VOLUME V. NO. 34. S 
Itrnt’s 1ml |)t!»-g«Iien 
A QUARTO WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary, and Family Newspaper 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. KOOKE, 
ASSISTKD BY 
.TOSKPn HARRIS, in the Practical Department: 
EDWARD WEBSTER, in the Literary and News Dep’ts. 
Corresponding Editors: 
J. H. Bixby, —H. C. White, —T. E. Wetmore. 
The Rural Nkw-Yorkkr is designed to be unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Vaiuq, Purity 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical 
Subjects connected with the business of those whose in¬ 
terests it advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsome engrav¬ 
ings, than any other paper published in this Country,— 
rendering it a complete Agricultural, Literary and 
Family Newspaper. 
tTW“ For Terms, &c., rkk last page. JEt 
Haitlis 
—J ! 1, a 
i 
Progress and Improvement. 
CHEESE-MAKING,— NO. 3. 
We are inclined to think that the reason 
. wliy the English cheese-makers object to rais¬ 
ing the temperature of the milk after the ren¬ 
net is added, is owing to the fact that they 
have no convenient apparatus for the purpose. 
We have spent some time in the best cheese 
districts of England, and a few weeks since vis¬ 
ited some of our cheese-makers in the northern 
counties of this State, and must say that their 
arrangements are far superior to anything we 
have before seen. The “ cheese-tub” is made 
of tin, and is placed in a wooden frame, so fixed 
that it'ean be surrounded by hot or cold water 
as desired. The evening’s inilk is strained into 
this tin, as it is brought in warm from the 
cows; and the tin is surrounded with cold wa¬ 
ter. In this way the milk keeps sweet till 
morning, even during the hottest weather.— 
The morning’s milk is added to the cooled eve¬ 
ning’s milk, and warm water poured round the 
tin till the milk has attained the proper tem¬ 
perature at which to add the rennet. There is 
some difference of opinion as to what is the 
proper temperature. Some add the rennet 
where the milk is no higher than 78°, and oth¬ 
ers not till it is as high as 90°. The curd gen¬ 
erally comes in from 30 to 40 minutes. Short¬ 
ly afterwards, the curd is cut up with a “ cheese- 
breaker,” and then the temperature is gradual¬ 
ly raised by pouring warm water round the tin. 
About two hours is occupied in thus breaking 
up the curd and “ scalding ” it. The tempera¬ 
ture to which the whey and curd is thus raised 
differs materially, some dairies we visited “scald¬ 
ing” as high as 110°, and others no higher 
than 9G°. From 90° to 100° would be about 
the average. 
Alter being kept at this “scalding” tempera¬ 
ture for about an hour, the whey is separated 
from the curd. This is accomplished as fol¬ 
lows: A lattice frame-work is fitted into a sink, 
from which the whey can ran to the desired 
receptacle. On the frame is placed a large 
cloth, with the edges hanging over the sides of 
the sink. The whey and curd is dipped on to 
the cloth, the whey running through to the 
hog cistern, while the curd remains in the 
cloth. This is a vast improvement on the Eng¬ 
lish method of separating the whey—allowing 
the curd to settle, and dipping the whey from 
the top, &c. A little cold water is poured on 
to the curd to keep it from packing. Some 
prefer to cool whey and curd together, by put¬ 
ting cold water round the tin. When the 
whey is drawn away, the curd is broken up fine 
and settled. It is then put in the cheese-hoop 
and pressed for 24 hours. When taken out, 
they are banduged, and a little whey, butter 
and annotta rubbed over them. They are 
then taken t6 the cheese room, where, for the 
first week or two, they are turned every day. 
Baiting and pressing are done very different- 
ly in the Cheshire cheese district of England 
from our way. After the curd is separated 
from the whey, it is put under a hand press for 
an hour or two, and as much of the whey ex¬ 
pressed from it as possible previous to salting. 
