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MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 127 
#rtjjarfo anb (iarton. 
THE WILD RED CHERRY STOCK. 
Eds. Rural :—In your paper of April 7th 
I find an item on “ Cherry Grafts,” credited 
to the Maine Farmer with a note attached as 
follows :—“ In reply to a correspondent we 
would add that the cultivated varieties of the 
cherry do not succeed when grafted on the 
wild red and black varieties.” This is correct 
with regard to the black wild cherry, as I have 
seen but a very few instances where the culti¬ 
vated cherry succeeded either by budding or 
grafting, and in those instances only a short 
stunted shoot was produced ; but the wild red 
cherry affords a stock on which our cultivated 
varieties take equally as well by budding or 
grafting as they do upon mazard stocks. I 
have seen four or five bushels of ripe fruit up¬ 
on a top grafted upon a wild cherry red stock. 
In most parts of Western New York the 
wild red cherry springs up abundantly where 
land has been newly burnt over, particularly 
if the ground has been covered with hemlock 
timber. It would appear that these young 
cherry trees spring up from pits which must 
have been in the ground, or buried beneath 
the vegetable matter for a great length of time, 
yet they grow with wonderful luxuriance, as I 
have known them to grow from six to eight 
feet high the first season, forming the finest 
stocks for budding upon in August or Septem¬ 
ber or whip grafting upon the following 
spring, which may be done just below where 
you wish the top to come out. 
Although I would not recommend this stock 
for planting about gardens or yards (as the 
roots send up many sprouts) where mazard 
stocks can be obtained, yet there are many 
pieces of broken land where such trees spring 
up in greater numbers than would be required 
for an orchard of cherries, which by thus graft¬ 
ing or budding might be rendered productive 
in a few years. I would therefore recommend 
farmers who have such young wild red cherry 
trees, to graft them, as many may be induced 
to do it that might neglect to purchase or cul¬ 
tivate other trees. I do not think such stocks 
will be as durable as mazard stocks, yet they 
will last a sufficient time to amply pay for 
their cultivation. I have known some nurse¬ 
rymen to collect and plant the wild red cherry 
for stocks, where mazards were not easily ob 
tained, and bud them close to the ground the 
first year. Such trees when young make fine 
looking plants, but for reasons above given, 
purchasers should avoid them. o. 
CURRANT TREES. 
Mr. Rural : — Having noticed some re¬ 
marks in your paper as to the poorness of cur 
rants as a general thing, I pen you a few lines 
as to my mode of culture. I take cuttings, 
leave two buds at the buttend, rub off enough 
to leave a space of six or eight inches, then 
leave three more buds and cut off the top of 
the sprout. The butt I put in the ground and 
water them in a dry time. In two years they 
are fit to transplant. I have four rows of 
these little trees planted along walks. In dig¬ 
ging around them in the spring all sprouts that 
spring from the roots should be broken off 
and the same through the summer. Fasten 
them to a stake to keep them upright if need¬ 
ed. The advantage of this bush or tree is 
this :—Having but one stalk you can dig close 
around, leaving no harbor for grass or weeds; 
they take but little ground ; but little pruning 
is necessary enough to keep the tree round 
and balanced. They bear better fruit and 
more of it, for this reason :—The bush left to 
grow in a natural way sends up from the root 
every spring a great many sprouts, these 
sprouts are drawn up by the surrounding bush 
like trees in a forest, with buds, perhaps, not 
nearer than four or six inches consequently 
you can expect but little fruit. And these 
sprouts draw so much from the roots to sup¬ 
port them that they injure the older wood 
where fruit is expected, as they grow most 
when the currants are growing. The bushes 
or trees that I cultivate after they are four 
years old, make but little wood but are very 
thickly budded, and as no sprouts are allowed 
to grow from the roots, they get the full bene¬ 
fit of what the root is able to supply, so every 
bud gives a large cluster of currants, and the 
tree is no small ornament to a garden.—D. L. 
Caledonia, Liv. Co., N. Y., March, 1855. 
