MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
(Srrfart irafr Cmkn. 
MULCHING GOOSEBERRIES. 
Friend Moore:—I have seen several arti¬ 
cles of late, in the Rural and other papers, on 
the above topic, and, as my experience does 
not corroborate what is said about the neces¬ 
sity of mulching, I. will tell your readers how I 
raise gooseberries. 
The soil is a sandy loam, and was prepared 
by trenching and thorough manuring with well 
rotted barn-yard manure. The bushes are set 
on the north side of a common board fence, 
about three feet from it. Every autumn I 
place about a peck of compost, composed of 
barn-yard manure alone, around each bush, 
and in the spring spread it over the ground 
and spade it in, and keep the ground well hoed 
through the summer. 1 prune out the oldest 
wood every spring, (they are trained in the 
form of a bush with about six inches of clear 
trunk,) and pinch the straggling shoots during 
the season of growth. They have been set 
four years, and have borne enormous crops of 
very large sized berries every season, and en¬ 
tirely free from mildew. The varieties, White¬ 
smith and Crown Bob. Located as mine are, 
I consider mulching entirely useless, if they re¬ 
ceive proper attention otherwise; but cultivated 
in the ordinary manner, mulching would, no 
doubt, be useful.—R. B. Warren, Alabama , 
July 3, 1854. 
THE GUAVA. 
A Strawberry Question. —I wish to make 
the inquiry through the Rural in relation to 
the management of strawberries. I have two 
beds of line plants, mulched with spent tan- 
bark, which were set the first of August last, 
in hills 18 inches one way and one foot the 
other. I wish to preserve them in the hills 
thus set They have produced well considering 
the dry weather, and up to the present time, 1 
have kept the runners cut off. 1 wish to in¬ 
quire whether my plants will bear as well and 
as long by keeping the runners thus cut, as 
they will to let them run. 
From the appearance of my plants, I think 
the first of August the best time to set plants. 
By so doing, and covering them immediately 
with tan-bark, they commence growing vigor¬ 
ously, and get a good root before winter; 
there did not one plant of mine freeze out the 
past winter, whilst almost everything else suf¬ 
fered much by the cold, freezing weather.—A. 
F. Houi’T, Dryden, JY. Y., July 2, 1854. 
(Psidium Catlleyanum.) 
Tins graceful shrub is a native of the West 
Indies, and, where known, is esteemed as a 
beautiful ornamental window-plant Its nu¬ 
merous pendant branches are thickly covered 
with firm, glossy, dark-green foliage, presenting 
at all times a handsome‘appearance, but one 
especially attractive when full of the fine deep 
claret-colored berries it bears. This fruit is 
something of the consistence and flavor of the 
strawberry, though the kind that grows best in 
common rooms is of small size. Other species, 
by a special course of hot-house treatment, 
may be made to bear abundant fruit,—the ber¬ 
ries nearly as large as a hen’s egg, but of 
coarser texture and less delicate flavor. As 
far south as Philadelphia, they have sometimes 
been kept over in a cold grapery, and have 
then borne abundantly in common rooms, 
particular attention being given to watering 
the foliage, as well as the roots of the plant. 
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Strawberries and Cherries. —During the 
past three weeks we have been favored with 
abundant evidence of the adaptation of this 
region to the production and perfection of 
these choice fruits. Among other instances, 
the celebrated Nurserymen, Messrs. Ellwan- 
ger & Barry, demonstrated their enterprise 
and good culture—and a due appreciation of 
our taste —in furnishing us a liberal supply of 
certain choice varieties of the fruits named. 
01 Strawberries, the Bicton Pine , a very large, 
fine-flavored white berry, (of English origin,) 
and the Genesee and other seedlings, originated 
in their own grounds, were decidedly superior 
—an assertion which brother T. C. Peters, 
(the “Member from Genesee,”) who participa¬ 
ted in the feast, will fully endorse. The Cher¬ 
ries— including the Rockton Bigarreau, 
Knight's Early Black, and Elton —were also 
voted very fine in quality. Thanks to Messrs 
E. & B., and many other friends, who have 
kindly remembered us in similar manner. 
y J 
MILL^ 
But the Cattlcyanum will do well with the 
treatment usually given to house-plants. It is 
propagated by cuttings, by layers, or by ripe 
seeds planted before becoming dry. The pots 
should be filled with light, rich mould, and it 
is better to have them rather small—only re¬ 
moving to larger when they are full of roots 
—as the berries will be more abundant, and 
more likely to hang on until ripe. They are 
most fruitful when three or four years old, and 
ripen their berries better than when younger— 
but young and old require a temperature of 
not less than G0° to ripen them perfectly.— 
Growing plants require frequent watering, and 
we need not repeat that their glossy leaves 
should be kept free from dust to show their 
full beauty.— b. 