When taken from under the hand press, it is 
broken up very fine—liner than with us—and 
salted. When we consider that to preserve — 
cheese, it is necessary that all the whey or oth¬ 
er liquid which it contains should be saturated 
with salt, it would seem to be desirable that 
the curd when salted should contain as little li¬ 
quid as possible. Certain it is that a less quan¬ 
tity of salt would be sufficient to prevent all 
decomposition or change o'fj ‘elements in the 
cheese, when added to a dry curd, than when 
mixed with a curd containing much whey or 
other liquid. We believe, therefore, that, in 
this respect, the English practice is the best.— 
Again, the Cheshire dairymen press their 
cheese much longer than we do. They put but 
a slight pressure on the cheese at first, and af¬ 
ter it has been under the press about twelve 
hours, it is taken out and perforated with a 
wooden skewer. This is done to open chan¬ 
nels for the exudation of the whey. It. is then 
put under the press again, and an increased 
weight put upon it. It is frequently kept un¬ 
der gradually increasing pressure for two or 
three days. It is taken out, turned, skewered, 
and a dry, clean cloth put around it two or 
three times and pressed till no more whey ex¬ 
udes to wet the cloth. This is very different 
from the practice adopted here, where the 
cheese is placed under an immense pressure at 
once, and finished off,without turning, skewering, 
| <fcc., in 24 hours. It is the “scalding” process 
which enables the American cheese-makers to 
dispense with so much pressure. We are in- agate. halton. frantic. 
clmed to think, however, if we were to “scald” ME, CHAPMAN’S SHORT-HORN BULL “HALTON,” AND IMPOETED HEIFERS “AC-ATE” AND “FRANTIC.” 
less, and press out more of the whey before 
starting, break up finer, and press langcr and • ~ ~ 
not so heavily at first, our cheeses would keep Among those who are devoting special at- Mr. Chapman is an enterprising and skillful Agate— Roan, calved Dec. 6, 1850, bred by 
better and have a finer and more cheesy flavor j tention to the breeding and rearing of Impro- breeder and stock-husbandman, and we are Robt. Bell, Mosbro’ Hall, Rainford, Lancashire, 
* * I t Hi 1 • ii • . A f c\ -y n f ^ 1 -T-. ATT, V.~ ~ A„ 1 "Rncrlnml. r> r.rnTHirfxr Hon Veil 
||iP^ 
ini 
_ t t _ved Stock in this country, Mr. S. P. Chapman, gl&d to know his efforts are being adequately England, the property of Geo. ^ ail, of lroy, 
r nS o np YiTunppv TV ww Pimm of Clockville, Madison Co., N. Y., is attaining rewarded. For the information of those wish- ^ and S ; p - Chapman, Mount Pleasant 
J . . * L 4 * considerable prominence and an euv&ible rap- ing to see his fine stock, we will add that Mr. Clockville, Madison Co., N. Y; got by 
The organic portion of all food is composed utation. His herd comprises several superior O. resides six miles from Canastota, which is on * l ‘ ke 01 11 da ' n ^ Anil L ] 
of four elements, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, specimens of the celebrated Bates’ breed of the N. Y. Central Railroad. , eC ,^ , , Ja ’ ' ° na ,0 ‘ l J 
and carbon. When food is eaten by animals, Short-horns, including the group of “repre- 
the greater portion of the carbon and the oxy- sentative animals” portrayed in the accompa- above represented : 
gen and hydrogen is burnt in the lungs, aud nying engraving. “ Halton” is a very superior Halton, (11552)—Red roan, calved August Fraxtio —Roan, calved September 3, 1850, 
converted into carbonic acid and water, and animal, and was awarded the first prize by the 22 > 1847, bred by Geo. Vail, Esq., of Troy, N. bred by Robt. Bell, Musbro’ Hall, Rainford, 
expelled from the body in the breath and per- N. Y. State Ag. Society, in 1851, in class of Y ” tbe P ro P ert y of S - P - Chapman, Mount Plea- England, the property of Geo. Vail, Troy, N. Y., 
spiration. But what becomes of the nitrogen? “ Foreign Stock,”-being then owned and ex- “ nt f^ ckvi11 *; Co 'I.; got and S P. Chapman Mount Pleasant Farm, 
T. • ,, , „ . „ ° ijLUpi IT a _ . n e w™rl b y Meteor 104, (11811,) dam [Lady Barring- Clockville, Madison Co., IS. Y.; got by Fourth 
U is now well known lhat the value of manure tab.t«db 7 lion. Adam F^csok. of Wood- ^ WJ b ckv(dand Lad , ^ d . [ud DuU of York> (1M67>) I Fourth 
,3 m proportion to the nitrogen It contains, Ml. C. W. Agate and f rantic were, .m- Barrington 2d] by Belvedere (1706,) gr. g. d. Duke of Northumberland. (3649.) g J <l.[Fidget] 
and it is therefore important to determine ported last season — are of the Bates stock, [Lady Barrington] by a son of Herdsman, (304.) by Second Earl of Darlington, (1945,) gr. t. d 
“1ST Y Central Railroad Second Cleveland Lad, (3408,) g. d. [Annabclla] 
We' annex the PedL'es of the animals ^y Duke of Cleveland, (1937,) gr.g.d. [Acomh] 
annex me i entrees ot the animals b Belveder6j ( >70 6,)_a cow bought of Mr. 