Fruit Prospects in Onondaga.— Peach 
buds are dead, and many of our fruit men in¬ 
sist upon it that the trees are also dead .— 
There will be no plums here. Pear buds 
which I have examined look as though they 
had some little vitality left. Not many pears, 
no plums, no peaches, but I should think a 
good supply of apples, cherries, and grapes.— 
Peach trees, may recover from the shock re¬ 
ceived from the extreme cold weather, but do 
not look as though they would moke a great 
growth this summer. We have a great many 
peach trees in this section, aid heretofore, 
they have done well.—W. Tappan, Baldwins- 
ville, N. Y., April 14, 1855. 
Black Knot in Plum Trees.— Mr. Thom¬ 
son, of Brockport, gives us the following recipe 
for curing the above named disease in plum 
trees. Take a half or eighth inch bit and bore 
a hole nearly through the body of the tree, 
avoiding the heart. Fill the orifice with flour 
sulphur and then plug, cutting off the same even 
with the bark. Now trim off all the knots and 
diseased limbs, so that the tree will present a 
clean appearance, and the disease will disap¬ 
pear. His trees, he says, are smooth and 
healthy, while others left to themselves, are 
covered with the unsightly excresences. 
PYRAMID PEAR TREES. 
In this mode of training, the first year’s 
shoot, or what is termed the graft shoot, must 
be shortened back to two feet, being careful to 
cut to a full bud. In the spring, when suffi¬ 
ciently long, rub off all laterals except five or 
six, which may be retained to furnish all the 
first tier of branches. As these grow, they 
must be tied down to sticks thrust into the 
ground for that purpose at equal distances.— 
The leading shoot must be trained perpendic¬ 
ularly by a straight stake. The next winter 
the leading shoot may be cut back to sixteen 
inches from where it started the previous 
year, at which length another tier of branches 
may be formed, having taken out all interme¬ 
diate buds. This second tier may be trained 
to grow in the spaces formed by the first, 
thereby giving as much room as possible. As 
the trees advance in growth, additional tiers 
may be formed sixteen inches apart, to any 
required height. 
When planted in their permanent situations, 
which should be done when they have formed 
the third tier of branches, stout sticks may be 
driven in the ground three feet from the stem, 
and at equal distances, upon w'hich place an 
iron hoop and fasten it to the stakes by means 
of staples, to this the shoots may be tied down 
at equal distances. As the trees advance in 
growth, the upper tiers of branches may be 
tied to the lower ones. Summer pruning will 
be necessary in this mode of training, which 
consists in shortening back the season’s growth 
to within four eyes. Trees may often be met 
with in nurseries suitable for this purpose, 
thereby saving the trouble of growing them. 
The soil which I have used, and in which 
they succeeded admirably, is one-third decayed 
turf, and one-third of thoroughly rotted stable 
manure, well mixed together. The remaining 
part was the top spit of the ground where the 
trees were planted, and was mixed in at the 
time of planting. Care must be taken to 
open a large hole and fill up with prepared 
mould previous to planting. Trees trained in 
this way, when planted on lawns and by the 
side of large and principal walks in a garden, 
have a pleasing effect, and are both useful and 
ornamental.— YV. S., in Am. Agriculturist. 
RAISING STRAWBERRIES. 
My neighbors who cultivate strawberries 
in a very rich piece of garden ground, are so 
overwhelmed with weeds that they feel com¬ 
pelled to make a new bed every year or two. 
I have had a bed in the same spot, a part of it 
for six and a part for five years, and for the 
past three years have had comparatively very 
little trouble with the weeds; the hoe and 
hand, three times in the season, being sufficient, 
including therein once late in the autumn.— 
I take poorer land and a larger piece—a piece 
where nothing but grass or strawberries will 
grow, unless it be weeds, owing mainly to the 
close proximity of two large elms, whose roots 
draw largely on the soil, and partly to the 
soil being a gravelly loam, which has never 
received much that -was enriching. Some¬ 
times I have given the bed a dressing of well- 
rotted compost, sometimes of leaves in the fall, 
and sometimes nothing whatever. Last sum¬ 
mer it produced 105 quarts of strawberries.— 
The dimensions of the bed I cannot now give, 
but should suppose it would contain 1,000 or 
1,200 square feet I would not exchange it 
for one of half the size, in rich soil, if I had to 
take the weeds also. — Ex. 
