94 
MOORE’S RUBAI NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
creation. Here, in Western New York, the 
husbandman has a farm already made to his 
hand. To keep its fertility intact, by a correct 
system of manuring and culture, is the farmer’s 
great vocation, a consummation only obtained 
by judicious ditching, draining, subsoil plowing, 
and the making and saving, and applying ma¬ 
nures. Here are no barren clays, no rock, but 
the lime stone ledge, or the sparsely scattered 
erratic boulder; the lightest soil of sand or 
gravel, i3 rich in phosphates, calcareous matter 
and vegetable remains, to a depth inexhausti¬ 
ble, and not easily reached by plowing. 
The railways all enter Buffalo on a level 
plane, less elevated than the court end of the 
town. Here are small wooden buildings; oc¬ 
casionally a more pretending mansion, with a 
sprinkling of trees and shrubbery, greet now 
and then the eye. As you near the great Rail¬ 
road depot, you pass hundreds of German 
frauleite, with large bundles of refuse wood 
on their heads, wending their way on the roads 
from the new clearing now far away from the 
town, to their suburban homes. The first 
thing that strikes you on leaving the cars at 
Buffalo, is the lack of homogeneousness in the 
dress, bearing and language of the people; in 
this part of the town, you hear as much Ger¬ 
man spoken as English, as many men in smock 
frocks and caps, and women in the coarse, but 
substantial garb of the fader land in one hour, 
than you will see in a New England town in a 
year. The Irish element in the population, is 
less common; still here, in passing, your ear is 
often greeted with the rich brogue of the 
Emerald Isle; but the Irish have no distinctive 
costume, no cumberous tobacco pipe always 
in use, to mark their nationality. 
At this season, Buffalo, with the lakes frozen, 
presents not that rush of locomotion and busi¬ 
ness so remarkable when the lakes are open.— 
But the day is coming when Buffalo is to be a 
manufacturing, as well as a commercial city,— 
cheap coal, brought by railway from Pennsyl¬ 
vania, a distance of only seventy miles, is soon 
to give Buffalo those facilities which alone 
made Pittsburgh a great manufacturing city. 
One of the greatest necessities of this great 
town at this time, is the increase of manufac¬ 
turing industry; so that the manufacturer him¬ 
self is not compelled to go east for so many 
articles of fixed machinery. 
On riding out to Mason & Loverixg’s Nur¬ 
sery, we pass through the best built, most ele¬ 
vated and fashionable part of the town. Here 
due attention is paid to ornamental trees and 
shrubbery; each beautiful house or cottage 
has sufficient breadth and area of terra firma, 
to redeem its character from that urban or 
commercial cupidity which so often restricts 
the domicil to a tw r enty-five feet front and rear, 
walled in on either side, the noisy street in 
front, and a shaded ten by twenty yard in rear; 
where even Picioli’s starveling flower could 
not bloom. At Mason & Eoiteking’s Nursery, 
three miles out of town, the spacious grounds 
are filled with young and thrifty fruit and or¬ 
namental trees in great variety. The great 
range of green houses comprises about 300 feet 
in length, of glass; here in the vestibule a walk 
of marble slabs leads to the 'Crystal Palace 
within; here the alleys and graveled walks are 
beautifully fringed with phlox, &c., the borders 
filled with pots innumerable, each one bearing 
its glowing or blooming plant. Here were le¬ 
gions of roses in perennial bloom, Geraniums, 
Gamellias, and the full-flowered fragrant Hya¬ 
cinth, with a multifarious variety of flowers and 
flowering shrubs, too numerous to notice here. 
The Orange and Lemon trees were not yet 
matured, but they looked fresh and healthy, 
giving an earnest of that coming tropical bloom 
which, in the same tree, gives flowers and ma¬ 
turing fruit, and fruit ripe for eating. This 
long range of glass roofed rooms is warmed 
throughout with pipes of iron, charged with 
hot water, the evaporation from which serves 
to give that density to the atmosphere so ne¬ 
cessary to growing plants. 
The first step necessary to be taken, is to 
prepare the holes for the reception of the 
trees, which I do by digging them three feet 
in diameter, and two feet deep, and then plac¬ 
ing the surface soil in the bottom of the holes. 
