Wmt’s mural Stto-ftorttr: «>«•»*»• ( Yo “ 
0 <zj ^ had better discover any low or weak spots m 
, . , A Qt AKr0 to-„,„ c , r ,„ npv the fence yourself, than let the cattle point 
Agricultural, Literary, and Family Newspaper. f ’ , ,, , 
-- them out to you; for, when they have once 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, broke pasture, it is not easy keeping them in 
t , _ c A 8 T w ; 11Y ,. . r , . afterwards. Poor Richard's proverb, “ A stitch 
JOSEPH HARRIS, m the Practical Departments: 1 
EDWARD WEBSTER, in the Literary and News Dep’ts. in time Saves nine,” applies With equal truth to 
Corresponding Editors : rails, boards, nail.?, &C. 
J. H. UixBr,—H. C. White,—T. E. Wetmore. If you intend to apply your barn-yard ma- 
„ : T . , . . „ . „ nure to spring crops, now is the time to set 
T«k Rural New-Yorker ib designed to be unique ana 1 fo l > 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity about drawing it Out It may be Spread Up- 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor (-.he land ready for plowing under. Blit, 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical i 1 • i wwwIsm* T ,.:n .ill 
Subjects connected with the business of those whose in- says some critical chemical reader, wall not a 
terests it advocates, it embraces more Agricultural, Horti- the ammonia fly off and the manure be all 
cultural. Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, spo j] e( ]? AYe think not All the carbonate 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsomt! etigrav- ; a existing as such in the manure, 
ings, than any other paper published m tins Country,— v o 
rendering it a complete Agricultural, Literary and may evaporate by long exposure; but genei’al- 
Eamily Newspaper. ]y there is not much carbonate of ammonia in 
K3T for Terms, kc., ske last page. the manure, and the loss from a few days’ ex- 
posure is not so great but that it will be fully 
Y)T or repai<1 by the advauta s es - aine<i fr ° m drawin s 
'XX [[[ d [, Jjt, l (J ~ jjJ aJ t lit l ♦ out the manure at a leisure season of the year. 
O Co __ . o - __ 
Prncrrpss and Tnvnrovfiment. COVERED DARN-\ARDS. 
iiiral 
Progress and Improvement. 
HINTS FOR THE SEASON. 
come to turn cattle into the pastures. You NOTES FROM MY CORRESPONDENCE. cast-out larvae of the bees, which their sharp, grows readily by cuttings, and, therefore, does 
had better discover any low or weak spots in - _ penetrating eyes are sure to discover. I at- not require the soil to be disturbed by the op- 
the fence yourself, than let the cattle point Jas ' R ' Martin '> of Kingston, Tenn., tr ib ute a great deal of my success to the un- eralion of planting. 
them out to you; for, when they have once ? ives an account of a P°"7 mare somewhat wearietl> aiK ] cheerfully performed services of As Coppice wood, to be cut down every two 
broke pasture, it is not easy keeping them in remarkable for her longevity and procreative these pleaaant little companions.” or three years, S. Caprea and its varieties are 
afterwards. Poor Richard's proverb, “ A stitch energies. It is worthy of record. He writes: - _ valuable plants; few others producing so great 
in time saves nine,” applies with equal truth to “ 1 must »' ive y° u the hlstor y of an old Indian Cultivation of Corn.— Mr. Martin’s culti- a bulk of hoops, poles and faggot-wood in so 
rail-' boards nails &c pony mare I owned not long since. Five years vation of Corn and Oats may be interesting to short a time, in a cold, moist soil Salix Alba 
. ago last autumn, while in town at one of our some of our Northern fanners. It shows that jg also an excellent species for coppice where 
If you intend to apply your barn-yard ma- ° , T -r -u . .... . . , , ^ 
J 1 general musters, I saw a man riding rapidly up good cultivation and energy will insure fair re- the soil is dry and apparently barren, as this will 
and down the street, bantering every one to turns anywhere. He says,—“ If my ground is grow readily in land incapable of producing 
swap horses. Having an old mare at home stubble or clover, I break up with a two-horse grass. 