ove represented : Bates. 
what proportion of the nitrogen of the food is and deeply bred in the blood of Mr. B.’s cele- —[Young Alicia] by Wonderful (TOO,) [Alicia] [Fletcher] by a son of Young Wynyard. (2859,) 
destroyed or lost to the farm, in passing through brated Duchess bulls. by Alfred (23,)—by Young Favorite (6994.) —descended from J. Brown’s Old Red Bull, ( 97 .) 
the body of an animal. Mr. S. W. Johnson, -— 1 -——'- 1 - L - ' -- ' - — n _ ■ - ■■ ■ 
who is now pursuing his chemical studies at in the above extract—aud we are satisfied that made its appearance. In the August number HOW TO BUILD AN ICE-IIOLSE. 
Munich, with the celebrated Liebig, translates by careful preservation of the manure, it need of the Working Farmer, Mr. Mapes apolo- - 
for the Country Gentleman, “ a paper issued not exceed this. gizes for the delay on account of sickness.— Friend Moore : —Occasionally I see in your 
by the Directors of the Ag. Experimental These results have a most important bearing He is very unwell, and had but just strength P a P er a for constructing an ice-house, but 
Station at Moeckern,” from which we make ou the question of plowing under clover, in- enough to call us “a blister on the agricultn- : 113 none °f them is so cheaply and easily cor- 
the following extract bearing on this point: stead of converting it into hay, and consuming ral press,” Well, calling us hard names does structed 83 m }’ own > ^Ith your permission I 
“The favorable inlluer of • , it on the farm. As we have said before, it is not disturb our equanimity. Having waited pa- w hl g* v e you directions for building one, so 
by the Directors of the Ag. Experimental 
Station at Moeckern,” from which we make 
the following extract bearing on this point: 
[Fletcher] by a son of Young "W*ynyard, (2859,) 
—descended from J. Brown’s Old Red Bull, (97.) 
DOW TO BUILD AN ICE-IIOUSE. 
Friend Moore :—Occasionally I see in your 
“The favorable influence of rape or linseed- UttVC uclure > “ xiavujg waueu pa- . 6— 
cake upon the quality of the manure furnished the uitro g cn of cIover which constitutes its tiently from May till August for some show of readily and cheaply that ice should be felt to 
by foddered animals in a high degree deserves ? reat vaIu e—the large quantity of carbon and a reply and been disappointed, it is some con- be within the reach of all. 
regard, because of all the kinds of feed these hydrogen of the clover being unquestionably solution to find that we have succeeded in Make a box eight feet square, by nailing 
are the richest in nitrogen, that ingredient which of no chemical or manurial value to a wheat blistering the Professor’s well stuffed epider- hemlock plauks which are two inches thick, on 
chiefly determines the value of manure. By crop—and as the loss of this valuable element mis. We presume the “ blister ” has had a ben- to hemlock scantling. Let one side of the box 
direct chemical investigation of manures, we is only one-sixth, it is easy to calculate whether eficial effect, for we observe that “Professor be seven feet high, and the side directly oppo- 
have found that when oil-cake is fed to animals the feeding value of the clover will or will not Mapes ” was at the New York Farmers’ Club, site ten feet high. This gives a roof eight feet 
in small quantity e. g. as drink during winter compensate for it and the additional expense on the 15th inst, giving a lecture on “top long, wilh a slant of three feet. It is well to 
feeding, when the animal was only kept in good 0 f preserving and hauling back the manure, dressing,” and puffing his “ Improved Super- have the roof boards extend over the sides of 
t r (!g e n °or i g i 11 a l'ly coiUained'te ^tl^e^oT^ c^ket" tbrow out hints for consideration, phosphate of Lime" as vigorously as ever. the box. Double boarding with hemlock 
lost in its passage through the animal, and by 
hoping to take up the subject at a future time. 
