MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
DEEP TILLAGE. 
We have abundant evidence, from various 
sources, of the superior benefits obtained from 
plowing eight or ten inches deep, instead of 
five or six. as was once the almost universal cus¬ 
tom. Yet many still continue the old practice, 
asserting that they have tried the other and 
found it injurious, the crops invariable depre¬ 
ciating on lauds thus treated. Now what is 
the cause of this discrepancy in results? We 
assert that in every case where the subsoil is 
of equal or superior fertility to the surface, 
and has been subjected to the ameliorating in¬ 
fluence of the atmosphere for a short time, 
that deep plo wing increases the crop. But un¬ 
fortunately many of our soils a few inches be¬ 
low the surface are nearly barren; and to throw 
up, say four inches, of this barren soil to the 
surface, and without cross plowing or mixing it 
with the mold, sow the grain on it and drag it 
in, no wonder that the young plants in their 
vain struggle to find nourishment should dwin¬ 
dle and die. 
But it is believed that such, or in fact any 
soil, can ultimately be benefited by deep plow¬ 
ing, if judiciously performed. 
We would, in the above case, deepen but 
one inch the first year, and mix well together, 
manuring, if necessary, and then in one, two or 
three years, according to circumstances, deepen 
another inch, and so continue until you have a 
soil as deep as one pair of oxen or horses will 
ordinarily plow with a good plow, which is 
about ten inches. 
The advantages of such tillage have been 
apparent during the present dry season, and in 
■wet seasons they are no less so. It is true, 
were there always just moisture enough, and 
not any too much, shallow plowing would do 
better than it now does; but as we are always 
liable to extremes, deep tillage is the only safe 
LETTER FROM WISCONSIN. 
Ens. Rural —I would be very thankful if 
you would give the few remarks which I shall 
make concerning this State a place in your 
valuable paper. Last March I came from 
New York State to the far west, for the pur¬ 
pose of purchasing a farm, should I find one 
with soil, location and climate, suited to my 
mind. After looking over a portion of Mich¬ 
igan, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, I finally 
bought in Winnebago county, Wis., it being 
according to my judgment the best adapted to 
farming purposes of any place that I have seen 
in the western States. The soil consists of 
loam, with lime and sand. It produces large 
crops of corn, winter and spring wheats 
oats, hops, and in fact anything that can be 
raised in any of the northern or western States. 
There is now building a ship canal from Lake 
Winnebago to Green Bay, so that our produce 
can be sent to Buffalo by water, which will 
always insure the people of this country a 
good market. The timber here consists of 
maple, elm, basswood, hickory, and five kinds 
of oak. Good pine lumber can be bought 
for from eight to ten dollars per thousand, 
which makes building less expensive than in 
most western States. The country is general¬ 
ly well watered, and the climate is remarkably 
healthy. It is fast settling up with good, en¬ 
terprising, moral and industrious people from 
the eastern States. 
Neenah and Menasha, two towns lying one 
on each side of Fox river, are two as flourish-, 
ing towns as I ever saw according to their age 
and number of inhabitants. Seven years ago, 
where they now stand was a perfect wilderness. 
They now contain about two thousand inhabi¬ 
tants each ; the two places have six saw mills, 
six flouring mills, with machine shops, of most i 
every description. They possess a water power 
not to be excelled in the United States. Now 
I would say to those young men in the east 
who wish to buy farms and settle down, instead 
of buying those old worn out farms and pay¬ 
ing perhaps from forty to seventy dollars per 
acre, come out west You can buy land for 
from three to fifteen dollars that will produce 
nearly double the crops, and where the rise of 
your land will make you rich men in a short 
time. And to those that do anticipate coming 
west, I think they would do well to stop a short 
time in Winnebago county, Wisconsin, before 
they buy. L. Watson. 
Winnebago co., Wig. 
Sowing Grass Seed in the Fall—Again. 
—In answer to the inquiry of “V,” regarding 
what I said of sowing grass seed in the fall, I 
would say that the seed was sown upon oat 
stubble, soon after the oats were taken off; • 
and, also, in answer to “A Subscriber,” that, 
my experiment did not include clover seed .— 
My design was to seed down for a permanent 
meadow. I have abadoned my former prac¬ 
tice of mixing clover and timothy for meadow, 
believing that an acre of clear timothy is worth 
more than a mixture of clover and timothy. 