The next thing is to choose a suitable time for 
transplanting; and tins I deem to be the point 
of greatest importance. I have found by ex¬ 
periment, that forest trees taken out of the 
ground just as the buds are openiug, stand ten 
chances to thrive after transplanting, where, 
when removed earlier, they do one. When re¬ 
moved, they should be trimmed to the height 
of 9 or 10 feet, and there cutoff with a slanting 
stroke of the axe. 1 think this way is prefera¬ 
ble to leaving a portion or the whole of the 
top. Thus trimmed they will be more sure of 
living, and will make a more beautiful head.— 
I prefer trees about two inches in diameter for 
setting. In setting, one man should hold the 
tree in its proper position, and by moving it up 
and down, settle the earth firmly about and 
among the roots as it. is thrown in, and when 
the hole is filled, press the earth about the tree 
firmly with the foot. The tree should be left 
about one inch deeper than it was in its natur¬ 
al position. My father and myself have set out 
about 400 sugar maple trees, in soil of almost 
every description, and never with a loss of 
more than live per cent., seldom with more than 
two or three. Try this plan, you who love 
shade trees, and devote at least one day each 
spring to embellishing your grounds, which 
will' add materially to your enjoyment, and 
which shall perpetuate your memory, when the 
marble tablet, which loving hands shall pluce 
above your grave, will lail to 4011 the passer 
by whose dust lies beneath. 
Port Byron. W. D. O. 
BROOM CORN. — AGAIN. 
In reference to the inquiry about Broom 
Corn, I would remark that some years it is a 
paying crop, and in others it is not. Some 
years we get seed that pays for clearing off; and 
frequently we get neither seed nor fodder. I 
have cultivated it, and made it into brooms, to 
some extent, for 23 years. For three years 
previous to the present it has not been a pay- 
UtmUaitjr. 
MISSOURI STOCK IHPOSTIXO COMPANY. 
A company has been formed in St. Louis for 
the purpose of importing cattle and horses 
from Belgium and France. It appears that 
Ciias. L. Hunt, Esq., addressed a letter to the 
proper department of the Belgium government, 
ing crop, in consequence of the low price of ' n September last, asking for information re¬ 
brooms. This year it has paid better, and I i s P ectin g Hie price and quality of horses, cattle, 
have just finished making up my old stock 0 f j ^ c -> Belgium. He was promptly replied to, 
|it(]itiric,s anir ^iisIoot. 
STUMP MACHINE,-AGAIN. 
Ens:—In answer to J. H. Barnum’s inquiry 
about that Stump Machine, I would say,—I do 
not manufacture the article, and never built 
any but the one I use myself; but if you un¬ 
derstand how the machine works, and how it 
is made, you can get one up as well as 1 can. 
I live fifty miles, from the Railroad depot, in 
Laurens, Otsego Co., and it would cost several 
dollars to deliver one there if I should build it. 
You inquired what the cost of one sufficiently 
strong for all practical purposes would be, to 
which I would say, it depends upon the size of 
your stumps. I will give you the dimensions 
of another machine which one of my neighbors 
built, and you can calculate from that and 
from your stumps the heft of a machine suffi¬ 
cient to pull them. His lever is 24 feet long; 
SHADE TREES.—AGAIN. 
Eds. Rural: —As you invite farmers to 
give the results of their experience through 
the columns of your paper, 1 have thought that 
a few words on the subject of transplanting 
forest trees might not be unacceptable to some 
of the readers of the Rural. The presence of 
shade trees about the dwelling and along the 
highway, adds greatly to the beauty of a place, 
and more to its market value than many per¬ 
sons suppose. Yet through whatever part of 
our countiy we pass, we find the subject of 
arboriculture almost entirely neglected. Al¬ 
though there are differences of opinion as to 
the best method of disposing of shade trees, 
some preparing to plant in clusters, others in 
straight lines, and others, again, in curves; yet 
all agree in this, that they ought to be found 
on every farm, and surrounding every dwelling. 