that 1 wished to be clear of, I told him if he turning plow in the fall or winter; if land tend- The Salix Helix makes hedges, both in dry 
would go home with me I would give him a ed in corn the last season, I don’t plow till and in moist soils; but in the latter, such hedg- 
trade, as I thought his beast and mine nearer spring, then just before planting, harrow and eg are of most value on account of the use of 
of one value than any two I had seen. He cross-plow with long bull-tongues with two their annual shoots for basket making, 
went with me and took mine and left his. Soon horses to each, running as deep as they can p’or the purpose of basket making, almost 
after I met a man who had owned my new* pull it. I then check off ground in width ot a q the species may be grown. Salix Yimiualis 
mare for twelve years. From him I learned row by 7 quality of land. I he two first plow- aild Salix Helix are the most vigorous and 
that she was twenty-five years ot age, and then mgs of tiie corn aie done with one-horse bull- profitable; these have no disadvantage. "Yari- 
in foal. From her I raised four colts and sold tongues, the two last by running a small tiun- ous other sorts might be mentioned; but these 
her in foal with the fifth, which she had in due ing plow or shovel next the corn, and breaking wg cons jq er by f ar the most preferable. The 
season. I saw her in town the other day, and out the middle with bull-tongues. I soak my ^ for Basket willow should be deep, and 
she can now pace (she never was known to trot corn in a strong solution of saltpetre twenty- thoroughly prepared; the situation, low land 
a step in her life,) five miles quicker than any tour hours before planting, and then roll in plus- au( j mo ist; and if there is a command of water 
horse I know of. I never knew anything of ter,—drop three or four grains to a hill, which for irrigatior)) so nmc h the better. “ These 
her in foal with the fifth, which she had in due ing plow or shovel next the corn, and breaking 
season. I saw 7 her in town the other day, and out the middle with bull-tongues. I soak my 
The busy season of the farmer will soon be a paper on “Covered harm Steadings, fiom 
here. See to it, kind reader, that you are not which it appears that his Lordship has erected 
caught napping. Are your preparations all a set of farm buildings with yards, &c., entirely 
made, so that you will have nothing to do but under cover. He finds it to answer beyond 
push right ahead when you commence opera- expectation. It eftects a great saving in farm 
tions? Suppose you sit down and think over produce, which must otherwise be exposed to 
wliat you intend to do, and what you will need tb e injurious efiects of the weather, while the 
to do it with. Ifwelwere to advise you to amount consumed and destroyed by stock is 
take a pen or pencil, and write down the vari- considerably less; but the most remarkable re- 
ous little things that will soon demand your Sldt ' s ’ n ' alue °‘ tbe manum 
attention, you would probably think us beside too,c tw0 lo<s ot cattle; one lot was fed 
ourselves.* Be that as it nay, it is not a bad the “ byre ” or stable, and the manure thrown 
practice; but we will not urge the point. 
Of course you intend to sow plaster (sul¬ 
phate of lime) on your clover and Indian corn. 
Where it is as cheap as in Western New York, 
In the last Journal of the Royal Agricultnr- horse I know of. I never knew anything ot ter,—drop three or four grains to a hid, which t - or i rr i ga ti orj) so much the better. “These 
al Society of England, Lord Kinnaird furnishes the horse kind to breed at so advanced an age, I afterward thin out to two stalks. My gie.it- q rm go q g ” g AXG observes, “will not bear Wil- 
a paper on “Covered Farm Steadings,” from as she must have been at the least thirty years est object in soaking in saltpetre water, is to [ ows . yet some situations are unfit. Peat-moss, 
which it appears that his Lordship has erected old when she dropped her last colt. I have prevent its being taken up by birds. It is the an( j j aQ( j covere( j with standing water, or a 
a set of farm buildings with yards, &c.,entirely I° s t by death one of the colts foaled while in best preventive I have tried. quagmire, are not at all suitable.” In no case 
under cover. He finds it to answer beyond ™y possession. 1 be other three I own yet. For several years, I have adopted the plan s j lou jq a plantation of Willow be commenced 
expectation. It effects a great saving in farm and would not to-day take one hundred dollars of putting my oats in the ground with two- ; n prepare d ground. Nothing can be far- 
produce, which must otherwise be exposed to apiece for them. horse turning plows. It requires some more tker f rom g00t ] management than planting 
the injurious effects of the weather, while the 77 „ sced t0 * nsure a ° ood stand ’ but tiie U eld lia; cuttings in grass land, and allowing the sward 
amount consumed and destroyed by stock is How T0 T HE H ™ A CoLT been with me at least one^hird greater. They tQ b uuder tliem> 0 / am0ng lhe 
considerably less; but the most remarkable re- attain when m i.l kown. le same person stand much better are not half as liable to c Having fixed upon the spot, and having 
suit is in the value of the manure. adds on thu P ° mt somethm S that may be ol lodge, as when put in by harrow or bull-tongue, ^ carefuily prcpare J the groun d, the next 
He took two lots of cattle; one lot was fed use t0 man > * _ aild a dl 7 season I generally get double the i gt ig to procure plants. These should be of 
in tiie “byre” or stable, and the manure thrown . catl ^ ' ou . ^ JI< . j' 10 '' yield to the acre that those do who a>Low vcar v. 0 r of shoots of one* year old, 
• , , . . . , , , . w iiliHi aati aii men, the bright a cott will at- sli ;i.i 1 ow ^vstem ” tew!*"i»~i . 