I believe the only reason why the practice of 
mixing clover with timothy for meadow has 
obtained so generally, is because it is so diffi¬ 
cult to get a good crop of clear timothy the 
first year after seeding ; but I think it may be 
done, if sown at the time which nature seems 
to indicate. N. M. Garpenter. 
Ellington, N. Y. 
Agricultural HlktUaitii. 
STATE AND COUNTY FAIRS. , 
New York State Fair. —The fourteenth 
annual exhibition of the New York State Fair 
will be held in Hamilton Square, in the city of 
New York, Oct. 3, 4, 5 and 6. The Ameri¬ 
can Institute unites with the Society in the 
Agricultural Department, and the JYew York 
Horticultural Society in the Horticultural 
Department of the Fair. So that on the 
whole the exhibition cannot fail to be one of 
unusual interest. The various railroads lead¬ 
ing to New York have agreed to convey stock 
and articles to and from the exhibition free of 
charge. To guard against any abuse of this 
privilege, however, freight will be charged on 
the delivery of the articles for transportation, 
and refunded to the payer on return of them 
with proper evidence that they were exhibited 
at the Fair, and that the owners thereof are 
not changed. 
Hamilton Square is bounded by the Third 
and Fourth Avenues on two sides. The Third 
Avenue cars pass it on one side, and the Har¬ 
lem on the other ; and stock and articles sent 
by the Harlem and New Haven roads can be 
deposited very near the grounds, and those by 
the Hudson River railroad not far distant. 
For further particulars see advertisement in 
last number. 
Yermont State Fair. —The fourth Annual 
Fair of the Vermont State Agricultural Soci¬ 
ety was held at Brattleboro last week. The 
JYew York Tribune says it was all that the 
friends of improvement in the State could de¬ 
sire. The show of cattle of all kinds was the 
best of any of the previous Fairs. The excel¬ 
lence and beauty of the working oxen was a 
noticeable feature. One yoke owned by Josi- 
ah Forres, of Deerfield, Mass., weighed 6,000 
lbs. There was one string of 50 yoke, nearly 
all handsome red. It was estimated that 
nearly 1,500 persons were on the ground the 
second day. 
Monroe Co. Fair. —The Monroe County 
Agricultural Fair will be held on Falls Field, 
on Friday and Saturday, September 22 and 
23. All stock, implements, poultry, &c., must 
be entered before 10 o’clock on Friday. Ar¬ 
ticles for the second days’ exhibition should 
be brought in and arranged in the tent, on the 
first day. Articles, however, for this depart¬ 
ment, will be admitted till 10 a. m. on Satur¬ 
day. The Judges on stock will make their re¬ 
ports on Saturday, when the Premiums will 
be paid. Poultry exhibitors must furnish their 
own coops. The Poultry, Implements, &c., 
must remain on the ground till the afternoon 
of the second day. Articles left on the ground 
will be carefully watched during the night. 
Orleans Co. Fair. —The Annual Fair of 
the Orleans County Ag’l Society, will be held 
at Albion on the 27th and 28th of Sept,— 
Plowing Match, at 10 A. M., on the 28th, 
near the village. Address at the Court House 
at 2 p. m., by A. Thomas Esq., after which Re¬ 
ports of Committees, and Award of Premiums. 
Then the subject of the reorganization of the So¬ 
ciety will be brought before the members and 
others interested, and such action taken for its 
incorporation may be deemed most advisable. 
The Ontario County Fair is to be held at 
Canandaigua on the 27th and 28t,h—Wednes¬ 
day and Thursday next. Extensive arrange¬ 
ments are making, and a fine exhibition may 
be anticipated. Under the management of its 
efficient President, Wm. Hildreth, Esq., and 
other energetic officers, the Ontario Fair will 
undoubtedly prove highly creditable to the 
County and all interested. 
Thic Yates Co. Fair, held at Penn Yan 
last week, is spoken of as a very creditable ex¬ 
hibition. A friend who was present, states 
that, notwithstanding the unfavorable weather, 
“ Little Yates” made a decidedly good demon¬ 
stration. 