FRUIT IN THE NORTH-WEST. 
The Minnesota Pioneer contains a letter 
from G. C. Merrifield, a nurseryman at St. 
Paul’s, on the inability of fruit trees to stand 
the winters in that north-western Territory.— 
lie says, “I am satisfied that apples, pears, 
plums and the more hardy kinds of cherries 
may be grown successfully here without any 
protection; and that peaches, quinces, grapes, 
apricots, &c., may be cultivated with a little 
attention to their protection.” The young ap¬ 
ple trees, that suffered most from cold, were the 
Summer Queen, Ladies’ Sweeting, Carolina 
June, and Summer Rose. Among cherries, 
the Elton and Black Tartarian were injured.— 
Quinces were also somewhat injured. The 
chief precaution requisite is to shelter the plants 
from the sunshine. It is not, perhaps, general¬ 
ly known, that in proceeding westward, one 
can go gradually northwards, and still retain 
the same moderation of climate; and that in the 
western part of Minnesota the great meteoro¬ 
logical curve commences which carries a warm 
cljmate further to the north than has yet been 
explored. The agricultural capabilities of 
Pembina, on the Red River, in the Hudson 
Bay Territory, appear to be nearly the same 
as those of central Michigan. Probably, as 
Minnesota becomes better settled, fruit-grow¬ 
ing will become more certain; but we recom¬ 
mend our friends there to grow seedlings, es¬ 
pecially of peaches and quinces; and not to 
depend upon trees from southern latitudes. 
Destroying Mildew. —Marshall P. Wilder, 
in a communication to the Journal of Agri¬ 
culture, speaking of mildew on grapes, green¬ 
house plants, and elsewhere, says : 
“ We have for more than fifteen years used 
sulphur for this purpose, and in no instance 
has it failed to effect a speedy cure. We have 
known instances where mildew, in the space of 
a few days, would spread its sporules over a 
large rose-house, destroying nearly all the foli¬ 
age of the plants, but by the use of sulphur 
spread on the walks and over the plauts, it was 
extirpated in a very short period.’ 
The Grapery. —Keep the soil light around 
the roots of grape vines. If the ground 
around them has been mulched previously, so 
much the better. If the bunches hang very 
thick, take out every other one. Punch off the 
new shoots to prevent the formation of too 
much wood; it will improve the fruit. If the 
vines are infested with the aphis, dust gypsum 
of ashes over them, when the dew is on in the 
morning .—Soil of the South. 
etjntmc gals, &t. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
Issued from the United States Patent Office, 
For the week ending July 4,1854. 
Galusha J. Bundy, Lyndon, Vt., for improve¬ 
ment in potato diggers. 
Henry G. Bulkley, Kalamazoo, for improve¬ 
ment in the construction of salt evaporators. 
Aury G. Coes, \V 01 cester, for improvement in 
screw wrenches. 
(1 hos. Cox, Lancaster, Pa., for Improved ma¬ 
chine for bending felloes. 
A. S. T. Copeland, Pittsburg, for improved 
mechanism for operating saw-mill carriages. 
Archibald II. Crosier, Oswego, for improved 
machine for creasing and leveling barrels. 
Thus. \V. Currier, Lawrence, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in sofas, crib bedsteads, &c. 
James A. Cutting, Boston, for improvement in 
preparation ot collodion for photographic pic¬ 
tures. 
Dexter Dennis, Barre, Mass., for improvement 
in finishing palm leal hats. Ante-dated Janu¬ 
ary 4, 1854. 
C. II. Eisenbrandt, Baltimore, for improved 
valve for wind musical instruments. 
William Finkle, Cole Creek, Ind., for mill¬ 
stone dress. 
Robert II. Forbes, Boston, for improvement 
in lightning rods for vessels. 
Joseph Frey and D. B. Burnham, Battle 
Creek, Mich., for submarine battery. 
Hernan Gardiner, New Y ork, for improvement 
in quartz crushers. 
1 homas Green, Philadelphia, for improve¬ 
ment in steam boilers. 
FLOWERS AND PERFUMERY. 
PEACH BLOSSOMS. 