But, says one, “ shade tree3 are indeed a great 
and desirable improvement to any place, but 
in some soils it seems impossible to make them 
live through the first summer. I have often 
attempted it on my place, but never have suc¬ 
ceeded, and I have given it up.” Now it is to 
encourage such persons to try again, that I 
purpose to give my experience. 
the bolts which go through the lever are 1 j 
inches square, Swedes iron; the two bolts, B, 
C, in the figure, he places 14 inches from A, 
for his smallest stumps, but for his larger ones 
he moves them to eleven inches from A, which 
gives him increased power. His chain is made 
of l square Swedes, hammered round. Con¬ 
necting bars in room of chains, inch square 
Swedes. The manner of making hooks is to 
take a piece of old sable Russia bar, 3 inches 
wide, g thick, 2 feet 8 inches long, round a 
piece in the middle G inches long for the eye, 
double and weld the two ends for the hook ; 
have the point of the hook short in order to 
hook handier. Weight of hook from 10 to 
12 lbs. The heaviest ones should be on the 
chains fast to the lever. This machine was 
made for pulling green pine stumps, some of 
which are 3 feet through at the top, standing 
on hard-pan land. Now if your stumps are as 
large as his, the cost of the machine would not 
vary much from $100. He has chain and 
bars enough to stretch 10 rods. Less chain 
would cause some inconvenience sometimes, but 
would reduce the cost of the machine. As I 
said before, my stumps were mostly small and 
old, and I thought it better to cut a few roots 
for large ones than to use a heavy machine for 
all the small ones. The iron should all be of 
the first quality. h. b. g. 
Laurens, Otsego Co., N. Y., March, 1853. 
Measurement of Hay.— I noticed the ex¬ 
tract from an exchange stating that “ 10 to 12 
cubic yards of hay would weigh a ton,” and 
your last statement that “ 400 cubic feet is 
nearer,”&c. For many years under the old gross 
weight, 512 cubic feet, or a square body of 8 
feet on all sides was called a ton, and my experi¬ 
ence proved it quite correct Under the new 
law, 2000 lbs. for a ton, I use the same rule, 
and for each ton found, add the gross 240 lbs., 
and am of opinion from tolerable close obser¬ 
vation that this is nearer the just measure than 
400 cubic feet, but am -open for the truth 
founded upon facts. It is not an unimportant 
matter, and should be settled by universal 
adoption of the most correct measure.—Jos. 
Watson, Clyde, JY. Y. 
brush, two or three years old. If kept from 
the rats and mice, it will keep as bright as 
when harvested. 
Four hundred brooms per acre is an average 
crop, on land that would produce at least 40 
bushels of corn per acre. Broom corn requires 
three times as much cultivation as Indian corn. 
It there is any seed, it merely pays for the 
labor of getting it off. Manufacturing the 
brooms costs one half the crop, or a dollar per 
dozen. Compared with Indian corn, then, we 
have 200 brooms at $16 per hundred, instead 
of 40 bushels ol corn at 80 ets. per bushel, and 
nothing for the extra labor required in the cul¬ 
tivation, and no fodder. - 
I cannot now call to mind any one who has 
made a large business of raising broom corn, 
but has run under and failed. It will do very 
well to spice in with other farm busiuess, to fill 
up gaps of time in stormy weather and winter. 
I raise from two to four acres a year, and it 
will not pay to make it into brooms. I put it 
upon scaffolds in the barn, until it will pay. I 
make two sizes of brooms, sow them twice and 
handle well. When they are less than $2,50 
per dozen for the best, and $2 for the small 
size, I think I had better not neglect other 
farming business. A Subscriber. 
Penfield, Mon. Co., N. Y., 1S54. 
CHARRING POSTS. 
I am a reader of your valuable paper, the 
Rural, and noticed an inquiry in regard to the 
effect ol charring on the durability of fence- 
posts or other timber set in the ground. Ex¬ 
cuse me it I take the liberty to state some 
facts which came to my knowledge. A gentle¬ 
man made a hundred rods of post and rail 
fence. The posts, white oak, were charred in 
the fire. The effect was, that within two years 
the posts ivere actually rotted off. The theory 
would show at once, that charcoal itself will not 
rot But it must be admitted that when posts or 
any other timber is charred, they become 
checked or cracked, in every direction, suffi¬ 
cient to admit the water into the part not char¬ 
red, which causes the rot to commence at once. 