Steuhen Co. Fair. —The Agricultural Fair 
of this county will be held at Bath, Oct 11th 
and 12th. An address will be delivered by 
Hon. Lewis F. Allen, of Black Rock, and 
the whole affair promises to be one of much in¬ 
terest 
Wayne Co. Fair, will be held at Lyons on 
the 26th and 27th of Sept., Albany Co. on the 
same date, also that of IVyoming Co., at War- 
saw as already noted. The Pennsylvania State 
Fair occurs at the same time, holding one day 
longer, as does the Upper Canada at London. 
The Phelps Town Fair, on the 13th and 
14th, made a good display, and was largely at¬ 
tended. There was a fine show of stock, &c.> 
on the first day. The heavy rain on the sec¬ 
ond day was very unfavorable, yet there was a 
creditable exhibition of Fruit, (including supe¬ 
rior specimens of apples, peaches and pears,) 
Vegetables, Domestic Manufactures. &c., un- 
I der a large tent. The Plowing Match was 
■ more interesting and creditable to the skill of 
I the plowmen, than we have witnessed at some 
County Fairs. 
STUMP MACHINE. 
The editor of the Farmer's Companion de¬ 
scribes a new stump machine, which is power¬ 
ful and effective, “ turning out solid oak stumps 
3 feet in diameter, with as much ease as a den¬ 
tist would extract a molar.” We saw a simi¬ 
lar machine to this at the Provincial Fair at 
Hamilton, C. W., last year, and were assured 
by several farmers who had taken up several 
acres of stumps with them that they answered 
the purpose admirably. Its lever power is a 
screw, turned by a horse. The following di¬ 
rections will enable any mechanic to make one: 
First, there are two bed-pieces of best oak, 
8 by 2 inches; 10 feet long, put together like 
a common crotch drag, spreading 10 feet at 
the rear end. The cross-piece is inserted 2 
feet from the forward end, and just behind this 
is inserted a strong bolt with a nut and screw, 
to prevent spreading. Three posts 6 feet be¬ 
tween joints, and 5 by 8 inches, oak, are mor¬ 
tised into the bed-pieces, forming a triangle.— 
The hind posts are 8 feet apart at the foot, 
measuring across the frame. The top of these 
posts are let into a head block, 10 inches thick, 
18 inches wide, and 3£ feet long, made of the 
toughest oak. A knot would be better. A 
hole is made through this block, 3 inches in 
diameter at the top and 8 inches at the bot¬ 
tom. Through this is passed a common cider 
mill screw, 4j feet long, with a clevis made of 
Swede’s bar, passing through the lever holes in 
the screw, to admit two holes for bolts an inch 
and a half thick. Then a chain made of § inch 
iron, 41 feet long, with a ring on one end and 
a large hook on the other, for hitching to roots. 
The nut in which the screw works is let into 
the sweep, (like an old-fashioned cider mill 
sweep,) to the end of which a horse is attached. 
The screw is lowered sufficient to hitch; the 
horse is then started and the stump is raised 
out with great ease. Indeed it was wonderful 
to see with what power and ease it drew into 
pieces a solid oak stump; it being so firm in 
the ground that it came into parts rather than 
yield entirely at one hitch. The whole cost of 
the machine is $24. The screw with the nut, 
cost $10. It was found necessary to insert 
two extra braces, reaching from the foot of the 
rear braces to the top of the forward one.— 
This machine is designed especially for large 
stumps. 
Patent Office Refort for 1853.—We are 
indebted to the Hon. Charles Mason, Com- 
missiotier of Patents, for the Agricultural and 
Mechanical Reports for 1853. We are glad 
to note a marked improvement in the ar¬ 
rangement of the answers to the Agricultural 
Circular. Formerly the entire letter was given 
together, and it was next to impossible to 
compare the statements of different individu¬ 
als, or any particular subject—say the increase 
obtained from guano, &c. Mr. DJJ. Browne, 
the present agricultural clerk, has wisely, we 
thju>»^jjyanged the answers of the various in¬ 
dividuals, under their appropriate head. This 
may not be so agreeable to the writers, as to 
have their communications given entire as 
they wrote them but to those who wish to ex¬ 
amine the answers to this or that particular 
question, the new arrangement will be of great 
advantage. In other respects, we can see lit- 
tie improvement With the exception of an arti¬ 
cle prepared through the instrumentality of 
the Smithsonian Institute, on “ Climatology,” 
to which we hope to refer at a future time— 
there is not a single essay or valuable paper in 
the Report It is filled simply, with the “con¬ 
densed correspondence;” which, though sys¬ 
tematically arranged, is, inherently, no more 
interesting and valuable than that of former 
AGRICULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. 
