...>.»'. . 
118 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPATER, 
that “appears in the papers” was reliable, 
whenever I met with a rail with the bark on, 
I always examined it closely, expecting to find 
those with the bark upwards, in a good state 
of preservation. To my great surprise, I in¬ 
variably found those rails with the bark up¬ 
wards decayed the most; and in many instan¬ 
ces rails from the same log, and in the same 
panel of fence, that were peeled, or lay with 
the bark downwards, showed no signs of decay; 
while the first were often worthless. And this 
fact has held good in every other respect, so 
that intelligent farmers, and some times back- 
woods men practice in the operations of the 
farm, with reference to it. 
Farmers almost always peel their rails be¬ 
fore they are laid in fence, if it is not too im¬ 
practicable ; and I always supposed that if 
the rails are uot peeled, they would lay them 
with the bark downwards, if a rail will lay 
well in that position, so that the bark may 
cleave off itself, which it will in a few years. 
* * * * * * 
The rationale on this subject appears to be 
this : bark, while adhering to the wood after 
a tree is cat down, hastens its decay, and pre¬ 
vents timber or wood from becoming thor¬ 
oughly seasoned, and greatly injures the vital¬ 
ity of timber while seasoning, except when 
timber is split fine and put in an open shelter, 
where rain and moisture cannot affect it. 'f 
My own practice on this point has always 
been to peel rails of every kind of timber, 
fence posts and such like, before setting them ; 
to pile fire wood, when not under cover, with 
the bark down ; to split all round sticks of 
wood if possible, and lay the heart side up, and 
whenever making fence, to lay the bark down, 
of blocks and rails, or of anything that has 
bark on, and was exposed to the influence of 
the weather. S. Edwards Todd. 
Lake Ridge, Tompkins Co., N. Y. 
UNDERDRAINING AND SUB30ILING.-No.2- 
The manner of subsoiling the most of my 
land may be described as follows:—We plow 
the first furrow rouud a land with a good com¬ 
mon plow, from 8 to 10 inches deep, with one 
span of heavy, stout horses, then hitch to the 
subsoil plow and run it in the bottom of the 
same furrow, from G to 8 inches deeper, which 
breaks up the subsoil and leaves it at the bot¬ 
tom of the first furrow, filling it by loosening the 
before compact earth, about half full. When 
we come round we lay the subsoil plow aside 
and take the other again, and turn the furrow 
upon the top of the loose subsoiled earth — 
and so on, changing alternately. This leaves 
the surface soil still at the surface and the 
ground all loose and mellow, 16 inches ^eep. 
A good team and a quick hand will plow in 
this way, half an acre a day. The extra cost 
to the farmer for such subsoiling is $1,50 per 
acre. One subsoiling lasts for years, as you 
will see from facts hereafter. The cost to the 
farmer, to thoroughly drain and subsoil his 
whole farm, on an average is only $7,19 per 
acre—taking my farm for the average of lands. 
My main occupation is that of a nurseryman 
but I have raised wheat, corn, barley, carrots, 
beets, &c., in sufficient quantities to test the 
benefits of drains and subsoiling in agricul¬ 
ture, which I mainly purpose to present at this 
time, only referring to their decided benefit in 
growing trees. 
Five years ago last summer, 1 purchased a 
subsoil plow at Rochester—I believe the first 
I ever saw—for which I paid $10,25, and 
which I still use. I subsoiled in the manner 
already described, one acre from 14 to 16 
inches deep. The top-soil was clayey loam 
from 4 to G inches deep, subsoil mostly clay. 
This acre 1 put out to apple trees, (grafted in 
the root) and pear seedlings, the next spring 
(1850). The previous spring (1849,) 1 put 
out one acre adjoining on the east to apple 
and pear trees, in the same way, and which 
have been cultivated in like manner in every 
particular except in not being subsoiled.— 
The trees on the subsoiled acre are decidedly 
more thrifty and beautiful than the others— 
and can be dug with one half the labor. In 
digging I find the soil loose and dark color¬ 
ed 16 inches deep. The other piece the dark 
soil extends down only 5 or 6 inches deep, all 
below is hard clayey, light-colored, subsoil.— 
I^plowed a portion of this subsoiled acre over 
again last fall, which turned up dark and mel¬ 
low beam deep, also plowed and sub-soiled the 
land adjoining on the east which I found hard 
and clayey six inches below the surface. This 
fact shows that one subsoiling lasts at least 
five years, and that the ground becomes rich 
and black as deep as subsoiled. 