My opinion would be in favor of pitching 
the part of the post within six or eight inches 
of the bottom}; and a few inches above the 
ground, as the post always rots off near the 
top of the ground. The expense could not be 
great.—J. C. H., Sc?ieca, March 14, 1854. 
A correspondent inquires the effect of char¬ 
ring wood for fence-posts, etc: Ten years ago 
when in England, I assisted to build some 
cages to protect young trees. The material 
used, was thinned out of a young copse, and 
was composed of larch, horse-chestnut, linden, 
birch, elm, etc., from ‘1\ to 4 inches thick.— 
They were charred over a slow fire, and dipped 
in boiling tar. Last hill I visited “the old 
house at home” when the cages were being re¬ 
moved, and the part that teas in the ground 
was as sound as on the day it was put there; 
but just above the surface, it was quite rotten. 
—J. II. Skinner, Barrytown, JY. Y., March, 
1854. 
SALTING CATTLE. 
A piece in the Rural of March 4th, over 
the signature of A Farmer —headed “ How to 
Salt Stock in Winter,”— reminded me of my 
own experience. A few years since, in order to 
invite my cattle to the manure heap at my 
horse stable window, I strewed over it a quan¬ 
tity of salt. There was at the time a light 
sprinkling of snow on the heap. My cattle 
and sheep ate freely of it. A tew days after, 
I discovered that the mouth of every sheep in 
the flock was encircled with a thick scab both 
on the upper and under lip. I thought then, 
and still think, it was owing to their eating salt 
mixed with snow which caused their lips to 
freeze. Their mouths being sore, they were 
unable to eat their usual allowance of food, 
consequently they fell away and became poor. 
If any one doubts that salt and snow will cause 
their lips to freeze, let him wet snow with 
strong brine, and hold his fingers in it, in a cold 
day, and he will probably become convinced. 
The best way that I know of to salt stock in 
winter is,'when we put our hay in the mow to 
put on to every ton from two to three quarts 
of salt—it helps to preserve the hay, prevents 
it from becoming dusty, and furnishes a good 
supply for the stock. Setu Paine. 
So. Granby, Oswego Co., N. Y., March 11, 1854. 
and informed that instructions had been sent 
out to all the Provinces, and that as soon as 
returns could be had the results should be com¬ 
municated to him. He was also assured that 
the Belgium government felt gratified with the 
friendly purpose manifested, and that every 
facility would be afforded by that government 
to the people of Missouri, in the purchase and 
exportation of Belgium stock. The informa¬ 
tion desired, was carefully collected; and after 
collection, so as to get the average price of the 
animals specified, and the aggregate of quality, 
the result was communicated as follows: 
“ There are in Belgium many breeds of horn¬ 
ed cattle. I will not speak of the Ardennes 
breed, as it is too small for any purpose. 
The indigenous breed, properly speaking has 
been greatly improved by judicious crossing, 
for many years, with the best milking breeds 
of Holland. We have also bred to the En¬ 
glish Durham, to obtain the fattening qualities 
for which the English cattle are so justly cele¬ 
brated. 
The Belgium cow, owing to great attention 
in breeding, is entirely adapted to the dairy.— 
Her color is black-roan, her frame is large. In 
all our provinces, particularly in Hainaut, the 
two I landers, Brabant, Leigc, and Namur, you 
can procure excellent dairy cows well adapted 
to improve from. 
Those coming from a cross with the Durham 
are best for the shambles. 
Cows ol the first quality can be procured at 
a price ranging from 30U to 400 francs. To 
procure them, it will be necessary to go to the 
farmers themselves. 
The Flanders or Flemish horse, the only 
breed which is indigenous to Belgium, is par¬ 
ticularly adapted to agricultural purposes, for 
the dray, and for transporting very heavy loads. 
His height measures from 1 metre 50c to 1 
metre 60c., or from 15 to 16 hands. 
The best breed has a straight loin, the limbs 
clean, the pastern well elevated, and the neck 
short and thick. 
The best draught horses are to be found in 
the neighborhood of Bruges and Audenaerde 
in the province of Brabant and Hainaut. 