The Practical Fanner, of July 29, has a J makes a sufficient roof. Set this box on the 
very wordy article on this controversy, in which, j top of the ground, in a dry and shady place, 
the fermentation and decay of the manure in - " U ‘ U J aiu \ IC uu comruveray, in wnicn, j top ot me ground, in a dry and sbady 
the stable; accordingly 5-6 of the manure-value MR. MAPES’ PAMPHLET AND SUPPLEMENT, however, there is nothing we have not already 1 where surface water will uot accumulate, 
of the oil-cake remain available. When the ~ fully answered. It concludes by saying—“Here, planks are needed on the bottom of the box, 
oil-cake has been fed in larger quantity to fat- N . 1 ecember number of his paper Mr. we leave the subject, with no one unkind feeling but sawdust must be placed on the ground in¬ 
toning animals, besides the former loss, a por- 1 A . r “' instead ol replying to some articles towards our opponent in this controversy— our side the box to the depth of one foot, and over 
tion of its nitrogen remains in the body of the wluch bad a PP ea red in several agricultural friend we hope to claim him on all occasions ” this place loose boards for the ice to lie 
animal, in the flesh, and perhaps also more may P a P ers speaking disparagingly of “ Mapes’ Im- Q ue thing is most manifest in respect to this Cut the cakes of ice two feet square, and 
escape from the manure through more rapid de- proved Superphosphate of Lime,” promised controversy, either that Mapes has drawn nn a tower of ie.o six foot smmre in 
u.umu., m mu lies 11 , aim peruaps aiso more may “F—“b Uue thing is most manifest in respect to this Cut the cakes of ice two feet square, and build 
escape from the manure through more rapid de- proved Superphosphate of Lime,” promised controversy, either that Mates has drawn up a tower of ice six feet square in the centre of 
cay but always under such circumstances, 3 4 ' that he would “shortly publish in pamphlet a statement he knew to be essentially false, your box, (or ice-house, we will now call it,) 
"" remain 1111 ie ma,iure ‘ * 0,m t be certificates ot those who have used it, and induced his men to swear to it; or Harris by laying the cakes compactly together, and 
It is very evident that there is little nitro- which will forever put at rest the illiberal is an “ unmitigated wholesale manufacturer of j filling all crevices with sawdust as you proceed 
gen necessarily lost in consuming food by aui- doubts and mis-statements trumpeted before falsehood”-a “ pretty extensive liar.” If Mr. We have now a six feet cubic of ice, with a 
muls. Not one-sixth “is lost in its passage the readers of the C ountry Gentleman, Gen- King, the editor of the Practical Farmer, apace of one foot all around between the ice 
through the animal, and by the fermentation esee Farmer, &e.” This pamphlet has never believes the latter, he would hardlv wish to and plauks. Fill this space with sawdust, 
and decay of the manure in the stable:’ We made its appearance. claim Harris as his “friend on all occasions and cover the top of the ice with the same 
ia\e experimental results of our own which in- In an article in the Rural of May 6th, we and if he believes the former to be true, he eighteen inches deep, aud you have ice enough 
dicate that in fattening sheep there is as much fouud it necessary to bring some very serious may well feel aggrieved that we called Mates secured to last a large family through the sea- 
mtrogen m the manure as in the food consum- charges against the science and morality of editor of the Practical Farmer, or referred to son. The upper three feet of the side which 
ed minus the small quantity retained in the Mr. Mates. Instead of immediately replying him ^ in any way editorially connected with it- is ten feet high, should not be boarded up, but 
increase ot the animal. AV e ha\e been in the to our plain statement of tacts, he promised to ^ ; s hardly to be supposed, however, that Mr. 1°^ for ventilation, and a place of access to the 
a nt of estimating, for practical purposes, that publish, “at an early date, a supplement King intended tacitly to admit that he doubted ice, and this aperture may be enlarged as cou- 
one pound of nitrogen in the food would give to his paper which should “renderMr. Harris M r. Mates’ veracity; and we cannot but think venience may require while using the ice, and 
a pound ot ammonia in the manure. (See last iucit tor all future time. Mouth after month the sentence claiming “ an extensive liar ” as a for more conveniently filling in. About 800 
volume of the Wool Grower, page 95.) This have we looked for the promised supplement « f nend on aU occasians ; was penned by mis- feet of lumber will be required, and the merest 
is a loss of about one-sixth—the same as given in vain. Like the pamphlet, it has uot yet take.— j. il tyro in the use of tools, can make it Fresh 