This land together with that adjoining on 
the west, was an old meadow-lot. In the 
spring of 1848, the 15th or 20th of June I had 
it plowed six inches deep, and planted it to 
corn, about the 25th of June. Had a very poor 
crop. Cut it up quite green and plowed the 
ground well, and sowed all but the east acre 
to wheat—do not remember the time it was 
sown — it yielded from 12 to 15 bushels the 
acre. This stubble I turned under as soon as 
the wheat was harvested, subsoiled from 14 
to 1G inches deep, and cross plowed before 
seeding. Sowed the ground west of the two 
acres to wheat about the first of September— 
two bushels to the acre. This ground was ‘ 
drained before sowing as before described—soil 
same as the two acres on the east. The crop 
was injured badly by wire worms, still it yield¬ 
ed 26 bushels per acre. Difference between 
this and the previous crop, say 11 bushels per 
acre—sold for $1,12)^ cents per bushel.— 
Making $12,37j^ per acre in favor of subsoil¬ 
ing and draining—or $5,18)^ over and above 
the expense of draining and subsoiling. This 
crop had one bushel of plaster, two of unleach¬ 
ed ashes, and two of lime sown on the acre.— 
What the yield would have been per acre, by 
the usual mode of tilling, I cannot say with 
certainty, but think it would not have been 
more than fifteen bushels. 
In the fall of 1852,1 purchased a lot of 20 
acres adjoining my house and lot on the north, 
for which 1 paid $103 an acre. Took full pos¬ 
session Dec. 1st, but worked on it considera¬ 
ble before, in ditching, and sowing nursery 
seeds. Of 1G acres of this land I shall speak 
at this time. This was an old worn out 
meadow, yielding from % to % of a ton of hay 
an acre. The winter before I bought it, the 
owner drew on, I should judge, 20 cart-loads 
of long and short manure to the acre. In the 
spring he plowed it 5 inches deep and planted 
it to corn, had on the whole a very good crop 
—some of it very heavy and some very light. 
One of his men told me that the water was 
over shoe in places, up to the\last hoeing.— 
Half or three-quarters of an acre was so wet 
that it gave but very little corn, and yet it 
was the best land in the field. When I took 
possession I commenced work—plowed and 
subsoiled all through December and some in 
January, and nearly finished the 1G acres.— 
Ditched that winter and spring about 10 acres 
of the wettest portion of the lot. 
In the spring I cultivated and sowed 3 acres 
of the highest part of the lot to spring wheat 
sowed two bushels of seed to the acre. None 
of this piece was ditched at this time, all quite 
dry without. It was put in, in good season, 
sowed with clover and timothy at the same 
time. The hens took ratker more than their 
share of the wheat. In spots the grass seed 
took poorly. This crop yielded 32 bushels an 
acre, sold it for $2 a bushel for seed—$64 the 
acre—good interest. Soil clayey loam, "sub¬ 
soil clay. What the yield would have been 
without subsoiling I cannot say, but proba¬ 
bly would not have been more than 22 bushels 
an acre. If this is a correct estimate, we then 
have a fact, and argument in favor of subsoil¬ 
ing of from $16 to $20 an acre. 
The clover did not heave in the least. I 
sowed one bushel of plaster on the acre last 
spring. Commenced cutting the grass on the 
5th of July. It yielded two and a half tons 
t» the acre—the heaviest crop of grass to my 
knowledge in town. The grass-crop was very 
light in this section last summer. In this 
crop I can safely put down one ton to the acre, 
to the credit of the subsoil plow. 
West Bloomfield, N. Y., 1855. S. H. AINSWORTH. 
ASHES, PLASTER, AND SALT FOR CORN. 
