£ 
VOLUME VI. NO. 19.} 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-SATURDAY, MAY 12, 1855. 
(WHOLE NO. 279. 
»*yy f at I i MY , M I with the re'iise removed by street scavengers, after the second hoeing, one of plaster. The ly sacrificed. A brick-and-mortar structure his back andI keep throwing the corn a little 
ffloms aural it® or fi n d s its way into the docks through the j last named fertilizer has been found very bene- worth an hundred thousand dollars can be ahead in the drill marked. A little practice 
A quarto weekly sewer 3 . The idea of evaporating such an ficial and should not be omitted. Keep the built in a single season ; but if a man desires will enable him to get it very even, and he 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY, & FAMILY JOURNAL. amount 0 f water artificially, so as to obtain ground mellow, and free from weeds ; the po- a tree two centuries old, he must take two will sow a row about as fast as he would nat- 
CONDUCTED ByTd. T. MOORS. the fertilizing principle in an anhydrous form, tatoes will grow more rapidly, and the vines centuries to grow it. urally walk. YY hen he gets accustomed to t e 
assocutb editors: is readily seen to be impossible. soon so cover the surface that no farther care The demands of civilization upon the forest quantity, he may be allowed to tase any 
j. h. BIXBY, t. c. peters, EDWARD weester. manure has reach- will be needed. for fuel and timber is enormous, and far be- amount of corn, but it is better to commence 
Snpcial Contributors : “ rr < . ... - . . 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORS. 
ASSOCIATE EDITORS : 
J. H. BIXBY, T. C. PETERS, EDWARD WEBSTER. 
Special Contributors : 
T. K. Wkimorr, H. C. Whits, n. T. Brooks, L. Wkhjerzll. 
Ladies’ Port-Folio by Azilf. 
ed its limit, auk*the guano beds have become Every neighborhood has its choice varieties, yond its capacity to famish indefinitely. Na- with just enough for one row. 
exhausted, or are held by the monopolists at most kinds succeeding better in one place than ture must have a season of rest, and the leisure Cover the corn bypassing the cultivator 
in another, and hence there preferred. Our of half a dozeu centuries to renew her gigantic onceover each row, and let a boy follow, to 
Tub rcral Nsw-Y orker is designed to bo unique and such a price that its purchase ceases to bo re- in another, and hence there preferred. Uur 0 f half a dozeu centuries to renew her g.gantic ^ 
beauUfulin appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity muDera tive, the question which heads this ar- recommendation in the matter would have no decorations. The dust of perished cities must complete the covering wn n a nee. w nen i ne 
and Variety Of Contents, its conduetors earnestly labor ’ and tbe response seems likely to greater weight than many another man’s, so feed its roots for ages ere a magnificent forest corn is up so as to show the rows, pass ihe 
S-: tag™S a practicalway, by its pJL « a* *name«, frv.rite.tatev Of can cover op the unsightly rain, cultivator between them, and in about two 
interests it advocates, it embraces more Agricultural, t [ on f rom the sea. That great receptacle, bne thing we are quite sure, and that is, that There is a new feature just now being de- s repea i . .. 
Horticultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and Nows wbose bosom is submerged so much of the “ bug ” lias something to do with the very veloped in the call for timber, that ought not “fvested wit an old cradle, (i 
tie wealth and poverty of terra tea, makes choiceand costly varieties, sometimes cried up t0 b ‘ lost sight of or ignored , and it b this, 
It may be harvested with an old cradle, (it 
would be likely to spoil a good cradle,) cut- 
Engravings, than any other paper pubiisneu in wus iucwmui« U u r , wv — .- - ~ m ^ - -- tWthp rows or ent, with a corn knifp 
Country,—rendering it a complete Agricultural, Literary liberal returns in an infinite variety of ways, so nighly. 1 lan t what you like tai<e good Heretofore the demand upon the broad belt of ’ ,, in* i 
and Family Newspaper. for what it receives. Equalizing temperature, care of them, enjoy them when they are pro f ores t that extends north and south parallel t liKend to jave a craa,e ma< e s or er am 
FOB Tsrms, and other particulars, see i ews page. gupp]yiDg the clouds with rain, furnishing the duced, and if you have a surplus be satisfied witb the Atlantic coast, and, before it was stou er, on purpose to cut corn odder. If me 
. . .. . . medium of international communication, pro- with a reasonable price for it. encroached upon, stretched east and west wither is fine, let it.rema.r,a week or logger 
** y^ ( v j VY av viding food and light and employment to mil- * * ‘'" m twelve hundred miles, has been open to market oeo f ei IS . 0UI ’ C ° msm ? Ul ’ 
lirrral WM-laflTlvU* Honsnfourraoe.Lonlvafewof thebenefi- DIMINUTION OF THE FOEEST. nn riA, . urn. now the broad set 11 °P in round sbocks of 61X or e, S u 
Jural Jeto-§flrktr. 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
J1U171 ai IV1/U1 uu -- j ~ ~ J > — ~ — o *' V LiLnjlUlUl Vj i UVIIIO/UU ~ 
for what it receives. Equalizing temperature, care of them, enjoy them when they are pro f oregt tbat extends north and south parallel 
supplying the clouds with rain, furnishing the duced, and it you have a surplus be satisfied w ppj the Atlantic coast, and, before it was 
medium of international communication, pro- with a reasonable price for it. encroached upon, stretched east and west 
viding food and light and employment to mil- ~ twelve hundred miles, has been open to market lu j 
lions of our rnco, arc only a few of the benefi- DIMINUTION OF THE FOEEST. on , on lhe ea8tern sWe . but the broad f “ “P “ °f. 6,1 
cent agencies of the ocean. Science is yearly nrcl-otiv. section of and comparatively treeless prairies of Kansas 1 n , ics ’ , rlDo ’ r ° „ e , °P ,°^ e , er ’ S , E ca P,‘ 
. .. . ur-,a In a well-settled and productive section ot , J , f . with another bundle hound tight and near the 
tnrntng its resources to new account and vvo ^ ^ ttat of We stern New York, and Nebraska, to say nolhtng of those of tie ^ ^ in tMe w » y unti , KtU 
w,ll show in a future paper how it is likely to , cltivated field returns a wood new States nearer home, must bo supplied— thowcalber orr.ve unite 
V. 
WHERE SHALL WE OBTAIN MANURE? 
set it up in round shocks of six or eight 
bandies, bringing the top together, and cap it 
with another bundle bound tight and near the 
Tnn rapid increase of populatjon in all our nearly, if not quite, equal to Peruvian guano. gtrong temptation b held out to the farmer to a™ one, me saw are easing men way »»» by p)acing , lebu t t3 onti aBd keeping the levs 
farm products 0 ; and' the amount°of cattie and POTATOES AND THEIR CULTURE. “ nd acres f d^blC the^trucUmf ’ ****** 6 , ni f f ed 
b mrliPt kner- - possible under the plow. Especially is this doubling tne aebrrucuon. x ar seein e men may rem ain out until wanted for use. It must 
gram a piesen , , , n ’ t Say what people will of the value of the po- the case where the occupant is in debt for his will guard tlieii foie^is as among t e most be very thoroughly cured to be placed in a mow. 