In trimming a row of peach trees yesterday 
(May 17,) set to answer the purposes of a 
hedge to shelter the north-west side of the gar¬ 
den, we found the limbs quite near the ground 
in lull blossom, and one limb which had grown 
into the midst of a thick quince bush, was also 
in bloom, while every other branch on the tree 
had not only not blossomed, but was nearly 
dead. The branch in the quince bush was 
four feet from the ground. Several other 
branches were at about the same distance up, 
but unprotected, and the bark shriveled and 
tough, und had no signs of blossom or leaf. 
lias any person ever attempted to protect 
branches of the peach tree by bringing them 
together in the autumn, and covering them 
with matting or protecting them in any way, 
other than by snow? The fruit is certainly 
worth a good deal of an effort to ensure its 
safety.— JY. E. Farmer. 
AVe have known numerous instances where 
protection of a similar character, evidently not 
increasing the temperature of the air in tiie 
slightest degree, has saved the buds of the 
peach. This protection has been always found 
more efficient when placed on the south-east 
side of the tree, which has led to the erroneous 
opinion that east wind produced the destruc¬ 
tion of the buds. The true explanation is lo 
be found in the influence of the morning sun 
on the frozen buds; a shelter from which will 
not unfrequcntly save the crop. Hence the 
efficiency of evergreen boughs; which are pe¬ 
culiarly efficient as a shade, at the same time 
that they possess none of the moisturc-retainim-- 
qualities of a straw covering. Where ever¬ 
green trees are abundant, the peach crop might 
doubtless be often saved by a screen, covering 
the top of the tree .—Country Gent. 
An approximation to a correct idea of the 
importance of perfumery as an article of com¬ 
merce may be formed, when it is stated that 
one of the large perfumers of Grasse, in France, 
employs annually 10,000 lbs. of orange blos¬ 
soms, 00,000 lbs. of cassie flowers, 54,000 lbs. 
of violet flowers, 20,000 lbs. of tuberoses, 16,- 
000 lbs. of lilac flowers, besides rosemary, mint, 
lavender, thyme, lemon, orange, and other odor¬ 
ous plants, in like the proportion. Flowers 
yield perfumes in all climates, but those grow¬ 
ing in the warmer latitudes are, it seems, the 
most prolific in their odor, while those from 
the colder are sweetest Though many of the 
finest perfumes come from the East* Indies, 
Ceylon, Mexico and Peru, the south of Europe 
is the only real garden of utility to the perfu¬ 
mer. Grasse and Nice are the principal seats 
of the art. From their geographical position, 
the grower, within comparatively short distance, 
has at command that change of climate most 
applicable to bring to perfection the plants re¬ 
quired for his trade. On the sea coast his cas¬ 
sie grows without fear of frost, one night of 
which would destroy all the plants for a season; 
while nearer the Alps, violets are found sweet¬ 
er than if grown in the warmer situations where 
the orange tree and the mignonette bloom to 
perfection. England, however, can claim the 
superiority in the growth of lavender and pep¬ 
permint; the essential oils extracted from these 
plants grown at Mitcham, in Surrey, realize 
eight times the price in the market of those 
produced in France or elsewhere, and are fully 
worth the difference for delicacy of odor. 
Leaves of Geraniums. —Galignani’s Messen¬ 
ger says:—It is not generally known that the 
ieaves of the geranium are an excellent appli¬ 
cation for cuts, where the skin is rubbed off, 
mid other wounds of that kind. One or two 
leaves must be bruised and applied on linen to 
the part, and the wound will become cicatrized 
in a very short time. 
.Levi Parker, of Wilmington, states that 
pines and other evergreen trees pruned in the 
latter part of May or early in June will not 
bleed or be injured by the operation of prun¬ 
ing. lie has tested them by many trials. 
domestic feiumro. 
MAKING BREAD. 
The Rhode Island Society for the Promo¬ 
tion of Industry gave the first premium on 
bread to Mrs. Hiram Hill, of Providence.— 
The following is Mrs. Hill’s recipe for making 
the bread exhibited by her: 
For two loaves of the ordinary size take two 
potatoes, pare them, slice them very thin, aud 
boil quick, until quite soft, then mush to a fine 
pulp, and add little by little, two quarts of boil¬ 
ing water, stirring until a starch is formed; let 
this cool, and then add one-third of a cup of 
yeast. This forms the “ sponge,” which should 
remain in a moderately warm place for ten or 
twelve hours, or “ over night,” until it is light 
and frothy, even if a little sour it is of no con¬ 
sequence. When the “sponge” is ready, add 
flour, and work it in until you have formed a 
stiff, firm mass. The longer and more firmly 
this is kneaded, the better the bread. 