FALL PLOWING. 
We take the following extracts from an in- So far as our observation has reached, we 
teresting letter of L. C. Fiske, to the Country conclude it is not a common practice in the 
Gentleman • west to plow 7 in the autumn for spring crops. 
There seems somehow to exist a prejudice 
Farming in California, I believe is a subject against it in the minds of many farmers, for 
worthy of your particular attention. I think what reason is not known. It is a general be- 
you will find it a new dispensation in agricul- lief that sandy lands are positively injured by 
ture. We have all the varieties of soil of New fall plowing. * This belief comes from plowing 
England, w'ilk climate and seasons entirely dif- them too late, so that they have not time to 
ferent. It is considered yet a question what settle before the winter frosts come. If plowed 
crops are best adapted to the country, and it early—say the last of September, or earlier, 
is still a greater query how to adapt them. In thereby permitting them to subside and settle 
the valleys, where farming is the business of firmly, it is found to be a most judicious prac- 
the country, barley and oats are the staples, tice. But clay lands we desire to keep light 
and wheat will be as soon as they get mills.— and porous, therefore, plow late, till frosts stop 
Enormous—almost incredible crops of wheat the work. The ground then works mellow and 
have been raised, as also of vegetables. So far 
as I have heard, corn has been raised with lit- 
light the following season. 
A writer in the Country Gentleman is much 
tie success, though roasting ears are among the in favor of fall plowing. In such dry seasons 
first vegetables we get in market, though it is as we have had for two years past, his crops 
almost always wormy. In many lots, four-fifths endure the drouth much better —the corn 
are wormy. I have never seen a lot free from leaves rolled ten days sooner on spring-plowed 
worms. The corn here resembles the southern than on fall-plowed land. The sods rot earlier, 
corn in quality, but the cobs are small and and gives the crop a vigorous start, and this 
short. It grows very tall and thrifty; but what enables him to keep the weeds in subjection.— 
I have seen or heard of produced poorly. Last year he had a field of corn, eight acres; a 
Seed time for small grain, is from the middle little more than half was plowed in the fall, the 
of December until April. With regard to seed rest in the spring. When harvested, the full- 
time for vegetables, 1 cannot say; it varies P lowe “ ground yielded nearly one-third more 
very much. They have been as yet consider- 1 , 1 ^ * e otker > a great deal heavier growth of 
ed uncertain crops, though this year they are stalks ail( ^ l° n g e ^ cars. We are greatly in 
generally good, and small grain extra. In the the practice when done as, and at the 
highlands and mountains, they are extra com- tllMe should *- >e - banners Companion. 
pared withe crops in ’52 and’53; but there are 
many miserable and many total failures, prob- JiltHUmeS Mtft AltSlimX 
ably owing almost entirely to their cultivation. _ _J 
A man may be an adept in farming in what is t-> t 7, 
„ li m f i- •, • . Iilk Drains.— Lathing and Plastering.— 
called the valley. lake him forty miles into . ..... , , . . 
the mountains, and he knows no more about it 1 two-inch sole tile make a good drain to 
than the Yankee does of farming in Greenland, conduct water from a sink, or will it clog like a 
Should this matter interest you, I will some wooden drain? 
time hereafter tell you something about farm- Is plastering stronger on lath nailed on flat 
iug iu the mountains, which to the adventurer plank than when strips are placed between the 
l conceive would be interesting. Farms of lathing and plank. Answers to the above will 
from a garden patch to a hundred and sixty oblige—S. L., Men, Erie co., N, Y. 
acres are opening all over the mines. Freight TT , . . . , ... 
in Galifornia is from 3 to 8 or ten cents to the Have any readers experience which will en- 
100 miles; hence the advantage of the highland able them to answer the above ? 
farmer. -- 
--- The Flea Nuisance.— In every Rural I find, 
Game Breeder’s Ideas of the Sitter’s In- .i llst 38 ifc should be, “ Inquiries and Answers,” 
fluence. —A fancier of game fowls, and one a, 'd under that head I wish to communicate to 
Have any readers experience which will en- 
who has fought many mains, informs me that 
he considers it all important, in breeding for 
you and others an important inquiry. I have 
read from time to time various remedies for 
the pit, to set a hen on her own eggs, or that driving away bed-bugs, moths, ants, flies, gnats, 
they should be hatched under hens of the same &c> but not one for driving away that universal 
breed. 1 he argument used is that, inasmuch . ^ - e c . 