btTfl?to Of s^^c lUtudv llUhis talo as an article of food-of the cost of the farm, and bonds and mortgages are pressing valuable treasures of their farm,, and not per- por f ^ ei . h % ^al In juMy o the best 
• creased Droduction tends to ezhaast the soil, nutriment it furnishes, so small in amount him for payment. In the comparatively [llit a tminution eyon o P“ m * (:I hay, bat I do Dot think an equal weight will 
when compared with man; other vegetable leisure season of winter, when other agricul- natural growth w.il keep up asufficient supply, „ ite 
TlSTm for Ite me°ans oFrestoring and products-it is a ted fact that it is an indis- tnral labors are suspended, the ringing are . W «* r »°‘ ««I» «*« “’’Ot is the 
‘ reasino- the fertility of his fields. pensable article for the table— a dish missed if is heard through nearly e-very strip ot wood- - - “ best, and most generally cultivaied. The I 
ID T he barn-vard the forest, the morass, the absent, whatever else may attempt to take its land in the State, and piles of eordwood and C 0 lit Ut H H X t ft t X 0 It S . vai ' iety 1 sow is thc lon S orJn S e - The ground 
plaster bed and the marl pit, are each called place. So, too, most people who have land heaps of brush, mingled thickly witu the .... ....... .. should be rich, mellow, and dryland. It is 
into requisition ; but the supply of the first for the purpose, grow them at least forborne stumps of fresh-cut trees show plainly where - PAPUnTq best to plow it in lands not more than 35 r 
named is limited in its amount ; the second, in use, and of late years the demand has ever this great leveler of forest dignity has passed CORN I ODDER. AND LARliUlb. 40 feet wide, as a heavy rain about the time 
the production of ashes and potash, is soon been such as to make Potatoes a profitable along The saw-mill yards are filled with inter wiU lo bo remembered, the seed is coming up, unless there are courses 
exhausted, and the last three are comparative- crop to the general farmer. The rot nas pre- logs to such an extent that men wonder how ^ JP lhe h;[rh pric es of nearly all for the wat L r J° Pf 3 off readlIy > is a P t to 
ly circumscribed in their beneficial agenci.es. vailed more or less, almost everywhere, bu so great a mass of timber could be found J? . Jj ^ extreme gcai ^ it the crop Babeithe ground before sowing.- 
Hence foreign aid is sought for, and a powerful for the last three years not to any great extent within the range of each mill But as the ^ ^ the5r M „ Tq feow with a hand drill as soon after the rakin 
ally is found in the guano deposites of lhe Pa- or fatality. We do not propose to offer any season passes, the logs are gradually cleared . q for th(J ]atter merg * i as practicable-rows 16 inchesa part, and 
cific Islands, which have yielded and are still theory or solution of its causes but meny to away by the saw and the yards stand empty * a ’ few suggestio ns. Many per- P 0Q f 3 of £eed to the acre ’ Draw a line for 
yielding an immense supply of invaluable ma- remark on the culture of the -tuber. for another supply. 1 his proems^ continues haye guffered some f mi Dg the past winter, the first row, and get it straight. Themachine 
uure, England alone obtaining annually 200,- The best soil for the Potato is a rich to be repeated year alter year lhe cash ob- °ns ^ e to the g tune P of .^ 25 pe ; may readlly be fased to make a m ad- 
000 tons at an estimated cost to the farmer of sandy loam, but any well-drained soil will an- tamed for an acre of wood and timber, con- U ^ d ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - t P at vance, by placing a stick horizontal across the 
a million and a half pounds sterling. Large, swer. A stiff tenacious clay or a very light vemently fills up many a gap in the farmer s f ^ avoid Ae re ^ etition of a drill, forward of the wheel, wiih mortices iu 
however, as these deposits are, they must from sand, however, should not be chosen, when any purse, shuts the mouth of clamoring creditors, ™ P ’ su(r[rest CQTQ for in each end 16 inches from the centre of the 
the very nature of the case have a limit some other can be had. About.the best potatoes, or furnishes the means ior a litEe extra,ex- [ bdder and ^ ould als0 recommend securing a wheeL A stick the right length to mark the 
where, and ultimately become exhausted. Add both for quality and quantity, have been rais- penditure. Pecuniary calcinations, of which ’ ground can be changed from one mortice to 
to this the present cost of the article, made as ed on sward land, plowed for the first time the following is a specimen, are not unfre- P IeD ”P p y ^ h on a limited the other, and by getting the first row straight 
vul r V ( i v T,wl where every cultivated field returns a good 
benefit the farmer, by furnishing a valuable / . , 
. , : ’ ■' ,. 6 , . , , profit on the money invested, and that paid 
article of manure, handy concentrated, and . . ,. , .. , 
, ... ! L 6 /. -d • for a forest lot is comparatively idle capital, a 
Y'.rxf rtmto nmiol tn PpriH’lfln D*T1 HTYH 1 * 
This double demand is accelerating the pre- 
| vious rapid immolation of the forest. The 
cured , or should the weather prove quite un¬ 
favorable to accomplish this, it may be subsc- 
iparatively idle capital, a qaently taken down and put up in small siccks 
held out to the farmer to axe and the saw are eatm S tbeir way towards by placing the butts out, and keepirg lie Icps 
farm products ; and the amount of cattle and 
grain at present brought into market, is per¬ 
fectly astonishing to those who have not made 
the subject a matter of special study. All this 
increased production tends to exhaust the soil, 
POTATOES AND THEIR CULTURE. 
