MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
MOLOGICMi GOSSIP. 
NO. I.-FRUIT GARDENS AMONG FARMERS. ' 
Now that there may be said to be almost a 
mania in this country about everything per¬ 
taining to the cultivation of fruit, there is no < 
fear that the readers of Agricultural and Hor¬ 
ticultural journals will tire ot the subject, at 
least until the tide of “ popular opinion sets in 
some other direction. Everything that is writ¬ 
ten upon the Garden however crude it may , 
be, is read with avidity. Still there is a large 
class of people in this country who are yet in¬ 
different to the subject, not that they dislike 
good fruit, or would object to having a fruit 
garden in full bearing set down upon upon 
their premises, but because they are too indo¬ 
lent or avaricious to do it themselves, or else 
that the task of procuring and setting fruit 
trees more than overbalances, in their minds, 
the good derived from them. 
The inhabitants of our cities and villages 
have enlisted in the matter with commendable 
zeal, und thousands of beautiful gardens are 
springing up as if by magic, thousands of homes 
are rendered more attractive, and thousands ot 
hearts beat happier. This class need no word 
of encouragement 
It is in the rural districts that we discover 
the greatest deticiency in those adornings 
which increase the delights and attractions of 
home, and here a new impulse is needed to se¬ 
cure to country homes as beautiful fruit and 
ornamental gardens as adorn our cities and 
villages. We would create and encourage a 
taste for the beautiful in the country, as well 
as in the town. 
One great objection which is urged by far¬ 
mers generally against improvements of this 
kind, is the want of time. They would like 
all these things if they only had time to attend 
to them. 
But this is not a valid objection. There are 
very few farmers that cannot devote fifteen 
minutes daily to the cultivation of a fruit gar¬ 
den, yet that will suffice to keep a moderate 
sized one in a thriving condition. Another 
objection is the trouble and expense of pro¬ 
curing the trees. Here again fifteen minutes 
of time and ten dollars in money will accom¬ 
plish wonders. Sit down some rainy morning 
and write to some nurseryman, (it is always 
cheaper and better to order directly from the 
nursery, than to purchase of the itinerant 
dealers,) naming the kinds that you desire and 
the place where you will have them sent, and 
they will be forthcoming without further 
trouble. If you only wish a few trees yourself, 
join with some neighbor, and thus save a part 
of the expense of packing and transportation. 
But, says one, I never shall be able to make 
a judicous selection from the endless list of 
names in a nurseryman’s catalogue. This, to 
the amateur, is no objection—the more the 
better—but, to the novice, it is a serious ob¬ 
stacle. It is easy enough to make out a list 
at random, but, in making a select list of only 
a few varieties, and those the very best, much 
experience is required. To aid those who wish 
to lay out a small fruit garden this fall or next 
spring in making good selections, I will, in a 
future number of the Rural, name such varie¬ 
ties as, from my experience, prove to be the 
best. R. 8 . w. 
Early Sown Squashes. —In our notice of 
the Messrs. Hayward’s farm in our last num¬ 
ber, we said the early sown squashes were all 
destroyed, while later sown escaped. This is 
a mistake. The squashes destroyed were the 
Vegetable Marrow, which from its succulent 
nature and rapid growth is extremely liable to 
injury by the bug. As a general rule, all early 
sown squashes escape the bug better than the 
later sown ones. The reason for this is prob¬ 
ably because the early sown squashes, from 
their slow growth are more unpalatable than 
the succulent, rapid-growing, later sown ones. 
Germination of Cherry Stones. —The 
stones should be washed from the cherries 
when the latter are fully ripe, and as soon as 
the surface has dried in the shade, mixed with 
more than their bulk of sand, and buried in a 
shallow pit in the earth, covered first with flat 
stones, and then with a few inches of earth.— 
Here they may remain through the winter; 
but the first moment that the frost disappears 
from the ground the following spring, they are 
to be taken out and planted in drills. They 
may be planted in autumn; but the soil settling 
hard about them, is apt to prevent their growth, 
unless it is of the lightest character. Freezing 
tends to remove the shell, and assist germina¬ 
tion. The Mazzard makes the hardiest stocks, 
but the improved heart varieties succeed well 
in most cases.— Jllb. Cult. 
Budding Rose Bushes. —L take this way to 
inform all persons who have a taste for raising 
flowers, that they can have as many varieties 
of roses as they wish, growing on the same 
bush by budding it in duly or August. The 
operation is very simple, and is performed in 
the sume way as in budding peach and pear 
trees. 1 tried the experiment bust summer on 
my rose bushes with success.—Euuu Cross, 
in Alb. Cult. 