b , ,, , . , pest, the flea. Now if you or any of your sub- 
as the egg is porous, and the chick could not 1 .. . . . J J /. 
be hatched if the pores were closed with scnbers can , flirmsh a reci P e for makl "g a flea 
grease or other material, it necessarily absorbs ^ te ’ tken community receive a public ben- 
with the heat of the hen some portion of her —^ 0AB > Medina, N. Y. 
moisture, or nature, as he terms it; and that he - 
has frequently had game cocks hatched under Sunflower Seed and Oil.— One of your cor- 
hens of other breeds, and though they were respondents has given information concerning 
plucky and fought well a game or two, yet the curing of the sunflower preparatory to gath- 
they invariably in the long run, showed the ering. He also states that a bushel of the seed 
white feather and bolted, which lie rarely will produce a gallon of oil, and that if properly 
knew a thorough-bred bird to do. If my in cultivated, the average quantity that can be 
formants notions are correct, it behoves those raise( , froII1 an acre wU1 b „ ahovt 80 bushel,. 
ivhn vi'ifih t.n hrAori nrnf-f sn/vt bin so i .. ... ... • 
who wish to brood flrst-cJoec bi Tdeof uny l/reed 
to attend to this suggestion, as it is equally 
Now, considering its rich yield of oil, and (lie 
probable that the form or feather may be af- num >cr ° bushels P er acre » *’ appears to me 
fected if the natural habits of the bird are that the cultivation of the sunflower is a subject 
changed.— Ex. deserving more attention than it has heretofore 
___ received ; that is, if the manufacture of the oil 
Mule Trade of Bourdon Co., Ky. —The * s sufficiently extensive to cause a remunerative 
Paris (Ky.) Citizen gives some statistics of the demand for the seed. 
mule trade of Bourbon county, which show a Will you, or some one of your correspond- 
steady increase both in the demand for and cuts, inform me through the Rural as to the 
value of these animals. In 1843, ac< 0 ding to common market value of the seed, and whether 
the Assessor s Books, theie were in the county x j ie manufacture into oil is extensive enough to 
1,932 mules, valued at 41,343, or an average 
of 21 31 per head; in 1854, 7,436, valued at 
$562,800, or $75 70 per head. The principal 
markets are the Southern States, where they 
are used on cotton and sugar plantations. In 
warrant the farming community in giving much 
attention to the business.—C. J. S., Canandaigua, 
N. Y. 
We know of no manufactory of Sunflower 
Sowing Grass Seed alone and in the Fall. 
—The Country Gentleman strongly recom¬ 
mends sowing grass seed alone, thinking that 
other crops with which it is sown operate pre¬ 
cisely as weeds and choke it out of several 
months growth. It cites the experiments of a 
correspondent of the Michigan Farmer to 
sustain this opinion. The editor then says:— 
< We have never succeeded so well in seeding 
land speedily and heavily with Timothy, as by 
sowing about or before mid-autumn, or as soon 
as the moderately damp weather has set in, and 
harrowing it lightly, without connection with 
any other crop. It has always afforded a good 
product the following season, but not equal to 
that of the second summer.” 
Tioga Co. (Pa.,) Land. —Our friend Gard¬ 
ner, who recently took a “ hurried ” trip 
through this county, says that it offers as 
good inducements for settlers as any Western 
State. Good grazing farms can be had at 
$1,50 per acre, and it is not only good grazing 
land, but will produce good grain, and when 
cleared, equal either Orange or Duchess coun¬ 
ties in this State. 
Peat for Potatoes. —The editor of the 
American Agriculturist, put several bushels 
of peat in a row of potatoes, 20 feet long in 
his garden. This row produced 21 lbs. of po¬ 
tatoes, while a row of equal length along side, 
where nothing was used, gave only 13 lbs.— 
The peat dressed potatoes, too, were fairer and 
larger than the others. 
Professor Marsh, in a recent letter from 
England says:—“Englishmen almost univer¬ 
sally believe that pasture lands will give a 
greater profit in the long run, if fed partly by 
sheep.” 
