T>he  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
79 
Farm  Mechanics 
Squaring  a  Building 
Will  you  give  me  the  correct  directions 
for  squaring  a  building?  I  am  going  to 
help  build  a  greenhouse  10x30  feet,  con¬ 
crete  foundation.  x.  s.  B. 
The  method  of  squaring  a  building 
foundation  is  very  simple.  Stake  it  off 
as  per  sketch  and  measure  out  one  line 
eight  feet  from  corner  and  out  other  line 
six  feet  from  corner.  A  pole  10  feet  long 
will  just  reach  from  one  mark  to  the 
other,  where  the  lines  form  a  perfectly 
square  corner.  The  cause  of  that  is  easi¬ 
ly  explained  as  the  10-foot  pole  is  the 
Plan  for  Squaring  a  Building 
hypotenuse  of  the  right  angle,  whose  base 
and  altitude  are  six  and  eight  feet  re¬ 
spectively:  0x0  equals  3.0  and  8x8  equals 
64,  total  100,  and  the  square  root  of  100 
is  10.  E.  J.  w. 
Estimating  Water  Power 
I  notice  in  a  recent  issue  a  question 
how  to  estimate  water  power,  which  you 
answer.  T  send  a  shorter  rule.  Multi¬ 
ply  the  height  iu  feet  by  the  number  of 
cubic  feet  per  minute  and  divide  by  660, 
which  gives  NO  per  cent,  of  the  power  of 
the  water.  <T.  0.  W. 
Penn  Yan,  N.  Y. 
The  method  of  multiplying  the  head 
ill  feet  by  the  number  of  cubic  feet  dis¬ 
charged  per  minute  and  dividing  this  pro¬ 
duct  by  GOO,  suggested  by  .T.  O.  W.  will, 
as  he  says,  give  80  per  cent,  of  the  theo¬ 
retical  horse  power.  What  he  has  really 
done,  though,  is  to  multiply  the  head  in 
feet  by  the  number  of  cubic  feet  dis¬ 
charged  per  minute  by  62.5  ( the  weight 
of  a  cubic  foot  of  water)  by  .80  (the  per¬ 
centage  of  efficiency)  and  divided  this 
product  by  2.2.000.  The  multiplication 
giving  the  number  of  foot  pounds  done 
per  minute  if  0.80  of  the  theoretical  en¬ 
ergy  of  the  water  could  be  transformed 
into  useful  work,  and  the  division  by 
33,000  giving  the  horsepower,  a  horse¬ 
power  being  equal  33,000  foot  pounds  in 
a  minute.  As  these  quantities.  02.5.  0.80 
and  33.000  are  constant  in  all  water  pow¬ 
er  problems  of  this  kind  where  80  per 
cent,  of  the  power  is  expected,  they  can 
be  taken  out  at  the  outset,  giving  the  rule 
suggested  by  J.  C,  W,  When  working 
the  problem  out  for  the  former  ques¬ 
tioner  all  of  the  factors  were  used,  as  I 
think  it  makes  the  reason  for  the  result 
obtained  cleared.  I  am  somewhat  doubt¬ 
ful  about  getting  80  per  cent,  of  the 
theoretical  power  of  the  stream  from  the 
water.  Due  to  the  discharge  of  the 
water  through  the  turbine  there  is  quite 
likely  to  be  a  loss  head  over  it  which, 
when  the  total  head  is  so  small  (4.5  feet) 
is  quite  a  percentage  of  all  the  fall  avail¬ 
able  lessening  the  power  of  the  wheel  ac¬ 
cordingly.  R.  ii.  s. 
Preventing  Water  Pipe  from  Freezing 
I  have  just  been  putting  water  in  my 
house,  and  was  obliged  to  run  the  pipe 
through  the  garret  over  my  kitchen.  How 
Can  I  prevent  it  from  freezing?  Is  the 
following  plan  practicable?  I  propose  to 
run  a  pipe  from  the  hot  water  connection 
oil  top  of  the  rauge  boiler  up  in  the  gar¬ 
ret  and  then  back  and  forth  through  sev¬ 
eral  length  of  pipe,  and  return  down¬ 
stairs  and  connect  with  the  under  side  of 
range  boiler-.  If  my  plan  is  practical 
what  size  pipe  should  I  use  for  a  radia¬ 
tor  in  garret?  C.  W.  T. 