Mr. Editor : — I notice communications 
giving the results of experience in the use of 
various fertilizers for the corn crop, and I pro¬ 
pose to give you an accidental experiment of 
my own. About four years ago 1 planted 
with small eight-rowed yellow corn, near the 
middle of May, a field of five acres, which had 
lain in pasture for a dozen years or more, and 
was turned under just before planting. The 
corn came up, looking yellow and stunted, and 
grew very slowly. When I had completed the 
first hoeing, I considered the prospects of a 
crop desperate indeed. I had a couple of bar¬ 
rels of salt unfit for any domestic purpose. I 
made a compost by mixing four bushels of 
ashes with one of plaster and one half-bushel 
of salt, and applied a small handful to each hill 
about the roots of the corn. The effect was 
truly surprising. Within a very few days the 
color changed to a luxuriant green, and my 
workmen asserted “ they could fairly see it 
grow.” The result was, I harvested GO bushels 
per acre of the soundest, heaviest corn, (weigh¬ 
ing G2 lbs. per bushel,) where at one time I did 
not expect one-sixth of that amount. 1 have 
since tried all combinations of ashes and plas¬ 
ter without salt, but never with such marked 
results. 
In looking over the American Muck Book, I 
find an analysis of the corn crop, that gives 
potash and soda as among its most important 
constituents. Potash is supplied by wood- 
ashes, and soda by common salt, ( chloride of 
sodium )—therefore it strikes one that a union 
of these two must make a powerful manure for 
this important crop, upon all soils not already 
overcharged with these elements. As plaster 
is an acknowledged friend of this grain, an 
addition of this mixture must enhance its value, 
and aid in the preparation of proper food for 
the growing plants. I would like to hear from 
farmers who have had experience in the use of 
composts upon this and other crops, especially 
composts of which salt has formed a part. 
Watertown, N. Y., 1855. 
J. B. S. 
Ashes, both dry and leached, are a good 
manure for dry and sandy loams — also, for 
dry peaty meadows* But they are not suita¬ 
ble for heavy and clayey loams because their 
mechanical operation is to render all soils more 
compact and more capable of retaining moist- 
ure.— Mass. Ploughman. 
CONDENSED CORRESPONDENCE. 
THE MANURE QUESTION. 
Eds. Rural :—There has been a great deal 
said of late upon the subject of the “ philoso¬ 
phy of manures.” For the last three or four 
years agricultural chemists seem to disagree as 
to the “ modus operandi ,” some say that it 
should be applied in the Spring, in a green or 
unfermented state ; others say it should remain 
in the yard until it is rotten, or partially so. 
In the early vols. of the Cultivator, under 
Judge Buel, I followed the directions of that 
eminent culturist to the very letter, without 
ever stopping to inquire “ am l right ”—that 
is to clean out the barn-yard, hog pens, hen 
roost, and every other roost where manure 
could be found, and apply it to the hoed crops 
on the farm in a green sjate. 
Does manure lose any of its virtue by fer¬ 
mentation or decomposition ? Is the gas or 
effluvia that escapes any benefit to the soil ?— 
Does manure lose any of its valuable proper¬ 
ties by rotting in the open air, exposed to 
show'ers and dews ? Take a ton of long ma¬ 
nure and house it until it is thoroughly rotted, 
and take another ton and expose it in the open 
yard until it is rotted as the other, and which 
ton is now worth the most? I think the lat¬ 
ter, because the rains and dews that have 
penetrated the manure heap, contain a certain 
amount of ammonia, which it is the office of 
the manure to fix or retain, and is carried to 
the field to mingle in the soil. 
These inquiries grew out of an article in the 
Rural on “ Long and Short Manures.” It 
says—“ Now, in our opinion, one cord of long 
manure will be found to possess a value far 
superior to a cord of the same after it has rot¬ 
ted down to short manure.” To which I 
rather demur. I have tried both, and my ex¬ 
perience convinces to the contrary. This is 
an important question, and should be set right, 
and there no better crucible in which to try it, 
than the Rural.—L. P. Lego, Tioga Co., Pa. 
ORIGIN OF THE RANDALL GRASS. 
Eds. Rural:— I see in the Rural of Jan. 
13th a notice of the Randall grass, quoted 
from the Michigan Fanner. It is noticed as 
a “new grass” cultivated by John McAl¬ 
lister, of Pokagon. Mr. M. is expected to 
furnish “ what information he may possess 
about it.” 
There is in my meadow (and has been for 
several years) a grass known in this locality 
as “ the Randall grass.” Its origin is as fol¬ 
lows. North of me some 30 miles, in the 
county of Giles, is a magnificent mountain, 
commanding a view of the surrounding coun¬ 
try, called (from a beautiful lake that 
nestlos in its rugged bosom) “ the Salt Lake 
Mountain.” On a western table of this moun¬ 
tain lived and died an eccentric savage— Ran¬ 
dall Lucus, who, together with his family, is 
distinguished from a good Lucus family near, 
by the simple title “The Randall.” Here 
originated the “ Randall Grass.” It was, and 
is still, the natural product of the mountain. 
