doubt that Indian corn is the best \ 
crop we can raise for fattening animals.— Bos- 
ton Cut. ? 
..... -.-.-.-.- .-.:.-.-. 