CULTIVATION OP STRAWBEPRIES. 
The subject of conversation at the last meet¬ 
ing of the New York Horticultural Society 
was the cultivation of strawberries. The soil 
best adapted for them was said to be a gravel¬ 
ly loam. 
The land should be well drained, and to ev¬ 
ery acre applied 20 bushels of unleached ashes, 
10 bushels of lime, and 2 or 3 pounds of salt. 
The ground should be well broken up; animal 
manures should be eschewed; leaf-mold is the 
best, and this should be carefully spaded in.— 
About the first of July is the best tune to set 
out the plants. In bluing this, pains should Ik: 
taken to have them firmly rooted. The rows 
should be eighteen inches apart, and the plants 
a foot apart. Sometimes it will be well to al¬ 
low greater interval, in which case the inter¬ 
stices can be filled up from the growth of the 
runners. After setting out the plants, throw 
on a covering of tan an inch or an inch and a 
half in depth, then water them plentifully, and 
the moisture will be retained a long time.— 
After cold weather comes on, cover the straw¬ 
berry beds and the walks with clean straw, 
throwing over a little brush, or something to 
keep the straw in iis place. In the spring, re¬ 
move the straw, and make use of some fertili¬ 
zing agent to give the plants vigor, as sulphate 
of soda, sulphate of ammonia, or nitrate of 
potash. Keep the roots out, see that the 
plants are bountifully watered, and let nothing 
intervene to disturb or retard their growth till 
you gather the fruit. The beds should be 
made over as often as every three years. 
DWARF PEARS. 
As I have had a good deal of experience in 
raising dwarfs, and have a dwarf orchard of 
some 500 varieties, some years planted, I will 
give you some of my experience. 
I find on the true Angiers quince almost all 
the varities grow freely, while on the common 
quince only a few will grow. Still, many va¬ 
rieties do not continue to grow in a healthy 
state for any length of time. If a tree gets 
once stunted, there is little chance of its ever 
recovering so as to be a healthy tree, and 
nearly all the trees peddled about are more or 
less stunted. 
Purchasers should examine the trees in the 
nursery rows themselves, before buying, when 
they could easily judge what trees and what 
varieties are perfectly good and suitable, or 
they should send their orders to nurserymen 
they can depend on for supplying a genuine 
and thrifty article. 
I have trees propagated from nearly every 
variety in my nursery. Several hundred of 
such varieties appear to be perfectly suitable to 
the quince stock, and many, more especially of 
the newer varieties, grow with the greatest 
luxuriance. 
But to cultivate dwarf pears properly and 
with certainty in this climate, they must be 
mulched twice a year—once in June or early 
in July, digging it in slightly in October; sec¬ 
ond in December, digging it in again in April. 
The roots of the quince are so much nearer the 
surface than the pear, that they are more read¬ 
ily affected with the drouths of summer and the 
frosts of winter. 
Last winter was severe on unprotected dwarf 
pears. In wet ground those in nursery rows 
were nearly all killed, and the same in sandy 
soil. Strong clayey loam sufficiently dry that 
water won’t stand on it, is the best soil. On 
such there is little trouble in cultivating them, 
and they are much superior to standard pears. 
When planted on sandy soils, mulching is in¬ 
dispensable.— James Douoall, in Mich. Far. 
IMPROVING FRUIT, ETC. 
A correspondent of the Gardeners' Ga¬ 
zette, says:—“ 1 have, from observation, and a 
series of trials, ascertained that all sorts of 
fruits can be raised about one-third larger than 
they usually are, and their qualities much im¬ 
proved, simply by supporting the fruit in the 
following manner:—As soon as it is fully de¬ 
veloped, it should not be allowed to hang its 
weight upon its stalk, as the increasing weight 
strains the stalk, and in that way lessens the 
quantity of nutritious fluid flowing to the fruit. 