A Valuable Compost. —Near every dwell¬ 
ing, but a little out of the way, there should 
be a place, vat or cistern prepared, where all 
the scrapings of the door-yard and litter from 
the garden can be conveniently deposited.— 
Where likewise should be thrown all the wool¬ 
en rags and other refuse stuff', such as old boots 
and shoes, bones, &c., usually committed to 
the flames by the neat housewife, upon every 
return of that ever to be dreaded “festival” com¬ 
monly denominated “house cleaning!” Into 
this receptacle throw all your brine and soap 
suds on washing days, and ashes and lime rub¬ 
bish where leaches are emptied ; add occasion¬ 
ally a wheel-barrow load of muck, loam or 
turf, and you will find at the end of the year, 
that you have a quautity of excellent manure, 
far more valuable for many purposes than 
barn-yard manure.— Ontario Times. 
Kitchen Garden. —If you have brought 
forward plants in hot beds, you may transplant 
to the open ground this month early cucum¬ 
bers, melons, cabbages, cauliflowers,—lettuce, 
radishes, etc.; but they must be watched and 
protected if the nights are too cold. Clean 
out the strawberry beds, the currants, raspber¬ 
ries. Stick down cuttings plentifully of such 
fruits as you wish to propagate. The cherry 
cutting will grow if put down in a moist and 
shady spot.— N. E. Farmer. 
In transplanting grape vines save all the 
roots, but shorten the top, prune to a single 
stem for some distance from the ground, and 
then bud as many branches as are necessary to 
fill the space desired ; be careful not to have 
too much wood, and cut away all weak shoots. 
If your ground is dry, transplant in autumn ; 
if it is wet, transplant in spring. 
Always provide an equivalent for the sub¬ 
stances carried off the laud to the products 
grown thereon. 
w<sasf. umiPA, ny. 
MORRISON'S SHINGLE MACHINE. 
This is undoubtedly the most perfect ma¬ 
chine invented for the manufacture of shingles 
and turns out work as good and lasting in all 
respects as the very best hand-made shingles. 
The machine works by means of a reciproca¬ 
ting motion like the piston of a steam engine, 
the motion being imparted to it by a crank.— 
The bolt from which the shingles are riven is 
placed in the machine at the end nearest the 
crank connection on the left, as seen in the cut, 
and at each revolution of the crank, or vibra- 
ttjrank Jits, ft. 
LIST 0E PATENTS 
Issued f rom. iVe United, Stales Patent Office for the week 
ending April 3, 1865. 
Henry W. Adams, New York, improvement in facti¬ 
tious oils. 
James P. Arnold, Louisville, improvement in presses. 
Richard Bakor, Newark, improvement in the manu¬ 
facture of white lead by precipitation. 
Abel Baker, Honesdalo, method of lubricating pistons 
of air pumps. 
Chester B. & Benj. S. Eorden & Aaron R. McLean, of 
West Dresden, N. Y,, improvement in seed planters. 
Louis Bollman, N. Y., improvement in condensers in 
steam engines. 
Thos. Brown, London, England, improvement in ship's 
riding bits. 
Levi M. rehart. Reading. Pa., adjustable paddle wheel. 
Richard V. BeGuinon, Brooklyn, improvement in an¬ 
chors. 
Sam. W. Frost, Boston, improved safety port for coal 
holes. 
Thomas Goodrun, Providence, R. I., improvement in 
valves for steam engines. 
Robt. B. Gorsuch, New York, direct acting hydraulic 
steam pump. 
Smith Groom, Troy, improved hose coupling. 
Tbos. J. Hall, Tawakana Hills. Texas, improvement ir 
plows. 
Gustavus Hammer, Cincinnati, O., improved valve foi 
wind musical instruments. 
Luther Houghton, Philadelphia, improved mode ol 
loading rifled cannon. 
Barton H. Jenks, Bridesburg, Pa., improvement in 
looms. Ante-dated Jan. 8, 1855. 
Benj. F. Joslyn, Worcester, for double acting pump. 
Wm. J. Kconey and James R. Tarbox. Switzerland Co., 
Ind., improvement in rakes and hay elevators. 
George Martz, Pottsville, Pa., improved apparatus for 
hoisting and dumping coal cars. 
Ebenezer Mathers & Wm. D. Seigfried, Morgantown, 
Va., apparatus for feeding paper to hand printing presses. 