Stallions of the first choice can be purchased 
at a price ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 francs; 
the first choice of mares for 800 to 1,200 francs; 
geldings at 500 to 800 francs.” 
The St. Louis Intelligencer remarks on the 
above, 
“The finest dairy cows in the world are in 
France, Belgium, &c. The finest cattle for the 
shambles are in England. We have the En¬ 
glish but not the Belgian. If, therefore, wo 
wo’d have in Missouri the finest and most use¬ 
ful breeds of cattle in the world, we should im¬ 
port from Holland, France and Belgium, (but 
we already have the Durliams,) for beef. If it 
be a good thing to have magnificent roasts of 
beef, it is not an inferior comfort to have milk, 
butter, cream and cheese. 
As to horses, it is only necessary to add in 
favor of those on the continent of Europe, 
that they are imported by the ten thousand 
into England. The great Dray Kings of Lon¬ 
don, ‘Barclay & Perkins,’ we are informed get 
their horses from Belgium.” 
Many thousand head of cattle are weekly 
brought from Holland and Belgium, to Smith- 
field market, London, where we have fre¬ 
quently seen them. For the shambles, they 
compare poorly with the Short-horn, the Here¬ 
ford, the Devon, or the Scot. For milky pur¬ 
poses they are probably superior to any of the 
above breeds, as they have been bred with 
especial reference to the dairy. 
AVe intend shortly, to give a portrait of a 
Holland cow, imported by Mr. Piffard, of 
Livingston Go., N. Y., a description of which 
we published in the January number of the 
Wool Grower. ' 
Five years ago we visited the brewery of 
Barclay & Perkins, and there saw 168 as fine 
Clydesdale homes as money could purchase.— 
We think it improbable that they have aban¬ 
doned this breed and adopted Belgian horses. 
Artesian AY alls. —AY ill you please give us 
something in the Rural, in regard to Artesian 
AVells? In my section of the country, stock fre¬ 
quently die for the want of water. Our depen¬ 
dence mostly, is in cisterns and large pools or 
ponds (artificial.) In dry seasons all these fail, 
and have a pernicious influence upon the health 
of the inhabitants. In Missouri and Illinois the 
Artesian AA ell, is beginning to excite considerable 
attention. AVe are ignorant of the manner of its 
construction and expense. Will it answer the 
■wards, means, and wishes of the farmer, and those 
places requiring much water ?— Jas. M. Martien, 
Fulton, Callaway Co., Mo., 1854. 
Yellow Water.— The yellow water in hor¬ 
ses can be cured, without fail, by attending to 
the following directions:—Take six pieces of 
butternut bark, ( Tuglans Cmerca,) say eight 
by four inches; thirty pieces of poplar, [Amer¬ 
ican aspen,) four by eight inches; four pounds 
sweet fern, [comptonia asplenifolia ;) put on 
three gallons water, boiled down to lj gallons. 
Give the horse three quarts per day in bran, 
or pour down. The horse should have bran 
or oats every day. After giving the l£ gal¬ 
lons, repeat if the horse is not cured.—P. B. 
N., Ireland's Corners, Albany Co., JY. Y. 
[D. II.; Phelps, N. Y.J Information re¬ 
specting the New Rochelle Blackberry, or, as 
it is now called, the Lawton Blackberry, can 
be obtained by addressing W.\r. Lawton, New 
Rochelle, N. Y. 
Cuttings of the Clinton Grape can bo ob¬ 
tained from any of the nurseries in this city.— 
A. Thomas, Esq., Delaware, Ohio, may be able 
to furnish you cuttings of Delaware Grape. 
Peach Tree Worms. —Can any of your cor¬ 
respondents inform me what will destroy the 
worm that works in peach trees, just below the 
surface of the ground ? It is quite difficult to 
destroy these worms by digging down to them, 
and then cutting them out with a knife, which 
is the only remedy that I know of; and besides, 
this will not destroy the eggs ; so the process 
must be repeated several times in the course of 
the season, in order to save the tree.—Iv. 