Middletown,  N.  Y. 
While  not  so  stated  it  is  probable  that 
the  pipe  mentioned  by  C.  W.  T.  is  the 
supply  pipe  of  the  system,  carrying  the 
water  from  an  overhead  gravity  tank  to 
the  hot  water  tank  of  the  range  below. 
If  this  is  the  case  it  would  he  scarcely 
practical  to  try  to  protect  it  by  a  hot- 
water  circulation,  as  it  would  rub  the 
boiler  in  cold  weather.  The  scheme  out¬ 
lined  by  C.  W.  T.  is  iu  effect  a  hot- 
water  heating  system,  and  as  it  would 
draw  its  supply  from  the  hot  water  tank 
of  the  range  it  would  tend  to  lower  its 
temperature.  Another  defect  would  be 
the  chance  of  the  fire  going  out  from  any 
cause  and  letting  the  pipe  leading  from 
the  boiler  freeze.  As  soon  as  the  circula¬ 
tion  in  it  stopped  it  would  freeze  sooner 
than  would  the  cold  water  pipe  beside  it. 
Water  that  has  been  heated  freezes  quick¬ 
er  than  water  that  has  not,  the  hot  water 
pipes  of  a  house  freezing  first. 
A  better  plan  would  be  so  to  protect 
the  cold  water  pipe  that  it  would  not 
freeze.  This  should  not  be  hard  to  do  in 
a  garret  which  has  a  fire  under  it,  as  I 
understand  this  one  does,  considerable 
heat  coming  up  through  the  floor  beneath 
the  pipe.  A  local  hardware  dealer  sug¬ 
gests  wrapping  the  pipe  with  two  thick¬ 
nesses  of  sheet  asbestos  and  then  apply¬ 
ing  a  %-inch  layer  of  wool  felt.  This  is 
then  to  be  covered  with  two  layers  of 
manila  paper  and  wrapped  with  hard¬ 
ware  twine.  A  cheaper  insulation  and 
one  which  would  probably  answer  the 
purpose  as  well  in  this  place  would  be 
a  box  about  18  inches  square  surrounding 
the  pipe  for  its  entire  length,  the  pipe  to 
be  tightly  packed  in  dry  sawdust  or 
planer  shavings.  The  efficiency  of  either 
method  will  depend  to  a  great  extent 
upon  the  care  used  in  putting  it  in. 
When  putting  the  pipes  in  care  should  be 
taken  to  give  them  a  little  slant  towards 
the  outlet  so  that  the  system  can  be 
drained  from  below  in  case  the  house  is 
to  be  left  for  a  time  in  cold  weather. 
Either  of  the  methods  outlined  above  will 
be  cheaper  than  the  hot-water  circulating 
system  and  besides  protecting  the  cold 
water  pipe  as  wrell  or  better  will  allow 
better  service  from  the  boiler.  R.  u.  s. 
Overhead  Stable  Floor 
Eight  years  ago  we  built  addition  on 
barn  extending  32  feet,  and  putting  horse 
stables  on  second  floor  with  room  for  sheep 
and  cattle  below.  We  built,  with  heavy 
oak  frame,  laid  layer  hoards  (oak)  ns 
close  as  we  could  without  matching,  ran 
coating  of  coal  tar  and  sand  over,  then 
laid  a  second  floor,  running  coal  tar  and 
sand  on  top,  then  placed  stamping  plunk 
and  coat  of  coal  tar  and  sand  on  that. 
They  were  quite  satisfactory  and  by 
using  lots  of  absorbent  did  not  leak,  but 
now  are  leaking.  How  thick  a  coating  of 
cement  would  have  to  be  run  on  to  be 
satisfactory.  ^  What  reinforcement  for 
added  weight?  Possibly  cement  could  not 
he  used.  Can  some  one  offer  other  solu¬ 
tion?  Who  has  had  experience? 
North  Creek,  N.  Y.  b.  v. 