Say what people will of the value of thepo- 
the centre from both sides, and consequently 
doubling the destruction. Far seeing men 
the highest, and if well finished and capped, 
may remain out until wanted for use. It must 
will guard their forests as among the most bet - enj thoroughly cured tobe placed in a mow. 
valuable treasures of their farms, and not per- For fodder it fe equal in quality o the best 
mit a diminution beyond the point where hay? bufc j do not tMnk an equal weight will 
natural growth will keep up asufficient supply, i( ^ ag ^ ,, 
at least for their own use. Perhaps for loot crops the carrot is the 
_ best, and most generally cultivated. The 
Conimnitudbits. variety 1 sowisthclon s orjn § e - The 
...... Le rich, mellow, and dryland. It is 
7 ^ est to plow it in lands not more than 35 r 
CORN 1 ODDER AND CARROTS. 40 feet wide, as a heavy rain about the time 
Tun past winter ^iTTong be remembered. ' h3 f 3ed ““"fs "P- "“ !e *‘ here m 
The severe cold, .he high prices of nearly all <° r tho wat " 0 »P‘ to ruin 
kinds of provisions, and .he cv.reme scarcity J ecr0 P; ^rke the ground before sowmg - 
of fodder}have left their “lessons.” To pro Sow with a.hand drillM soon after the rak, n 
r,„. latter nr ,I as practicable-rows 16 inchesa part, and lj< 
C0KN F0DDEE AND CAEEOTS, 
The past wiuter wall long be remembered. 
The severe cold, thc high prices of Dearly all 
kinds of provisions, aDd the extreme scarcity 
i of fodder, have left their “ lessons.” To pro 
1 vide in future, for the latter emergency, I 
The best soil for the Potato is a rich to be repeated year after year. The cash ob 
away by the saw, and the yards stand empty ^ I .. ,7 J _ pounds of seed to the acre. Draw a line for 
for another'supply. This process continues wouId make a ,ew SUgge ! 10n ®’ * auy . P " the first row, and get it straight. Themachine 
+n h* ranged rear after vear. The cash ob- sons have suffered some dunog the past winter, a 
alone obtaining annually zuu,- ‘^ -“— T “'J- tiho writer included! to the tune of $*>5 ner ma y readily be fixed to make a row in ad- 
estimated cost to the farmer of sandy loam, but any well-drained soil will an- tamed for an acre of wood and timber, con- and h J e had t0 berr to „ et itat ranee, by placing a stick horizontal across the 
half Dounds sterling; Large, swer. A stiff tenacious clay or a very light vemently fills up many a gap in the farmer s ‘ y ’. rp ., , nf a drill, forward of the wheel, wish mortices in 
nan pounas siening. i^igc, _ — M even this price. To avoid the repetition ot a ._, _. 
to this the present cost of the article, made as ed on sward land, plowed ior me nrsu ume, me luuuwmg » » u “‘7 
it is a government monopoly, and its price en- and hence rich and unworn, well worked and quently made, and we cannot sayjinwisely 
hanced to the utmost rates at which it can planted in goed season. Many farmers are in made, so far as pecuniary matters alone are 
Tins-ihlv be sold and the inouirv arises where the habit of selecting such a spot when it can concerned. year 3 expense miaw*. -y j- - - 
^ utotUute tToml from" be had. and thus 5 ecur e not only a good crop Farmer T„ liviognot over twenty-five milee ■«« “ com P ared 
Much has boon said of the waste of cities, of potatoes, but fittheir land in the best pee from Roch ster, had a magnificent grove of one bull that w. wmg , p T, •- ” 
... ,, ’ ° . a you have always a straight mark to run your 
sea e, for two or three years past, and every 
’ . . J r . .. . wheel back in. My marker is fixed with a 
year s experience increases my appreciation ol , , ., .. „ ., , 
L L oo T W spnng to keep it continually on the ground. 