James B. Mel), Riceboro’, Ga., improvement in cotton 
gins. 
Henry Mellish, Walpole, improvement in lancets. 
F. H. Moore, Boston, improvement in coal hole covers 
Roilin White, Hartford, Conn., improvement in brcech- 
ioading tire-arms. 
Thomas Moore, Fair Haven, Vt., improved stove pipe 
tube. 
Andrew Murtaugh, New York, improvement in pulleys 
for dumb waiters. 
Ives W. McGafty, Syracuse, improved seed planter. 
Fred. A. Peterson, N. Y., fire-proof ceiling. 
Stephen R. Roscoe, of Carlisle, N. Y., fire oscape ladder. 
Alpheus D. Smith, Meredith, N. Y., improvement in 
railroad car seats. 
Arcalous WycofT, Columbus, O., chain pumps. 
Charles and Anna C. Wilhelm, Philadelphia, improved 
protector in lamp shades. 
C. Gustav Maeller, Charleston, improvement in hank 
locks. 
Roilin White, Hartford, improvement in repeating fire¬ 
arms. 
Roilin White, Hartford, improved repeating fire-arm. 
Noah Warlick, latayette, Ala., improvement in plows. 
C. Williams, Jackson, Tenn., improved excavating ma¬ 
chine 
Enos WoodrufT, Elizabethtown, N. J., mechanism by 
which approaching vehicles open and close gates. 
Francis L. Smithson, Meeklenburgh county, Va., im¬ 
provement in cultivators. 
Hiram Strait, Covington, Ky., improved arrangement 
of moans for freeing steam boilers from sediment. 
Geo. H. Souie, of Jersey City, improved breech-loading 
fire-arm. 
Wm. Stoddard, Hingham, Mass., improvement in fold¬ 
ing bedsteads. 
Benj. T. Trimmer, Parma, N. Y., improved grain- 
cleaner. 
Geo. W. Edgcoinb, Lima, Ind., improvement in wash¬ 
ing machines. 
Charles Clareni, New York, assignor to himself and 
Geo. P. Field, improvement in harrows. 
Ozro A. Crane and Henry J. Lewis. Green Point, N. Y., 
assignors to Ozro J. Crane, aforesaid, improvement in 
scrapers for removing dirt from boots and shoes. 
John Hartshorn and Textor II. Chamberlain, Boston, 
assignors to Jno. Hartshorn, aforesaid, improvement in 
fixtures for curtain rollers. 
BE-JSSTE 8 . 
t^Thaddeus Hyatt, New York, improvement in vault 
covers. Patented Nov. 12, 1854. 
Abner Whitely, Springfield, Ohio, improvement in 
grain and grass harvesters. Patented Sept. 19, 1854. 
THE PIN MANUFACTURE. 
A dozen years since all the pins used in 
this country were imported. Now none are 
imported, except a few German pins for the 
German population of Pennsylvania. This 
wonderful change has been produced by a con¬ 
currence of circumstances, the most prominent 
of which was the invention by Mr. Samuel 
Slocum, now of Providence, of a pin-making 
machine far superior to any then in use iu 
England. This led to the establishment of a 
pin manufactory at Poughkeepsie, by Messrs. 
Slocum, Jillson, & Co., which, contrary to 
general expectation, was entirely successful 
and soon distanced competition. These things 
went on until the passage of the tariff of 1842, 
which by increasing the duty on foreign pins 
encouraged other parties in tLIa country, to 
engage in the business. Foreseeing this, the 
above mentioned company, which was suc¬ 
ceeded by the American Pin Company, at 
once reduced their prices twenty per cent, and 
have since reduced it ten per cent. more. Of 
all the Pin companies which have been estab¬ 
lished or attempted in the United States, only 
three are known to exist at present viz :—The 
American Pin Company, which lias works 
tion of the cutters, a shingle is split from the 
bolt, shaved on each side, jointed on each 
edge and dropped out of the machine ready 
for bunching. At each vibration, the identi¬ 
cal shingle i3 not finished in all its processes, 
but one is rived, the second shaved, the third 
jointed, and these are passed along succeeding 
each other so that one shingle comes out com¬ 
plete at each vibration. 