Let the kneaded mass remain say from half 
to three-quarters of an hour to rise,’then divide 
into pans, where it should remain say fifteen 
minutes, care being taken that it does not rise 
too much and crack, then put the loaves into 
a quick oven and bake, say three-quarters of 
an hour. If the oven is not hot enough the 
bread will rise and crack, if too hot the surface 
will harden too rapidly aud confine the loaf.— 
Monmouth Farmer. 
California Sugar-Plants. —The alluvial 
amis of the Colorado are highly fertile—vege¬ 
tation rapid—the products of the soil, which 
contaiu saccharine matter, are furnished in a 
greater proportion than is usually found in oth¬ 
er places. From the bark of a small hard 
reed, the Indians procure sugar. Many vari¬ 
eties of bulbous roots contain a large propor¬ 
tion of sugar. Honey dews are frequent and 
abundant. 1 have seen willow groves cut 
down by the Indians, for the purpose of ob¬ 
taining the boughs and leaves, which they 
wash in water, and then by boiling, or evapo¬ 
rating the water, procure a“ sweet and pleasant 
syrup. The mescal, “ Agave Americana,” for 
two or three months of the year, furnishes the 
natives with a sweet and nutritious food.— 
The Mesquite, a variety of the Melianthus, 
produces a bean in great abundance, from 
which they prepare a sweet and palatable 
flour. The pumpkins and melons grown upon 
the banks of the river are very superior, and j 
marked for flavor and sweetness.— Pacific. ' 
How TO GET THE REAL FLAVOR OF COFFEE. 
—In Knighton’s “ Forest Life in Ceylon,” are 
the loilowing hints on the preparation of coffee, 
derived from long experience: The subtle aro¬ 
ma which resides in the essential oil of the coffee 
berry, is gradually dissipated after roasting, 
aud ol course still more after being ground. In 
order to enjoy the full flavor in perfection, the 
berry should pass at once from the roasting pan 
to the mill, and thence to the coffee-pot, and 
again, after having been made, should lie mixed 
when almost at boiling heat, with the hot milk. 
It must be very bad coffee indeed, which, if 
these precautions be taken, will not afford an 
agreeable and exhilarating drink. 
Joel Gleason, Geneva, for improvement in 
milk strainers. 
John R. Hague, Pittsburg, for improvement 
in machinery tor punching rivet holes in hose. 
Wm. C. Hibbard, Boston, for improvement for 
regulating tiie motion of steam boilers. 
Enoch Hiddon, New York, for improvement 
in reading and writing stands. 
Fenton Humphrey, Booritan, N. J., for im¬ 
provement in spike machines. 
Samuel Ide, East Shelby, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in seed planters. 
Joshua K. Ingalls, Williamsburg, N. Y., for 
improved catch for vault covers. 
Philip II. Keck, Morgantown, Va., for im¬ 
provement in wash-boards. 
. Jus. l‘\ Laird, Philadelphia, for improvement 
m ore stamping machines. 
Jos. Leeds, Philadelphia, for improvement in 
controlling draft in brick and lime kilns. 
Win. Henry Muntz, Norton, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in paddle-wheels. 
John A. Pitts, Buffalo, for improvement in 
horse-powers. 
. Ben. Severson, Philadelphia, for improvement 
in cast-iron car-wheels. 
, J°jin S. Speights, Baltimore, for improvement 
in brick-kilns. 
M. J. Wheeler, G. W. Rogers, H. W. Pierce, 
and M. B. Tidey, Dundee, hi. Y., for improved 
leveling plane. 
Jerome 13. Young, Harper’s Ferry, for impro¬ 
ved mode in hanging bells. 
Wm. H. Poindexter, Fayette County, Team, 
administrator dc bonis non of John R. Reming¬ 
ton, deceased, late of Macon County, Ala., for 
improvement in cement compounds. 
Henry Burt, Newark, N. J., assignor to the 
Newark Patent Hosiery Company, of the same 
place, lor improvement in knitting machines. 
lhos. Drayton, Brooklyn, assignor to G. W. 
McCfeady, Jr., of New York, for improvement 
in purifying oils. 
” m. Butterfield, Boston, assignor to himself 
and Edgar M. Stevens, of same place, for im¬ 
provement in sewing machines. 