is a substitute to come from 9 be aad > and tnus secure not omy a guuu mop rarmor j.., uvxuguut 
° Much has been said of the waste of cities, of potatoes, but fit their land in the best pcs- from Roch ster, had a magnificent grove of 
and the amount of fertilizing material rolled sible manner for after cultivation. Those who sugar maples, a part of which he was accns- 
by a system of sewerage into the sea; that if have only old land should select a field well tomed to tap regularly, and manufacture 
all this could be saved and returned to the soil exposed to the sun, made rich by manures for- therefrom the sugar consumed m Ins family 
all this could be saved ana returneu to me son ^ ^ — —»—-„ ° . . , . , . % mi) - „ rPPn for soiling these auimals. Seven 
from which it originally came, no foreign aid merly given or by well-rotted composts now But this manufacture involved a good deaI of b furDishe | food for t , Jese tw0 ani . 
need bo invoked to reestablish the fertility of applied. Unfermented manures are wry apt hard labor sugar went down in price, and the 1 ' ~ . h other fed . 
our impoverished fields. All this is undoubt- to injure the quality of the product. Wehave wages of himl help wen tup, wood and ttmbe ““ h 7“te one “re would keep one animal 
edly true, but the great difficulty of carrying seen very good potatoes grown on a mucky became an important item of traffic, and all - • ^ 
such an arrangement into effect, is a bar to soil, and should think nmck_ a viable apph- ktnds ot farm produce gradually rose as the m iajs, orKarty_a 
gh. perhaps, 2 ',300 lbs.. As toon as the rows can be seen,go through 
and a eow that weighs J.5C0 lbs., which 1 ''- E a sharp new hoc, the comers must be 
, ,, . . .? T good.) and cut the weeds as near the rows as 
‘•keep up” during the year. I sowed only s ' 
r „ . , - ,. r possible. A few days later pull out the weeds 
one acre of corn last season, some of which we 1 , , / . . 
t these auimals. Seven thoroughly, and the labor of raising carrots is 
l food for these two ani- almost emled ‘ They shoa!d ^ horned again 
without any other feed. as soon as the wtedi make their appearance. 
; would keep one animal They 3hodId bc ™ <**7 ™ ground 
,-,7, , . is in condition, and I fear this article will be 
a year. What was not , „ ’ „ r , , 
J f .. . . almi st “ out of season.” I have knowD, how- 
well known that even the richest barn-yard deed, 
manure contains more than seventy-five, and ment. 
the urine of the public vats ninety-five per cent. Dc-< 
of water, and will not, on account of its weight, succes 
CVlly CLiIKt CiiVUlU vuaaxax --- —j- £ --- x „ -j rt 11 -1 1 UllU' OU W Cl U J. XAf V \j IXUVAITJLI, 1AVA YF ~ 
cation to upland, designed for this crop. In- facilities of transportation increased. Farmer required as green food, was caretully cured and d cropgj sowed in June but a 
- 1-1 _1..._ ici-iUn on m-e-nm-f in fimiM tk-pll ftS a keDt for winter use ; and I have no doubt but . __, . .._ ...» . 
everything of the kind except in theory. It is cation to upland, designed tor mis crop, m- pennies ui irauspm ^ •-jj— ” => . a d j ^ n0 ' 
well known that even the richest barn-yard deed, we know it to be so from actual expen- T. was quite an expert in figures, as well as a kept or winter ue, and 
mcnb shrewd manager on the farm; so one day he that this one acre of corn todder was ot more 
Deep and thorough tiliage is essential to the solved a problem on the following data, to wit: value than three acres of my meadow land, on 
success of the Potato crop. A good course the amount of cash his sugar orchard would an average. 
crop is far more certain, if sowed the first 
week in May. They usually yield from 1,000 
to 1,500 bushels per acre. Have raised each 
extreme, the former the product of last season’s 
^}tr s p” but nTeiy would be to p.ow grenn Ward in tho fail, bring him, after deducting all the expense of Corn for fodder should be sowed ^as = Key do not mK ta 6 
short distance from the place of its production, deeply and neatly, cross-plow n thc spriDg, clearing and fencing the land and delivering soon utter p anting as possi e. t is en to g eentg per bughel when harvested. 
8b0 P P - . . . v.,_AA.; - x-A _.-j A-J ^"" +1^ After ready for cuttirg early, and a better opportu- Qockvme; ^ adison Co-) N . y . 
Street scranin^ do not nay even the cost of but so as not to disturb the inverted sod, and the wood aud timber in the market. After ready for cuttirg early, and a better oppor u- aockviUej Madison Co., N. Y. R p. c. 