The machine is simple in construction, 
works admirably, and dresses the shingles on 
both at Poughkeepsie and at Waterbury 
Conn., the Stowe Company, Deroy, Conn., 
and Messrs. Pelton, Fairchild, & Co., of 
Pooghkeepsie. 
The quantity of pins turned out of these es¬ 
tablishments, especially the two first mention¬ 
ed, is enormous. The statistics of ODe of 
them we have ascertained, are about as fol¬ 
lows :—Per week, 70 cases averaging 170 
packs each, each pack containing 12 papers, 
and each paper 280 pins; making an aggre¬ 
gate of 49,684,000 pins per week, or 2,079,- 
198,000 per annum. If the products of two 
establishments, and the small amount import¬ 
ed are together equal to the above, we should 
have a grand total of 4.158,339,000 pins for 
the consumption in the United States, equal 
to 200 on an average for every man woman 
and child in the country. A pretty liberal 
allowance we are thinking. The number of 
pin-making mechanics employed by said Co., 
is about 38, and of work-people, about 60. 
It would be difficult to describe these ma¬ 
chines so as to make their operation intelligi¬ 
ble to those who have not seen them in mo- 
ion. We will only say, that the wire which 
s to be wrought into pins runs from a reel 
,nto one end of the machine and comes out at 
■ he other, not wire, but pms cut, pointed, and 
headed in the most perfect manner, at the 
rate of 150 a minute. This is about the usual 
speed, but the machinery is capable of being 
adjusted, so as to produce 3,000 a minute.— 
Being now of a yellowish color, they are 
thrown by the bushel into kettles containing 
a certain liquid, by which they are whitened 
and prepared for sticking—i. e.—being stuck 
into rows, as they are bought at the stores.— 
■This process of sticking is also performed by a 
machine invented by Mr. Slocum. The nar¬ 
row paper in which the pins are stuck, is 
wound from a reel of any imaginable length, 
and then cut off at uniform intervals. One 
sticking machine will stick as many pins as 
three machines can make, and three of the for¬ 
mer can be attended by one girl. 
A part of the pins of the American Pin 
Co., are made of American copper, obtained 
on the borders of Lake Superior.— N. Y. Jour, 
of Commerce. 
PAPE R SCRE ENS. 
Mr. Dobell has called the attention of the 
Royal Society to gelatine paper as a medium 
for coloring light, likely to be useful in many 
employments, and in cases of weak sight.— ] 
This kind of paper, which was first invented I 
at Rouen, in 1829, is now produced in great 
perfection; it is highly transparent, and in 
sheets measuring sixteen inches by twenty- 
two, but can be made, if required, of the di¬ 
mensions of the largest plate-glass. These 
sheets, moistened with a solution of gelatine, 
may be stuck on the panes of a window, and 
thus change the light admitted to any required 
color. A green light, falling on the white 
silk made up by dress-makers, deprives it of 
all its painful glare; in the same way, yellow 
silk is made to appear green by a blue light, 
as has been proved by actual experiment, and 
it is attended with the happiest effects. Jew¬ 
ellers who have tried the green paper, say 
that when once accustomed to working in a 
colored light, they find it greatly relieves their 
eyes. In reading, too, a sheet of the green 
paper laid on the page preserves weak eyes 
from being injured by the strong contrast of 
black and white, and enables many to read 
with comfort who have been hitherto obliged 
by too susceptible vision to abstain from books. 
Other applications of gelatine paper naturally 
suggest themselves : it may be used as screens 
and shades for many purposes; the glasses of 
spectacles may be coated with it; gardeners 
may use it in their conservatories; and the 
yellow will probably be taken into their ser¬ 
vice by photographers. By the addition of a 
small quantity of acetate of alumina during 
the process of manufacture, the gelatine paper 
becomes w r ater proof, just as linen or woolen 
cloth is rendered water proof by the same 
chemical substance. Before passing from this 
subject, we may add that zinc white paper, a 
recent adaptation, is coming more and more 
into use, being found particularly suitable for 
copper plate engravings and lithographs, as 
also for memorandum books. Oxide of zinc 
seems likely to have a wider application.— 
Chamber’s Journal. 
- m mm ■ .. ■ 
A small galvanic battery, acting on an ar¬ 
mature, will suspend a weight of 1,500 pounds. 
the principle of a hand place. Three-horse 
power is sufficient to rive and dress from forty 
to sixty shingles in a minute or 30,000 per day. 