This may be obviated in some cases by laying 
the pear, or apple, or whatever it may be, up¬ 
on a branch, and fixing it with a piece of mat¬ 
ting, to prevent its being moved by the wind; 
or by putting it into a small net, made for the 
purpose, at the same time keeping the stalk in 
a horizontal position, when it can be done 
without twisting or bending it—as the bending, 
either accidentally or by the weight of the 
fruit, is, in my opinion, most injurious to its 
growth; for the pores of the woody stalk are 
strained on the one side of the bend and com¬ 
pressed on the other; hence the vessels through 
which the requisite nourishment flows, being 
thus partially shut up the growth of fruit is 
retarded in proportion to the straining and 
compressing of the stalk. The fixing of the 
fruit also prevents the risk of its falling off and 
getting damaged before it reaches maturity.— 
L have grown dahlias upon the same principle, 
and with similar success, and 1 have no doubt 
that the most of flower blooms, especially those 
which are weighty and inclining, can be grown 
much larger by the system referred to, and, in 
short, all sorts of vegetables, trees, etc.” 
Remarks. — Amateurs wishing to grow a 
few fine specimens, may try this,—it is, of 
course, impracticable to any extent,— Eds. 
Great Yield of Cucumbers. —From four 
hills of cucumbers I gathered at one cutting, 
G cucumbers which measured, laid in a line, 6 
ft. G in.; the longest measured 15 inches. One 
of them was bent down at the stem and into 
the shape of a holster pistol; my wife took up 
that one and said, “ O, here is a gun!” I think 
this a great crop for one cutting; growing a 
single cucumber of long length is one thing, 
but growing them by the dozen is another 
thing. These were not full-grown cucumbers, 
but just right to serve on the table.— Joel 
Hapgood, in JY. E. Farmer. 
CRYSTAL PALACE PRIZE CHURN. 
Our engraving shows the manner of using 
Tillinghast’s Churn—a machine which has 
attracted considerable attention of late, from 
the fact that it was awarded the first prize at 
the New York Crystal Palace. It has been, 
heretofore, a matter of difficulty to ascertain 
which of the many patented churns was the 
best; and many have long ago come to the 
conclusion that one was just as good as 
another. Each particular invention has been 
lauded to the skies, its defects covered up, and 
its advantages over-rated. At the test of 
churns alluded to, no less than fourteen differ¬ 
ent kinds were put in operation at the same 
time. Among them was Lavoisy’s French 
anic %xts, fa. 
churn, to which was awarded the first prize at 
the Great Exhibition of London, in 1851. The 
New York Crystal Palace Jury made the fol¬ 
lowing official report of the result of the trial: 
“ Repeated trials were made of the several 
churns on exhibition, the last of which was the 
most satisfactory. At this trial, the Centrifu¬ 
gal Churn, invented by Joseph B. Tillinghast, 
of Ohio, was eminently successful, completely 
outstripping all others in every respect, but 
most particularly in the quality and excess of 
quantity which it produced from the same 
amount of cream-employed in the other churns. 
Two gallons of sweet cream were required of 
each exhibitor, the whole was thoroughly mix¬ 
ed, and then equally distributed by the jury. 
The result was, that the butter produced and 
gathered in five minutes by the Centrifugal 
Churn, was of a better hue, a richer quality, 
and weighed four and a half ounces more than 
the product of any other churn, and brought 
in much less time. 
Its efficiency, simplicity, and superiority, 
constrain us to award to the Centrifugal Churn 
the Prize Medal, with our special approbation.” 
II. Wager, N. Y., Chairman. 
W. Newbold, N. J. J. W. Proctor Mass. 
Wm. Evans, Canada. Ph. R. Freas, Pa. 
Henry S. Babbit, Ohio, Secy. 
The Committee have given a recommenda¬ 
tion which it would be impossible to improve 
upon. We shall, therefore, refer our readers 
for any further information to the advertise¬ 
ment in another column. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
Issued from the United States Patent Office, 
For the week ending August 8. 
R. D. Bartlett, Bangor, Me., new mode of 
manufacturing bricks. 
W. S. Babcock, Stonington, Conn., improve¬ 
ment in dumping wagons. 
E. A. Baldwin, Elmira, N. Y„ new tubular 
bridge. 
Win. Bonny, N. Y. city, imitation marble. 
N. A. Boynton, New York, new arrangement 
of air heating stoves. 
J. W. Brown, West Springfield, Mass., im¬ 
provement in revolving firearms. 
W. S. Chapman, Cincinnati, 0., india rubber 
blocks to prevent wear and noise in running 
carriages. 
Nathan Chapman, Mystic River, Conn., im¬ 
proved cotton press. 
Daniel Clare, Hammonsville, Pa., sawing and 
planing machine. 
tSilas Constant, Brooklyn, N. Y., rosin oil 
lamps. 