It has spread extensively through this part of 
South Western Virginia, and I suppose has 
found its way to Pokagon. It is very much 
like the “English Blue Grass,” is excellent for 
fall pasture, has a broad, deep green blade, 
which stands the early frosts well, seeds out 
somewhat like meadow cheat, but smaller and 
more delicate—the stems supporting the seed 
fall before mowing time, and the whole swath 
lies compactly on the surface and comes up in 
mowing like a fleece of wool. It suits moist 
land better than dry.— Cephas Siielburn. 
CLOVER SEED—TIME OF SOWING. 
Experience for fifteen years past in seeding 
with clover, compels me to differ with you as 
to the time of season in sowing. Fifteen years 
ago I paid $28 for two bushels of clover seed. 
Sowed some time in March. I did not have 
as much as one-fourth of an acre of grass from 
it. The next season paid $14 for two bushels. 
Sowed about the same time as the previous 
season. This also was a total failure. Since 
that I have invariably sowed from the 15th to 
the 25th of April, having special regard to the 
condition of the ground. After the frosts have 
done coming, and the surface of the ground has 
dried so as to become covered with small 
cracks, then is my time to sow 8 lbs. clover, 
with as much bulk of timothy seed per acre. 
I have not failed of having a first-best catch 
from the above date.—O. M. Barker, Gaines, 
Orleans Co., March 24, 1855. 
White Mercer Potato.— Quality and 
Cooking. —I have been raising]jthis sort for 
several seasons, and in general, yield well. I 
find in the fall and winter they £are a very un¬ 
palatable, strong-scented potato, not fit for 
the table until late as June, when, after that 
time, they improve in quality—more so than 
any other kinds I have raised. After being 
placed on the loft in spring, then spread thin, 
and cover slightly with straw to keep light 
from them. The sprouts will need be rubbed 
off once only. The longer they are kept in the 
season the more they improve. Now for the 
cooking part. After beingbieatly pared and 
washed, drop them into boiling water, placing 
a common bake-tin on the kettle. ( They should 
not be boiled in a close-covered one.) Boil 
until rare done, and serve up soon. 
%tiarltaal lltisdlaitj). 
Encouraging Advice. —In answer to in¬ 
quiries relative to the season of planting fruit 
trees, how long before they bear crops, &c., a 
New York city hebdomadal gives some en¬ 
couraging, though not altogether orthodox, 
information. For instance, it says:—“ Peach 
and plum trees will bring good crops in two 
and three years from the seed /” This un¬ 
qualified assertion will undoubtedly stimulate 
the city inquirer “ who has just purchased 
ninety acres” in the ked’ntry,—but we’ll wager 
a Rareripe and Bolmar that the “ good crops” 
of peaches and plums grown by him in “ two 
and three years from the seed” will not cause 
such an abundance in the market as to lessen 
the prices of such fruit! Our contemporary 
is evidently not so well posted on the subject 
at some younger folk who live in the “ rural 
districts.” His correspondent will have to 
“ wait a little longer” than the period speci¬ 
fied—probably six and eight years, instead of 
two and three, for the “ good crops,” and the 
“ good time coming” in which he may partake 
thereof. 
— The article quoted from—in a paper of 
some celebrity, which is good authority on 
many subjects—contains other advice not em¬ 
inently calculated to correctly inform the in¬ 
quirer, or increase the confidence of commu¬ 
nity in book or paper knowledge concerning 
fruit growing and farming generally. Hence, 
while it misleads the inquirer, it also injures 
other innocent parties,—for such blunders are 
cited to disprove the benefits of Agricultural 
journals and “ book farming.” 