Solomon W. Ruggles, Fitchburg, Mass., as¬ 
signor to himself, Artemas R. Smith, and Jos. O. 
Austin, of same place, for improvement in self¬ 
acting cheese-presses. 
J no. Taggart, of Roxbury, assignor to himself 
and Richard Pitts, ot Dorchester, Mass., for im¬ 
proved machine for excavating earth. 
RE-ISSUES. 
John J. Greenough, New York, for improve¬ 
ment in machines for pegging boots and shoes. 
Patented Jan. 17, 1854. 
James Hults, Berlin Township, Ohio, for im¬ 
provement in gun-locks. Patented May 16, ’54. 
TIIE GREAT COAL FIELDS. 
Heap the coal into the furnaces. Turn it 
into gas. Construe it into auy form for fuel 
or for light. There is no danger that the race 
can exhaust it. The old folks used to fret for 
fear the woods would give out, and the world 
in its last days go chattering and shivering to 
bed with.cold. But, packed away between 
the rocks, yet so near the surface as easily to 
and Illinois to the Mississippi, and occupies an 
area that could scarcely be crowded within the 
boundaries of Illinois, — say 55,000 square 
miles. Then underlying the oak-openings and 
rolling prairies of Michigan is another field of 
12,000 square miles. Still another grand field, 
which Professor Owen sets down at 50,000 
square miles, finds its southern boundary on a 
line parallel to the Osage River, and its north¬ 
ern in a latitude in Iowa, as high as Albany. 
Then there are fields found in 'Texas, New 
Mexico, Kansas, and Nebraska, and doubtless 
further sureys will show them in the Great Ba¬ 
sin, and on both the sloping sides of the Rocky 
Mountain range. President Hitchcock, saying 
nothing of these west of the Missouri fields^ 
reckons an area of coal fields within the spaces 
we have designated of more than 225,000 
square miles. Twenty-eight States like Massa¬ 
chusetts might be built on its broad founda¬ 
tions; and if the average thickness of the beds 
were put at 50 feet—a moderate estimate, eve¬ 
ry miner will say—the coal of the United 
States would be a body equal to three and a 
half millions of cubic miles! Pity that, with 
such treasures under our feet, we should have 
to pay five and six dollars for enough to boil 
our tea-kettle for a month. But if Europe 
continues to send us men so plenty to work 
these mines, and Yankees continue to invest 
their money in the machinery to do what un¬ 
aided men cannot, we shall soon have enough 
of it,, at rates “ within the reach of the poorest” 
— JY. Y. Tribune. 
AN OHIO NOVELTY. 
Up in Bryan, Williams Co., Ohio—in the 
town—there is a novelty which is rarely to be 
exceeded in curiosity anywhere. All over the 
village the people are favored with natural 
fountains. The Item thus describes the novel¬ 
ty: 
It is supposed that there is an underground 
lake, at the depth of some forty or fifty feet, 
of considerable extent, as water has been found 
when bored for, for several miles around. This 
is also apparent from the fact, that every new 
well that is bored affects the strength of oth¬ 
ers in its immediate vicinity, until its stream is 
elevated by means of a stock to an equal height 
The amount of water discharged by these 
fountains, however, is not proportionate or 
equal — they vary considerably in different 
parts of the town, the strongest one being gen¬ 
erally east of Main street. The water can be 
raised in proportion to the stream Forced up. 
There are several that fill a two-inch auger 
hole at the height of eight feet above the sur¬ 
face of the earth, and the others issue a some¬ 
what smaller stream to the height of twelve or 
fifteen feet. Some of the larger ones frequent¬ 
ly throw up fish, and we are told that there is 
a very strong fountain about a mile east of 
this place, in which fish of a blackish color, of 
the length of three inches, have been seen. 
The work of procuring water is simple and 
easy. There are seldom any stones met with, 
to obstruct the course of the auger, and but 
one or two days are required usually to sink a 
well, of five or six inches in circumference,— 
the necessary depth. AVater is found at an 
average depth of 42 feet. The auger passes 
through a loose saiid until it strikes what is 
called “ a hard pan,” a bed of solid blue clay, 
of from two to three feet in thickness, and of 
such a nature that it requires a drill to pene¬ 
trate it. Immediately below this “ hard pan ” 
lies the water embedded, it is supposed, in 
quicksand, as for some days, in some instances 
weeks, large quantities of fine white sand are 
ejected by the water, but the stream finally be¬ 
comes pure and clear and no sand is afterwards 
seen. 