Virginia they are used on the farm and road. Oil, and think as yet sufficient attention has 
Baltimore furnishes a large market for the not been paid to its value, to create any de- 
smafler animals, where they are shipped to the mand for it in market . The oil can be ex- 
West Indies, to pack cottee from the mountain .. . 
plantations. One dealer in Baltimore, pur- P resset * by the machinery ol any linseed oil 
chases annually 1,000; and anothor in Rich- uiill. 
mond, Va., about double that number, one „ 
c • t> i „* „„n- i • Composition Roofs.—W ill some of the patrons 
farmer in Bourbon county selling him every , , . „ , , . 1 
year between 500 and 800.— Wool Grower of tlie IWl inform me tLroi, S h lt8 columns, 
and Stock Register. whether a roof can be made of sand and coal 
_, , # , _ tar ; also the processof making it, and probable 
Coad Wheat.—M r. Geo. E. Yeatman, Sr., cost P er square foot.—C. G., Orangeville, N. Y. 
orms us that he has cultivated this variety While waiting for replies, we would refer 
wheat with great success for two years. A x . . . . - ,, . „ , ,, . . 
nr n.crn last fall, he nurchased five bushels in the ilK l uirer to the following from the Prairie 
informs us that he has cultivated this variety 
of wheat with great success for two years. A 
year ago last fall, he purchased five bushels, in 
Baltimore, which yielded him over fifty bush- Farmer. The business of making such roof- 
els last season, lie sold this to the neighbor- ing is followed by Messrs. Burrett & Go., of 
ing farmers for seed, with the exception of a Chicago, and according to the Farmer, these 
small quantity reserved for his own use-some f are fect , tight and for flilt roofs llie 
thing less than four bushels—which produced, , . ,. f / , , mi 
this season, about fifty bushels. It was sown best which can be employed. Ihe process is 
on scant three acres of land, and must of course thus described: 
have withstood the joint worm well. J he rest “The roof is made ready as for shingling. 
°j ^ r ; ) caiman s wheat, and that of most ol The boards must be put edge to edge without 
his neighbors, yielded more than halt a crop. an y wide cracks, and if any do occur, patches 
Ihe Coad wheat is an early variety, and is of felt paper of two or three thicknesses are 
represented as having all the properties of the nailed over them. The paper is in rolls of 
best qualities of this grain. Piedmont (la.) about forty feet in length by two and a half 
W hig- feet wide. One man holds the end of this roll 
• f as t, while another unrolls it. After one 
Depth of Drains.— Richard Milward gives course is laid down, the other is laid upon it, 
in the Journal of the Royal Ag. Society, the lapping two-thirds, precisely as in the case of 
results of an experiment made by him on shingles, so as to expose to the weather one- 
drainage at different depths. In February, third the width of the felt These layers of 
1850, he had a field of eight acres laid off at f e lt are stuck together by the composition- 
equal spaces, between six and seven yards, and pu t on hot. When several courses are laid, 
drained at depths of two feet, two and a half t h e y are fastened to the roof bv nailing strips 
feet, and four fect. The field was sown with 0 f lath across these every four or five feet; so 
barley in 1851, and was pastured in 1852 and that the whole is fastened to the boarding 
1853. He says there has been no perceptible firmly, without being so fastened as to tear the 
difference in the crops or appearance of the f e lt by the swelling and shrinking of the 
land, and that the shallow drains begin to run boards. The edges are also fastened all 
before the others. He has practiced draining around in the same way, viz., by tacking down 
extensively for twenty-five years, and has been upon them strips of lath. After the paper is 
decidedly in favor of thirty inches depth. put down and fastened, it then receives its 
-- ♦ 4- coating of hot composition, spread evenly all 
David Gay, of New London, N. II., says over it, so as to stop any crevice, crack or fire 
garget root, steeped in water, will cure sick hole anywhere, which might conduct the water 
pigs, if they are allowed to drink as much as or air. As fast as the pitch is put on, it is 
they will of the liquor. It is a sure remedy covered with as much grftvel as will stick. The 
for blind staggers, and costiveness, and excel- gravel is best dried by heating and stirring in 
lent in other diseases. It is also good for cattle, a large shallow pan made for the purpose.” 