info an open yard m which were twelve young I ; suanow system. taken from the under bud of well-npened 
. ri'i tain towlien tall growm. the rule may not North Cannon, Mich. , „ , . . ... , 
quagmire, are not at all suitable.” In no case 
should a plantation of Willow be commenced 
cuttings iu grass land, and allowing the sward 
to remain green under them, or among the 
crop. Having fixed upon the spot, and having 
info an open yard in which were twelve young 
cattle, getting a full allowance of turnips. The 
other lot were fed in a covered yard, and the 
manure left under them. Two hundred loads 
or anvwhere that it can be bought for less than of the uncovered manure were drawn out in 
$5,00 per ton, its application to these crops, 
at the rate of one to two bushels per acre, is 
the winter, and put in one heap, well pressed 
down by the carts driving over it when empty- 
almost invariably profitable. The idea that the “ covercJ t0 P antI sl,te " ltU s0 '>’ 
it stimulates and exhausts the soil is an old road-scraping, Ac. The heap was turned over 
four's dream, which no sensible, wide-awake M u ‘“ 1 ’ » ™ ek tefore us ' n S- lhc ''"“S 1 ” 
farmer should entertain for a moment. If you the covered yard was taken direct to the held 
hold good in every instance, but nine times 
out of ten it will. When the colt gets to be 
three or four weeks old, or as soon as it is per¬ 
fectly straightened in its limbs, measure from 
the edge of the hair on the hoof to the middle 
of the knee-joint, and for every inch it will 
grow to the height of a hand, or four inches 
when its growth is matured. Thus if this dis¬ 
tance be found sixteen inches, it will make a 
North Cannon, Mich. 
[ Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker.] 
AN ESSAY 
ON TIIE OSIER OR BASKET WILLOW. 
In Two Parts—Part 2. 
The timber, when dry, is easily known from 
other wood, by its being of a salmon color; on 
taken from the under bud of well-ripened 
shoots of good size. Much imposition has 
been practiced in England and France, in the 
sale of “cuttings,” which should be obtained 
“ only from men of character and good repu¬ 
tation. who are fully capable of judging of the 
varieties.” The most reliable source to “obtain 
proper” cuttings from iu the United States, is 
Watson G. Haynes, Esq., of Garrison’s, Put- 
the covered yard was taken direct to the field iance iUUUU a 
and plowed, in '• being quite well enough made ho***»“ handsW S k , *?«•» m f 19 “ man 
„ .. . . . i „ mav know something what sort ot a horse, 
i i i „ mite lirrlit Lav An ana diowcu, in ueuia quire nuicmiugu mauc .. . 
have not done so already, put a lignt box on ^ may know something what sort ot a li 
your wagon, and go forthwith to the plaster- le ci o;. with proper care, he is to expect from his 
mill, or city, or wherever the planter in to be A field of 20 acres “of very equal quality ^ ^ t boaght tw0 ver , sh 
had best and cheapest, and get what you want was selected for the experiment IIa.t ot it look - 7 coltg for twent y dollars each, and 
Be sure and get enough. This is not the year was dressed with the uncovered and the other reoentl _ for three hundred doUars. 
to be sparing in anything that will enhance the half with the covered dung, both at the rate much fw kll0 \ ving kow to guess properlv 
productiveness of the soil. of 20 cart loads to the acre. Both were cdt „ 
If vou are not one of those fortunate fellows planted at the same time, with the same kind ' - 
tance be found sixteen inches, it will make a which account it is frequently usetf in cabinet nam Co., N. Y.; or the Hon. Benjamin Bran- 
horse sixteen hands high. By this means a man making and for children’s toys. “Formerly,'- dreth, of Sing Sing-the former gentleman 
mav know something what sort of a horse, says Matthew, “before the introduction of having studied this subject for several years m 
with proper care, he is to expect from his colt. h °°P 3 fo1 ' cart wheels - the external rim or Eur0 P e - and 18 now devotu ^ his cntire time 
^ , , . , , ■ Three rears ago I bought two verv shabby 
was selected for the experiment Halt ot it , , : 7 u . c , , -. „ , , ,, 
, . , 1 looking colts for twenty dollars each, and sold 
'to be sparing in anything that will enhance the 
productiveness ot the soil. 