Spring AViieat. — I am desirous to sow a field 
I have, to spring wheat,—-I wish to obtain a kind 
that is called 1 ife AY heat. AVill you please to 
inform me where I can obtain 12 or 14 bushels, 
and for what price?— Chas. A. Jackman, Livonia, 
N. Y., March, 1854, 
Fife Wheat can be obtained in this city, from 
J. Rafalje & Co., or from Briggs & Bro., 
for $2,50 per bushel. 
1 ortable Steam Engine. —Can you, or some 
of your correspondents, inform me through the 
Rural, where Portable Steam Engines are man¬ 
ufactured, and what the cost of one, of five or 
horse power would be ?— J. A. Miller, Lock- 
dale, Pa., 1854. 
Iowa State Agricultural Society. —The 
following is the list of officers for 1854: 
T. W. Claggett, of Lee, President 
D. IL Inskeep, of AVappelo, Y. President 
J. M. Siiaffer and G. AV. Slage, of Jeffer¬ 
son, Secretaries. 
W. B. Chamberlain, of Des Moines, Treas. 
Besides these, there is a Board of Managers 
consisting of three from each county. 
G. W. Durant, in the Country Gentleman, 
states from his own experience, that a good 
growth of buckwheat, followed by oats and 
seeded heavily with clover, almost entirely 
eradicates the Canada thistles. 
Samuel Alden, of Lyme, N. II., it is said, 
killed a half breed Suffolk pig eight months and 
twenty-two days old, which weighed when 
dressed, exclusive of rough lard, 401 lbs. 
Packing Pork. —A writer in the Albany 
Cultivator gives the following receipt for pack¬ 
ing pork for summer use, after having tried it 
satisfactorily. In packing add to each layer a 
sprinkling of black pepper, putting about two 
pounds of pepper to a barrel of pork, contain¬ 
ing about four hundred pounds. He had salt¬ 
ed pork for forty years, but never had it keep 
so sweet and fine as when packed in this way. 
Pine Arpi.E Cheese.— Will you, or some of 
your readers, posted on the subject, give the 
mode of manufacturing Pine Apple Cheese ?— 
A. 15., Buffalo, A f . Y., March, 1854. 
Will some of our readers answer the above? 
SUGAR HEET. 
AA e cannot too often or too confidentlv re¬ 
commend the cultivation of this excellent field 
crop. . It is a great yielder, hardy, easily raised, 
and is superior, we think, to any vegetable 
grown for milch cows and fattening caUle, es¬ 
pecially when fed raw. We have grown large 
quantities for our own use the past seventeen 
years, and can therefore speak of it practically 
and experimentally. One of our neighbors—a 
lady farmer—informs us that she made thirty 
pounds of butter per week from six cows in 
December, fed upon hay and sugar beet. She 
adds, that the butter was fully equal to the 
best made in September and October on rich 
pasture. 
The sugar beet does best in ntyderately rich 
loamy soil, but will grow where any other root 
does.. The seed should be soaked two to four 
days in tepid water previous to planting, so as 
to insure its germination. If planted without 
first soaking, its shell is so hard it is a long¬ 
time germinating. Hence the ill success ol' 
many who do not take this into consideration. 
For field cultivation the rows should be 
three feet apart, so as to admit working easily 
with the cultivator among the rows! The 
plants, when finally thinned out, should not 
stand nearer to each other than six inches in 
the row. It can be pulled and secured in the 
fall the same as turnips. 
The best variety is the AATiite Silesian, tho’ 
the French Yellow has been so much improved 
lately, we are informed it has become nearly as 
good as the latter. AVe have never found it 
to keep so well. 
The beet requires about four pounds of seed 
per acre, and can be planted very rapidly in 
<irills with a seed-sower, costing about eight 
dollars.— Am. Agriculturist. 
Export of Figs and Poultry.— AA r e under¬ 
stand that one ot Adams <fc Go’s express cars 
was entirely occupied yesterday with pigs and 
poultry to be shipped at New York for En¬ 
gland, in answer to orders from that country. 
The total value of the lot is about $l,0t)0.— 
Boston 'Traveler. 
Steaming Hay.—' The ordinary plan is to en¬ 
close a lot of the hay in a box, large cask, or 
otherwise, to let steam in from below, where 
there is, also a stop-cock, by which the water of 
condensation may be allowed to escape at inter¬ 
vals.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. 