Lewis Cutting, Lowell, Mass., stop motion 
for speeders. 
I. II. Davis, Morristown, N. J., process for 
making pigments from iron ore. 
Joseph C. Day’, Hackettstown, N. J., improve¬ 
ment in firearms. 
G. C. Fisk, Dansville, N. Y., new method of 
tonguing and grooving boards. 
O. N. Frary, Ansonia, Conn., improvement on 
melodeons. 
J. G. Fulton, Middleport, O., salt-packing 
machine. 
John Gemmil, Mercer, Pa., radiators. 
Josee Johnson, Fort Smith, Ark., improved 
brick press. 
Daniel Knight, Salem., Ind., new form of lock 
for fire-arms. 
Wm. H. Merriwether, New Braunfels, Texas, 
improved spring for bed-bottoms. 
Joshua Merrill and George Patten, Boston, 
Mass., improved refrigerator for marine engines. 
J. S. McClelland, Jefferson, Ind., new method 
of arranging buggy springs. 
John Mc.Murtry, Lexington, Ky., improved 
mode of making brick. 
Stanislaus Miilett, New York city, improved 
sofa bedstead. 
N. Millington and D. S. George, Sliaftsbury, 
VL, new method of graduating carpenters’ 
squares. 
Alex. Moffit, Brownsville, Pa, spring body 
carriage. 
Samuel Nicholson, Boston, Mass., new mode 
of setting and preserving wooden pavement. 
J. Porter, New York city, stone dressing ma¬ 
chine. 
Christian Reif, Hartleton, Pa., clover separa- 
tor. 
Olieeney Reed and Brooks Iv. Mould, Chica¬ 
go, 111 ., improved method of ventilating railroad 
cars. 
Luther and Potter G. Ross, Worcester, Mass., 
machine for cutting boot and shoe soles. 
Horace Smith and B. B. Wesson, Norwich, 
Ct, improved cartridges. 
Ira Smith and John Stonesifer, Boonesboro,, 
Md., improvement in lard lamps. » 
T. B. Stout, Iveyport, N. J., improved car 
coupling. 
A. G. Safford, Boston, Mass., sash spring. 
John Thompson, Marblehead, Mass., machine 
for cutting boot and shoe soles. 
Edward Turner, Baltimore, Md., new liame 
fastener. 
Philos B. Tyler and Benj. Latlirop, Spring- 
l field. Mass., furniture castors .4 
Win. Wickersham, Boston, Mass., self-lieating 
smoothing iron. 
Henry E. Woodbury, Washington, D. C., doc¬ 
ument file or holder. 
Peter Midgett,, Hoosick, N. Y., shuttle 
guard for power looms. 
Leroy S. White, Chicopee, Mass., improved 
roller for furniture castors. 
Alfred Swingle, assignor of Elmer Town¬ 
send, Boston, Mass., sewing machine. 
John Norton, Cork, Ireland, improved blast¬ 
ing fuse. 
Amws J. Saxton, Brooklyn, N. Y., improved 
method of constructing iron buildings. 
Weatkerell Taylor, Camptown, N. J., bushing 
sheaves for ship blocks. 
Solomon W. Ruggles, assignor of himself and 
A. R. Smith, Fitchburg, Mass., fan-blower. 
James A. Bazin, Canton, Mass., assignor of 
Alfred B. Ely, Boston, new braiding machine. 
RE-ISSUE. 
Wm. Ball, Chicopee, Mass., gold amalgamator. 
MILLER’S STEAM BRAKE. 
A few days since we alluded to this inven¬ 
tion by Mr. iieniy Miller, of this city. The 
steam is taken from the boiler, and by pipes 
under the cars, made to act upon all the brakes 
under each car at the same instant of time.— 
The whole is under the entire control of the 
engineer, and he can apply the steam as quick¬ 
ly as he can whistle down the brakes. 
Yesterday an experimental trip, merely to 
test the perfection of the apparatus upon the 
Detroit and Pontiac Railroad, was made. The 
train consisted of a baggage and two passen¬ 
ger cars. The brakes were applied when the 
train was at a speed of over thirty miles to the 
hour, and in a distance of twenty-live rods the 
train was brought to a dead stop. The brakes 
were repeatedly brought to bear, and the train 
stopped before the brakemen could have 
reached the hand brakes, and the stoppage was 
so easy, that a passenger would not know the 
brakes had been applied, except from the fact 
that the cars had been stopped. 