How much Manure do we Use on an 
Acre? — An acre of land contains 43,560 
square feet, 4,840 square yards, or 160 square 
rods. By those who have used guano, it is 
said 300 pounds is sufficient to manure au 
acre ; 302j^ lbs. would give just one ounce 
avordupois to the square yard. One cubic 
yard would give a trifle over one cubic inch to 
the square foot. A cubic yard of highly con¬ 
centrated manure, like night soil, would, if 
evenly and properly spread, mauure au acre 
very well. A cubic yard of long manure will 
weigh about 1,400 lbs.; a cubic foot not far 
from 50 lbs. A cord contains 128 cubic feet; 
a cord and a quarter would give about a cu¬ 
bic foot to the square rod. If liquid manure 
be used it would take 170 bbls. to give one 
gill to a square foot upon an acre, which 
would be equal to about 50 pipes or large 
hogsheads. It would be quite useful if farm¬ 
ers would be a little more specific as to the 
amount of manure applied, 
Ontario Co. Agricultural Society. —We 
are indebted to the Secretary, John S. Bates, 
Esq., for a pamphlet containing Fremium 
List, Regulations, Officers, &c., of this pros¬ 
perous Society for the current year. The 
Annual Fair is to be held at Canandaigua, on 
the Society’s Grounds, Sept. 25th and 26th, 
1855. The list of Premiums is unusually 
liberal and extensive—including gratuities for 
Fat Cattle and Sheep, and dressed Meats and 
Poultry, to be exhibited at the Winter Meet¬ 
ing. The following are the principal officers: 
President — Wm. Hildreth, of Phelps.— 
Vice Presidents —Harvey Stone, E. M. Brad¬ 
ley, D. S. Baker, B. T. Case, Wm. Johnson, 
S. Powell, Hiram Colegrove, E. B. Pottle, 
Cyrus Gates, Albert Westfall, J ohn B. Cooley, 
E. B. Dewey, T. U. Bradbury, C. H. Mason, 
William D. Dickinson. Cor. Sec'y —Henry 
Howe. Rec. Sec'y —John S. Bates, Canan¬ 
daigua. Treasurer —Jas. S. Cooley. 
Broom Corn—Again. —We have received 
a letter from Mr. Geo. Chrysler, of Lockport, 
a large manufacturer of brooms, in which he 
asserts that good broom brush cannot be grown 
in this section of the country—that he has tried 
it thoroughly and failed. His best brush is 
grown in Ohio, where the seasons are longer, 
and where the climate is better suited to this 
crop than anywhere else in the Union. We 
were misinformed as to the yield of broom 
corn per acre. From 400 to 600 brooms is 
the usual product in this section. 
The services of a good Morgan horse are 
wanted for four mares by a subscriber at 
Frienship, N. Y.,—and he asks where he can 
obtain the same, how near his residence, on 
what terms, &c. We cannot answer definite¬ 
ly, and as our correspondent neglects to give 
his name, we of course cannot give his ad¬ 
dress so that horse owners could write him on 
the subject, lie thinks it would be advanta¬ 
geous to the owners of both horses and mares 
if stallions of merit were advertised. 
Prolific Sow. —A Caledonia friend sends 
us an item, bordering considerably on the 
wonderful, to the effect that a Berkshire sow 
19 months old had, a few days ago, a litter of 
pigs, 18 in number, all smart and doing well. 
McCumber’s Feed Cutter. —Mr. P. R- 
Jarvis, of Grand Rapids, Mich., wishes to 
know whether this machine is manufactured 
at Honeoye Falls, N. Y. If so, some one in¬ 
terested will please advise him accordingly. 
CHILLINGHAM WILD CATTLE. 
The Chillingham Wild Cattle, of which 
we give a spirited engraving on the first page 
of this paper, are supposed to be descended 
from the wild cattle that were natives of the 
island of Great Britain. Lord Tankerville, 
who had a herd in his park in 1838, thus de¬ 
scribes them : 
They have pre-eminently all the character¬ 
istics of wild animals, with some peculiarities 
that are sometimes very curious and amusing. 
They hide their young ; feed in the night, 
basking or sleeping during the day ; they are 
very fierce when pressed, but, generally speak¬ 
ing, very timorous, moving off on the appear¬ 
ance of any one, even at a great distance.— 
Yet this varies very much at different seasons 
of the year, according to the manner in which 
they are approached. In summer I have been 
for several weeks at a time without getting 
sight of them, they, on the slightest appear¬ 
ance of any one, retiring into the wood, which 
serves them as a sanctuary. On the other 
hand, in winter, when coming down for food 
into the inner park, and being in contact 
with the people, they will let you almost 
come among them, particularly if on horse¬ 
back. But then they have also a thousand 
peculiarities ; they will be feeding sometimes 
quietly, when, if anyone appear suddenly near 
them, particularly coming down the wind, 
they will be struck with a sudden panic, and 
gallop off, running one after another, and never 
stopping till they get into their sanctuary.— 
In form they are beautifully shaped, short legs, 
straight back, horns of a very fine texture, 
thin skin, so that some of the bulls appear of 
a cream color ; they have a cry more like that 
°f a wild beast than that of ordinary cattle. 