No season or state of the water has an ef¬ 
fect upou these living fountains—nor drought 
nor flood can change their currents—they are 
ever the same—their source is inexhaustible, 
and therefore they cannot fail. 
IMPROVED LIFTING JACKS. 
Three applications for patents for improve¬ 
ments on lifting-jacks have recently been made 
by Robert AY. Genung, of Blooming Grove, 
J ohn Jenkins, of Monroe, and Dubois & Smith, 
of Craigsville, all in New York State. The 
improvement of the first relates to making the 
lever capable of being adjusted so as to be 
thrown in and out of contact with the rack- 
bar, and retaining it securely in its place after 
be leached, lie millions of cords ot fuel that j being adjusted, by providing the bearings with 
Soda Drinkino. —An immense quantity of 
soda water is required in cities, during the’hot 
season, to meet the calls at almost every cor¬ 
ner. It is possible, and we believe not very 
uncommon, to use it to excess, and produce 
difficulties not easily remedied. A few glasses 
a-day are about as much as the stomach can 
well bear; but when a gobletful is swallowed 
every half hour, on a warm day, the habit be¬ 
comes a vice, and the health must suffer. Too 
much of a good thing, whether of soda water 
or lobster salad, is worse than none at alL 
have been seasoning “from the beginning.”_ 
He who takes care of Know-Nothings and 
Irishmen alike, just as if both were fit to live, 
when he gave the earth’s surface for their hab¬ 
itation, did not omit to dig a cellar and put 
coal enough in to outlast all who would ever 
want it. This cellar reaches from the polar 
circle to the tropic of Cancer, and for almost 
every apartment of our house of many gables 
there is a door and stair-case to reuch it. 
More than 15,000,000 tons are annually dug 
from their five great deposits, and consumed in 
England and Ireland. From the 250 mines of 
Belgium, in 1837, there were taken 1,500,000 
tons of anthracite and bituminous coals. Aud 
the fields of it that underlie our continent are 
far beyond all the exhaustive powers of our 
race as it iti possible to exist here for centuries. 
AVe have been struck with the immensity of 
these fields, even so far as they are now known, 
s 
Outline of the Geology of the Globe. Begin¬ 
ning at the north-east, there are 10,000 square 
miles of it, embracing the whole of Nova Sco¬ 
tia and much of New Brunswick. A deposit 
is found in theJeouth-eastern part of Massachu¬ 
setts and in Rhode Island, not yet much wank¬ 
ed, bat covering an area of 500 square miles. 
The great Appalachian bed, starting in Reun- 
sylvania, embraces iu its south-western reach 
much of Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, runs 
nearly across Tetuitusee, and spreads iu three 
sections, like the tail of a prodigious whale, 
across the centre of Alabama Its length is 
720 miles, its area 100,000 square miles. An¬ 
other field reaches from far south of the Ohio 
into Kentucky, north-westward across Indiana 
a curved slot, and two semicircular fulcrum 
rests, for the purpose of allowing the rack-bar 
to descend freely after it has been raised to the 
proper height. 
That of the second consists in providing the 
standard with adjusting notches on its front 
side and ratchet teeth on its back side, iu com¬ 
bination with the adjustable lever, having a 
fulcrum and pawl attached to it, so as to be set 
for elevating carriages to different heights. 
The other relates to a mode of making the 
fulcrum of the lever adjustable, to suit" car¬ 
riages of different heights, und also making the 
seat of the lever self-adjusting when the weight 
of the carriage comes upon it.— Sci. Am. 
Parer in Great Britain. —The proprietors 
of a leading London journal offer to pay to any 
person who shall first succeed in inventing or 
discovering the means of using a cheap substi¬ 
tute for the cotton and linen materials now 
used by paper makers, the sum of $5,000.— 
VVe trust the appeal may be successful 'There 
is a great scarcity of paper at the present time. 
Stationers are at their wits’ end to supply 
orders, and newspaper proprietors in a state of 
apprehension at the enhanced value of an arti¬ 
cle which has risen nearly 25 per cent.— En¬ 
glish paper. 
The Boston Atlas, in an elaborate article 
upon the vast extent of the leather manufac¬ 
tures of Massachusetts, says:—“To give an 
idea of the magnitude of this branch of trade 
it will be sufficient to state that Massachusetts 
makes every year very nearly tw r o pairs of 
shoes for every man, woman aud child, iu the 
United States. ’ 