We understand that another experimental 
trip will be made in a few days; and it is then 
thought that, with some slight alterations, a 
train can be brought to a stop in from twelve 
to fifteen rods. The results of this improve¬ 
ment can hardly be estimated in the saving of 
life and property, and it- must come into use on 
every road where either are considered of any 
value .—Detroit Tribune. 
Tribute ro American Manufacture of 
Arms.- A commission of English officers attach¬ 
ed to the Engineer and Ordnance Departments 
are now in this country engaged in examining 
the system of manufacturing arms, pursued in 
our public and private establishments. By the 
order of the President and Secretary of War, 
all the public workshops have been freely 
thrown open to them, aud every facility for ex¬ 
amination granted. At Springfield, the com¬ 
mission have been delighted at the appearance 
, of the National Armory, and the economy and 
method of manufacture at this great establish¬ 
ment. A full set of machinery modeled from 
those now in use there, has been ordered tor 
the English Government, and now construct¬ 
ing at the Ames Manufacturing Coiwpuny’s 
Works, at Chicopee. Another set is also 
building at Windsor, Vt., modeled from the 
machinery of Robbins’ Pistol and Carbine 
Works at that place.— Sci. American. 
RECENT FOREIGN INVENTIONS. 
Preparing Skins for Tanning.— E. Y. F. 
Kemaire, of Paris, has patented an improve¬ 
ment in tanning which is thus described:—The 
skins are first soaked and hung up in a dry 
chamber, heated to about 72° Fah. by steam. 
After remaining in this chamber for half au 
hour, they have distributed over them by per¬ 
forated tubes a very weak alkaline solution of 
soda; this is repeated twice—half an hour be¬ 
tween the operations. Afterwards, at the 
same intervals of time, streams of water are 
caused to fall upon the skins until they are 
well cleansed, and are considered prepared in a 
superior manner for the other common pro¬ 
cesses of tanning. 
Imitation Leather. —Heiman Kohnstam, of 
London, has secured a patent for the following 
mode of making imitation leather:—Into a 
quantity of thoroughly boiled linseed oil, mix a 
quantity of lampblack sufficient to form a 
thick paste, taking care to stir the mixture 
well, so as to thoroughly incorporate the two 
ingredients. Then spread on the linen, wool¬ 
en, or cotton cloth, which is to form the body 
of the imitation leather, a coat of this paste, 
and suffer it to dry, after which it is to be rub¬ 
bed smooth with pumice stone. Second, third 
and fourth coats are then added, each of them 
containing less lampblack than the first After 
the last coat is thoroughly dried and rubbed 
down, it is to get two coats of varnish made 
with boiled linseed oil and the sulphate of zinc, 
after which it may be enamelled and resembles 
glazed leather. 
Boiling Oils in a Vacuum. —John Web¬ 
ster, of London, has taken out a patent for 
subjecting oils and varnishes to heat in a vac¬ 
uum, instead of a vessel exposed to the atmos¬ 
phere. In boiling oils and varnishes over a 
fire, many accidents have taken place from a 
flame being brought in contact with the escap¬ 
ing gas from the kettle containing the oils, &c. 
This method of boiling these .substances iu a 
vacuum, will obviate this evil.— Sci. Jim. 
Liquid India-Rubber. —A correspondent of 
a New York paper, writing from Para, in Bra¬ 
zil, says: “There is a method in preparing the 
gum which has recently been patented, and 
which differs essentially from the usual curd¬ 
ling. The milk, as drawn from the tree, is put 
into large glass bottles and demijohns; a prep¬ 
aration of some chemical nature, which is a 
secret, is mixed with the milk, ami the bottles 
are securely sealed. In this way the gum is 
sent to the United States. It curdles twenty- 
four hours after exposure to the air, and forms 
a pure, white, solid, anil remarkably strong 
rubber. There is only one house in Para 
which has the secret of this receipt, as I learn, 
aud a member of the firm gives his personal 
attention to the preparation of the article, 
some thousands of miles iu the interior of the 
country.” 
Improvement in Seed Planters— Messrs. 
| Erneshuw & Gibboney, of Pa., have invented 
an improvement in seed-planters, consisting of 
a very simple and effective arrangement of a 
seed-box and lifters, so adjusted that any desir¬ 
ed quantity of seed may be deposited either in 
hills or drills, with the utmost exactitude.— 
Measures have been taken to secure a patent 
— People's Journal. 