YY ith all the marks of high breeding they 
have also some of its defects; they are bad 
breeders, and much subject to the rush, a 
complaint common to animals bred in and in, 
which is unquestionably the case with these 
as long as we have any account of them. 
When they come down into the lower part 
of the park, which they do at stated hours, 
they move like a regiment of cavalry in single 
files, the bulls leading the van, as in retreat it 
is the bulls that bring up the rear. Lord 
Ossulston was witness to a curious way in 
which they took possession, as it were, of a 
new pasture recently opened to them. It was 
in the evening, about sunset; they began by 
lining the trout of a small wood that seemed 
quite alive with them ; when, all of a sudden, 
they made a dash forward altogether in a line, 
and charging close by him across the plain, 
they then spread out, and after a little time 
began feeding. 
Test for the Expediency of Drainage.— 
John Johnston, of Seneca county, N. Y., gives 
in the American Agriculturist the following 
plan to ascertain whether land needs draining : 
“ Dig holes about two and a half feet deep 
in different parts of the field ; put a cover over 
the holes so that the rainwater cannot get into 
them, and if they fill with water until within a 
foot or so of the surface, in ten or twelve hours, 
then his land requires, and will pay well for 
draining. I think I hear F. I. B., and many 
others say, that these holes will fill up on any 
land, if the ground is wet at the time. But I 
tell them jt is not the case. You may dig as 
many drains as you please on dry lauds, and 
they will never run water unless the snow is 
melting on the surface. If F. I. B, had stood 
over the making of between forty and fifty 
miles of drains, as I have done, he would be a 
better judge of what was wet and what was dry 
laud. To the unpractised eye, land that looks 
dry, is gorged with water six inches below the 
surface.” 
The West Going Ahead.— Only hear an 
Iowa Governor tell how to build up a State : 
“ She wants educated farmers and mechan¬ 
ics, engineers, architects, metallurgists and ge¬ 
ologists. She needs men engaged in the prac¬ 
tical duties of life, who have conquered their 
professions, and who are able to impart their 
dnowledge to others. She wants farmers who 
shall be familiar with the principles of chem¬ 
istry as applied to agriculture; architects and 
mechanics who will adorn her with edifices 
worthy of so fair a land, and engineers and 
geologists who will develop the riches of her 
resources. This want can only be supplied 
by the establishment of a school of applied 
sciences. I have no hesitation, therefore, in 
recommending that a University fund be ap¬ 
propriated to establish a practical scientific 
or polytechnic school.” 
Drainage. —At a meeting of Agriculturists 
in France lately, the President is said to have 
illustrated the utility of drainage in this fa¬ 
miliar manner:—“ Take this flower pot,” said 
lie; “ what is the meaning of this small hole 
at the bottom? to renew the water. And 
why to renew the water ? because it gives life 
or it gives death : life when it is made to pass 
through the bed of earth, for it leaves with 
the soil its productive principles, and renders 
soluble the nutritive properties destined to 
nourish the plant; death on the other hand 
when it remains in the pot, for it soon be¬ 
comes putrid and rots the roots, and also pre¬ 
vents new water from penetrating.” 
Grass Seed for an Acre.— An English 
farmer recommends the following mixture for 
au acre—8 lbs. red clover, 2 lbs. white do., 2 
lbs. yellow do., with one bushel of rye grass. 
This by his computation affords 100 seeds rye 
grass, 50 red clover, 32 white, and 12 yellow 
clover, per superficial foot. In this country, 
a good substitute for the rye grass would be 
the same qeautity of red-top per acre. 
Plaster operates beneficially on light, dry, 
and sandy or open soiis, as they soonest admit 
the rain water which dissolves and conveys it 
to the roots of the plants. Plaster may be 
applied to pasture or mowing land.3 in March 
or early in April, often with line effect. 
V. .r''" 
A 
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