The superiority of Morrison’s patent over 
all other shingle machines, consists, first in 
completing its work at a single operation ; 
and secondly, in riving the shingle with the 
grain instead of running across it. This lat¬ 
ter feature of riving instead of sawing adds 
vastly to the strength and durability of the 
manufactured article. [See advertisement.] 
STEEL AND IRON. 
The difference between common iron and 
steel is in the carbon in the latter, but if iron 
be heated to a white heat and plunged in cold 
water, it becomes very hard. Mechanics take 
advantage of this in making axles and collars 
for wheel-work, for it is easily filed and turned 
in a soft state, and afterwards hardened ; this 
is most commonly practiced in ihe machine- 
shop. Moulders who make wheels, are often 
embarrassed by this cbdmcal property in iron. 
For as the metal is poured into the mould of 
moist sand, the evaparation ot the water car¬ 
ries off the heat and cools the iron so quick as 
to make it extremely hard. This is common 
iu such portions of the metal as have to run 
the greatest distance from the aperture of re¬ 
ception. The only remedy for this, is to have 
the sand as dry as possible, and as many aper¬ 
tures as are convenient. 
The harder the steel the coarser the grain— 
fine steel has the closest gram. A neat curv 
ed line and gray texture denote good steel; 
threads, cracks, bright specks denote bad.— 
The management of the forging may indeed 
modify these indications, and steel good for 
some purposes, may be bad for others. Very 
small articles healed in a candle, are found to 
be perfectly hardened by whirling them in the 
cold air ; and thin plates of steel, such as the 
needle oi a compass, are hardened by being ig¬ 
nited and laid upon a plate of cold lead°aud 
quickly covered with another. 
“ Case-hardening ” is that property of iron 
by which it becomes very hard on it s surface. 
Articles ot iron may be case-hardened by smear- 
ing their surface with a paste of the prussiate 
of potash, then heating them to a red heat, and 
dipping in cold water. 
Iu making tools, the artist is directed by 
the colors of the steel while heating. The dif¬ 
ferent colors direct, in tempering, to a stand¬ 
ard. When steel is too hard, it will not do for 
steel to have a very fine edge, because it will 
soon become notched, and if too soft, it will 
too easily bend. Purple is the color for grav¬ 
ers, or tools used to work in the metals ; when 
the color appears in heating, it is immediately 
plunged in cold water; a very hard temper 
will be made, if the steel is taken at a yellow 
color and dipped. Blue is the color for springs 
and instruments for cutting soft substances, 
such as leather, &c. 
A Great Clock.— The largest cloek ever 
j constructed has just been finished by Mr. Dent, 
j for the new House of Parliament. The dials 
are twenty-two feet in diameter ; the point of 
the minute hand will therefore move nearly 
fourteen inches every minute. The pendulum 
is fifteen feet long. The hour bell is eight 
feet high, and weighs fifteen tons. Th e ham¬ 
mer weighs four cwt. The clock, as a whole, 
is eight times as large as a full-sized ca thedral 
clock. 
Keeping Eggs.— Having seen so many eggs 
that were laid down last fall come out bad, I 
am induced to send you my way of preserving 
them. Grease them lightly with a little lard 
or fried meat fat. Pack them little end down 
in bran or dry saw-dnst, and they will come 
out in the spring, right, and no mistake.— Ma¬ 
ry Wood, Waukesha, Wis. 
Sponge Cake. —Thirteen eggs, 1 % lbs. of 
sugar, % lb. of flour, the rind of 1 lemon, 1 
tablespoonful of lemon juice. The eggs should 
be beaten a long time, and the sngar should be 
put gradually iuto the egg. The nicest sugar 
should be used for sponge cake. The tins in 
vvhich the cake is to be baked should be lined 
with a hard paste made of flour and water, and 
rolled out very thin. The flour should be 
added just as it goes into the oven, and the 
cake should be stirred as little as possible after 
the flour is put in.— American Agriculturist. 
White Cake.— One pound of white sugar, 
% lb. of flour, 6 oz of butter, the whites of 14 
eggs beaten to a stiff froth, a little mace and 
citron. This cake should be frosted It is 
nice and delicate.— lb. 
9 