I  have  seen  overhead  stable  floors  con¬ 
structed  in  this  way  that  have  giveu 
good  satisfaction  for  many  years,  but 
usually  they  either  swell  and  bulge  or 
open  iqi  and  leak  sooner  or  later  and  have 
to  be  replaced.  If  the  construction  has. 
or  can  be  given,  strength  enough  to  stand 
the  additional  weight,  take  off  all  plank 
except  the  first  course  and  put  on  three 
or  four  inches  of  concrete,  using  woven 
wire  fencing  as  a  reinforcement  to  pre¬ 
vent  cracking  and  leaking.  To  obviate 
the  necessity  of  large  amounts  of  bedding 
in  overhead  stables.  I  have  seen  stalls 
constructed  with  a  slight  slope  from  all 
sides  to  the  center  where  a  drainage  pipe 
through  the  floor  removes  the  free  water 
to  a  cisteru  or  manure  shod  outside. 
F.  L.  ALLEN. 
Remedy  for  111-smelling  Cistern 
Your  correspondent,  G.  B.,  La  Crosse, 
Wis.,  page  1307,  asks  what  is  wrong  with 
his  cistern.  Let  me  suggest  a  remedy  for 
his  trouble.  Have  intake  pipe  extend  to 
within  one  inch  of  bottom  of  cistern, 
thereby  forcing  stale  water  and  sediments 
out  at  the  overflow.  I  think  ibis  will  ob¬ 
viate  all  his  cistern  trouble,  unless  there 
should  he  a  long  period  without  rainfall. 
North  Collins,  N.  Y,  o.  u.  o. 
In  reply  to  .1.  D.  S.,  on  page  3  407.  as 
to  keeping  maple  sugar,  as  a  sugar  maker 
would  say  keep  maple  sugar  in  a  dry  cool 
place,  and  if  in  tin  packages  take  off 
cover,  and  cover  sugar  with  strong  man- 
ilia  paper  or  a  hoard,  if  tin  cover  is  left 
on  it  will  produce  the  conditions  J.  D.  S. 
complains  of.  Tf  not  too  far  gone  this 
can  be  arrested  by  reboiling  again  (using 
care  not  to  burn  and  kept  well  skimmed) 
which  will  also  improve  flavor. 
R.  c.  B. 
Customer  • ,  ‘‘When  I  bought  the  mo- 
tor-cycle,  didn’t  you  say  you’d  supply  me 
with  auy  new  parts  if  I  broke  any?” 
Dealer:  ‘‘I  did.  What  do  you  want?” 
Customer:  ‘‘A  pair  of  new  ankles,  a  rib. 
three  feet,  of  sticking  plaster,  a  box  of 
assorted  finger  nails,  four  molars  and  a 
funny-bone,” — Credit  Lost. 
How  We  Protect  Our 
Good  Name 
To  you  Goodyear  quality — which  we  believe  to 
be  the  highest  it  is  possible  to  put  into  a  tire — 
means  service  and  utter  tire  satisfaction. 
To  us,  it  means  the  continuance  of  your  good 
will,  and  the  good  will  of  the  increasing 
thousands  of  Goodyear  users. 
Your  thoughts  of  Goodyear  are  worth  more  to 
us  than  any  monetary  profit. 
And  to  retain  your  good  opinion,  and  protect 
our  good  name,  we  constantly  build  into  our 
product  quality  beyond  which  we  believe  it 
impossible  to  go. 
We  doubt  if  any  tire  can  give  service  as  good  or 
as  long  as  All-Weather  Tread  Goodyears. 
The  fabric  is  the  strongest  made.  The  tread  is 
tough  and  durable. 
Because  they  excel  in  these  fundamentals,  they 
excel  in  tire-life  and  tire-satisfaction. 
Goodyear  Tires  are  not  as  low  in  price  as  many 
of  the  close  to  two  hundred  brands  made  in 
this  country. 
Yet  Goodyear  sales  to  consumers,  as  well  as  to 
motor  car  manufacturers,  are  far,  far  greater 
than  those  of  any  other  brand. 
The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber  Company 
Akron,  Ohio 