If you are not one of those fortunate fellows 
, , ,, much for knowing how to guess properly at a „ ... 
ot 20 cart loads to the acre. Loth were 1 ' felloe shod itself with stone, and thus became rows. This distance will not be too thick tor 
planted at the same time, with the same kind ’ - capable of enduring the friction of the road for at least five or six years; but after that period, 
of potatoes. Both did equally well until the Bee Keeping and Bird-help. — Those who a long time, the toughness and elasticity of the every alternate plant should be stubbed up, 
latter end of July, when the potatoes on the make war against the feathered tribes, may willow retaining the gravel till the stones were which will leave those remaining at 2 feet apart 
uncovered dung began to droop and decay— take a lesson from Mr. Martin’s success in bee well worn. Under much exposure to blows in the rows. 
while on the half of the field manured with the keeping. Not only is the wren useful, but and friction, at the present time in the cars used Osier plantations (Haynes says) must be 
covered dung the tops still retained their strong, there is hardly one in the whole list but repays on railroads for coal and stone, this willow out- hoed and cleaned every year. Nothing con- 
dark green color. the farmer for all the damage committed— lasts all other timber. The larger shoots and j tributes more to the raising of a good crop of 
The yield per acre was—YYitli the uncovered whilst most of them do vastly greater good in branches of the tree willows are made into twigs, after due preparation of the soil, than 
dung, 17,077 lbs.; with the covered dung, 26,- the destruction of insects and their larvae.— j poles for fencing, hop-poles, props for vines, keeping it and the plants clean. The stools 
305 lbs. They will see, too, that Mr. M.’s success, aside j and other purposes. They are split and made should be carefully attended to annually, from 
The same land was sown with wheat after the from his birds, is attributable to care and at-j into hurdles, crates, and hampers; and when the first year of producing a crop of Willow, 
felloe, was made of this willow; and when new, and energy to this business, 
the cart or wain was drawn along a road cov- The distance at which osiers for baskets or 
ered with hard, small gravel (and in preference, wicker-work ought to be planted, are 18 inches 
gravel somewhat angular;) by which means the between the rows, and 12 inches apart in the 
who grow their owu clover seed and sow it in of potatoes. Both did equally well until the 
the chaff, but have to purchase from your hitter end of July, when the potatoes on the 
neighbors or seedsmen, do not put off getting uncovered dung began to droop and decay— 
it till the last minute. Now is the time to while on the half of the field manured with the 
look for good clean seed. Do not buy an in- covered dung the tops still retained their strong, 
ferior article because it is cheap. Much seed dark green color. 
that is sold cheap, is dear at any price. Far- The yield per acre was—With the uncovered 
mere seldom sow enough land to clover, and dung, 17,07 1 lbs.; with the covered dung, 26,- 
frequently notenough seed per acre. Ten pounds 805 lbs. 