^v a r a nd krge^sums are paid on contrac then harrow thoroughly-if it is thought best carefully working out the problem, he found nity for curing it is secured Mr. Alpheus -- 
inaU our ^iis for cleaning the streets. Sub- to plant in hills-before marking out. The to his surprise, that the interest of this sum Morse of Eaton, (and who by the way acme PREPARATION OF SEED C0BN. 
urban farms and wardens are very seldom ben- planting may be done with the plow, more would buy all the sugar for his family, save of the best practical farmers in Madis •») 
efiUM even to in consequence of the cost of rapidl y rand nearly as well as with the hoe, him the labor of tapping and boiling, and prefers a kind of sweet corn winch he has to Mr. Editor:-I have frequently read arti- 
JraTortat on How Tan it be expected un- but only in drills, cr with rows but one way. give him the use of his fields for the raising of any other variety. Probably the “ Ohio cles in the Rural concerning the cultivation 
derTh^TTircumstances that the broad acres Turn alight furrow, then drop the potatoes if crops. Without more ado he set a gang of corn,” will rank next to this variety tor this of corn, with recommendations and dnrections 
twelve^^hund -ed nilTinland which produce in drills-as is best for this method-about choppers remorselessly to work, and one of purpose, but where these cannot bei convem- for preparing seed, so as to prevent injury and 
Te C " the w^to material io ten or twelve inch, apart, then turn another the most magnificent forasts of maple ever ently procured the farmer need not hesitate 
rot urn 9 Some writers have argued that the furrow upon them, covering from two to three seen in Ontario county, where it was.located,) sow any variety. own and cultivate a clayey Jarm, wfiere grain 
Tr tc could be evanorafi inches deep. Sometimes the whole surface is or any other, was speedily converted into The corn should be sowed m drills three is more often injured by wire worm than ou 
Tud IhfferTS taterTal obtained in a dry plowed over at this time, potatoes being drop- eordwood. feet apart from centre to centre, and a foot some other soils. I have succeeded toierab y 
state in which shape it could be easily and pod only so as to have the rows about four Farmer T. made money by the operation, wide in the drills. Take a common corn well in raising corn where the land has lain to 
state, in which shape it c c y P i although he was well enough off before. He marker, and nail a board 12 inches long on to grass a sufficient length of time to form a 
wh w! ^Potatoes slxonld be toed and dressed in the has raised, and still raises, excellent crops the end of each tooth; this will mark the stroog sward by turning over ia the fall or 
onl maior «cale represents that of all other early stages of their growth. As soon os they upon those fields, but his farm is now scant of drills. Take corn enough in a common peck spring and planting on the sod. Such land, 
lanre cities will bi sufficient to explode all appear above ground run the cultivator fencing and firewood ; and if an attempt was basket to sow one row. The amount can be however, the next season is likely to be fnlHf 
crir ^Winn, r rLr> Drotnu acmlduct is through, followimr with the hoe, but not ma- commenced to-day to raise a forest upon that easily calculated by counting the rows on an worms. I once planted a piece of this kind 
large cities, will be sufficient to explode all appear above g 
such simulations The Croton acqueduct is through, following with the hoe, but not ma- commenced to-day to raise a wrest upon xnau easily caicuiaiea oy counting --- — — V- -V- 
of n capacity sufficient to deliver and distribute king much of n hill, as, indeed, such are not farm commensurate to its wants as the res,- acre. I have always used four bushels to the prepare de seed Ly soaking R ra rong 
withintho limits of the corporation thirty-five needed at any time, on a suitably dry soil— denco of a man of taste and lrberahty his acre, but Mr. Mouse writes me, that thee copperas water. c e. a e 
million gallons of water daily, on an average, Flat culture is very generally preferred by childrens children would be forgotten m their bushels te sufficient, and he has sowed ,t eat,tup entoely-yon would find from .0 
and probably that amount at least, including those who have tried it. Give them as a top- graves before the trees could lift them heads what extensively for several years pas . lhe oO m each hdl. 
the rain that falls during the year, is mixed up dressing a small handful of ashes or lime, and to half the altitude of those so unceremonious- man who sows the corn wrll have to bend 1 wo years a„o I p,anted a st 
. ...................... . . . ..... . . . .* ..........* - 