of red clover per acre is not too much. We shall The same land was sown with wheat after the 
Osier plantations (Haynes says) must be 
hoed and cleaned every year. Nothing con- 
take some future time to show that clover and potatoes, and 336 lbs. of Peruvian guano sown tention, which is the secret of all bee keepers' interwoven with the smaller branches, into in order to keep them clear of rotten stumps f 
peas afford one of the readiest and cheapest per acre on each portion. success, much more than the many vamped-up racks 0 r cradles, for the hay and straw given to and not allow them to be over-crowded at the 
means of enriching a wheat farm. Ask any The wheat on the land' manured with the patent hives and bee feed. cattle in the fields, or in feeding yards. The bottom of the shoots. When these have bc- 
good farmer in Western New York, and there uncovered dung was per acre, 42 bushels, and Martin writes,—“ When a boy of twelve smaller rods with or without the bark on, are come too numerous, they should be carefully 
are no better wheat growers on this or the 3.432 lbs. ot straw. With the covered dung, y earSj 1 bought a swarm of bees, which iucreas- manufactured into various kinds of baskets, for thinned out, and also cut down, leaving only an 
other side of the Atlantic, and he will tell you ^ bushels and,4,730 lbs. ot straw. e q so rapidly as to furnish my father’s family domestic use; and, split up into two, four or eye or two at the bottom of each, until they 
that, owing principally to the increased growth This is a surprising result, and argues vol- with more honey than we could use. When I ; more pieces, for making lighter and ornamental are diminished to such a number as the stool is 
of red clover, the average yield of his wheat umes in favor of manure cellars. But we must married, I took four stands and left some thirty | articles, such as work baskets, ladies’reticules, capable of supporting with rigor throughout 
crop has been doubled during the last 15 years, be allowed to say that the experiments are not behind. 1 have yet ‘the same stock of bees, ,tc. It is a remarkable fact, that basket-ma- the season. A basket maker finds more service 
On this point we would commend the repent- so strictly comparative as we could wish. The an d range from twelve to forty hives, rarely king was one of the few manufactures in which from one shoot from 10 to 12 feet in leugth, 
sal of the excellent article in the last Rural 12 head of cattle which were fed with turnips getting lower, and. seldom above that number, the ancient Britons excelled, in the time of the than from four of 4 feet in length; and one of 
from our esteemed correspondent Linus Gone, iu the open yard, into which the dung was I have always used the common, old fashioned Romans. These baskets, or bascanded, as they the first dimensions will not exhaust the stool or 
He has forestalled us in many remarks we in- thrown, would not void such rich dung as those k ; ve) an q s j noe the moth has been so destruct- are called by Martial, are said to have been land so much as four of the others. The 
tended to make on this subject. fed in the byre and covered yard, which had ; ve ;un0 ngst bees throughout the United States, of very elegant workmanship and to have proper season for cleaning and thinning the 
See that your plows and implements are all oil-cake, linseed, &c., in addition. And it is i have kept my hives raised up on small blocks borne a high price. (See Encyc. Brit, Art stocks, is from the first ot March to the middle 
right Get new points, &c. Have the coulters probable that being exposed to the rain, these 0 r pebbles of about an inch in thickness, and Basket-making.) of April. 
sharpened, and get everything of this kind done twelve cattle in the open yard would require, during the spring, summer and fall, examined Of the general uses of Willow, sufficient has The cleaning of the plants (Haynes contin- 
now, while the blacksmith has time to attend and were supplied with more straw for litter them two or three times a week, aud cleaned been said to show its value for farming pur- ues, and none ought to know better,) is done 
to you. If the harness is not oiled and in per- than the others in the covered yard, and accor- ou t. jdl dirt or moth deposit. The result has poses, and we shall now endeavor to prove the with a sharp knife; and il it has been regularly 
feet order, it should be attended to immediate- dingly the dung would be poorer. But as the koeili q h av e an abundance of honey, and bet- importance of this crop as an article for com- attended to from the establishment of the 
ly. Whippletrces, clevises, chains, and the experiment was designed to be comparative, ter success than my neighbors. For five or merce and ornament plantation, it is neither troublesome nor expeu- 
like, should^be examined. If you have not a we think these weak points hardly sufficient to six years I have, been greatly assisted by two The uses of the entire plant are various, sive. The shoots should not be cut till the 
three-horse whippletree, now is the time lo throw doubt on the main result,—that manure 0 r three pairs of little wrens, that build their I Almost all the species being of rapid and vig- second autumn after planting; for by being al- 
make one. Three steady horses abreast, and in covered yards is much more valuable than nests near by every year, and roar annually two J orous gicwth, they are peculiarly fitted for lowed to remain uncut for such a length of time, 
one man, will do as much work in a day as a that which is exposed to the rain, &c. and three broods. Through the season I have planting on embankments, on the banks of riv- the stools become stronger and more able to 
double team and two men. We would just add that the potatoes grown watched them as they go regularly and daily ere and streams, for restraining their encroach- produce a good crop, than il cut at au earlier 
Fences must not be forgotten. A little at- with the covered dung were more diseased than to the hives, searching around and under the ments and retaining the soil in its place. The period. Indeed, by the third autumn after 
tention now, will save much time when you the small crop grown with the exposed dung, gums, gathering up all moths, and the dead, Salix Helix has this great advantage, that it planting, under this management the crop will 
