She  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
93 
Diverting  Water  from  Spring 
/ 
Will  you  tell  me  whether  I  have 
right  to  divert  five  waters  from  a  spring 
that  rises  on  my  land,  blit  has  been  flow¬ 
ing  through  adjoining  land  for  years? 
New  York.  »  G. 
The  general  rule  is  that  every  riparian 
proprietor  is  entitled  to  the  natural  flow 
of  the  water  of  a  running  stream  through 
or  along  his  laud,  in  its  accustomed 
channel,  undiminjslied  in  quantity  and 
unimpaired  in.  quality,  except  as  may  be 
occasioned  by  the  reasonable  use  of  the 
stream  by  other  like  proprietors.  The 
ease  of  springs  is  just  the  same.  You 
have  not,  therefore,  the  right  to  divert 
the  water  from  its  regular  course  with¬ 
out  the  consent  of  your  neighbor. 
Farm  Water  Problems 
Look  Ahead ! 
To 
1916  CROPS 
Chain  Pump  in  Well 
We  have  a  dug  well  84  feet  deep. 
Would  it  be  feasible  to  use  a  chain  cis¬ 
tern  pump  in  this?  If  not.  have  you 
any  suggestions  for  a  pump  to  be  placed 
in  it?  G.  AV.  F. 
Salem.  Iml. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  principle  upon 
which  the  chain  pump  works  that  would 
prevent  its  use  in  a  well  of  this  depth, 
i.e.,^  it  is  not  dependent  upon  atmos¬ 
pheric  pressure  to  force  the  water  up, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  suction  pump.  How¬ 
ever,  in  a  pump  designed  for  cistern  use 
the  parts  are  seldom  proportioned  right¬ 
ly  for  the  longer  and  heavier  lift,  neces¬ 
sary  in  the  ordinary  well,  and  for  this 
reason  do  not  always  give  satisfaction 
either  in  quality  or  length  of  service. 
The  type  of  pump  best  suited  for  your 
purpose  cannot  be  told  wdthout  know¬ 
ing  more  about  the  conditions  under 
which  it  will  have  to  work,  and  the  work 
required  of  it.  The  iron  force  pump  per¬ 
mits  the  forcing  of  water  to  an  elevated 
or  pressure  tank  and  the  attachment  of 
a  hose  direct  to  the  pump,  a  great  con¬ 
venience  in  washing  wagons,  flushing  off 
floors,  etc.  This  cannot  be  done  with  the 
open-top  type  of  pump.  If  power  is  to 
be  used  in  driving  the  pump  one  with  a 
“windmill  top"  is  necessary,  and  if  water 
is  to  he  stored  in  an  elevated  or  under¬ 
ground  tank  a  pump  having  a  three-way 
discharge  is  desirable,  as  it  permits 
pumping  water  through  the  spout, 
through  an  underground  pipe  to  the  stor¬ 
age  tank  or  the  discharge  of  water  from 
the  tank  through  the  spout  of  the  pump, 
by  simply  shifting  the  position  ot  a  lever. 
While  the  force  pump  will  do  all  of  these 
things  the  ordinary  lift  or  suction  pump 
can  he  used  only  to  raise  and  discharge 
water  at  or  below  the  level  of  the  spout. 
deep  and  10  feet  four  inches  in  diameter 
will  have  a  capacity  of  practically  5.000 
gallons,  5,017  and  a  fraction  to  be  exact. 
For  a  cistern  of  this  size  a  six-inch 
wall  will  be  sufficiently  thick.  This 
should  be  reinforced  with  woven  wire 
fencing  placed  well  toward  the  outside  of 
the  wall.  Concrete  in  the  proportion  of 
one  part  cement,  two  parts  sand  and 
four  parts  crushed  stone  or  screened 
gravel,  a  1-2-4  mixture,  is  usually  dense 
enough  for  water-tight  work  if  a  good 
grade  of  sand  and  gravel  arc  used  and 
the  concrete  well  mixed  and  properly 
placed.  It  must  be  mixed  rather  wet  and 
well  spaded  and  tamped  to  secure  as 
dense  a  wall  as  possible.  If  gravel  is 
used  for  the  coarse  aggregate  it  should 
be  run  over  a  ^4-inch  mesh  screen  and 
all  the  material  that  passes  through  used 
as  sand  while  the  coarse  aggregate  in 
thin  wall  construction  of  this  kind  should 
not  he  much  larger  than  one  inch  in  size. 
The  placing  of  this  concrete  should  he  a 
continuous  operation  as  far  as  possible 
to  prevent  the  forming  of  seams  through 
which  the  water  will  seep. 
The  shape  of  the  pit  can  be  laid  out 
by  driving  a  stake  in  the  center  and  with 
this  as  a  center  and  a  stick,  wire  or  cord 
of  the  proper  length  as  a  radius  scratch 
a  circle  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  re- 
mernberiug  to  allow  for  the  thickness  of 
the  walls.  If  the  soil  is  firm  enough  10c ;  shoop.  por  fl 
to  stand,  and  it  usually  is,  the  sides  of 
the  pit  can  be  dug  straight  down  and 
used  as  the  outer  form  wall  when  placing 
the  concrete.  When  the  proper  depth  is 
reached  the  bottom  is  smoothed  up,  thor¬ 
oughly  tamped  to  prevent  settling  and  the 
floor  laid.  A  two-inch  layer  is  first  put 
down,  the  woven  wire  reinforcement  is 
placed  on  this  and  the  other  four  inches 
added.  If  there  is  any  chance  to  con¬ 
nect  the  cistern  to  a  drain,  or  if  it  is  to  ' 
be  arranged  to  discharge  water  to  the 
buildings  by  gravity,  the  pipe  should  be  i 
placed  now  and  the  bottom  sloped  to  the 
opening.  Even  if  the  water  has  to  be 
taken  from  the  cistern  with  a  pump  it  ' 
will  he  found  an  advantage  to  have  the 
bottom  slope  to  a  point  directly  beneath 
the  proposed  location  of  the  pipe. 
The  side  forms  should  be  in  readiness, 
and  as  soon  as  the  bottom  is  laid  should 
be  lowered  into  place.  Blocks  can  be  used 
to  hold  the  reinforcing  wire  about  four 
inches  from  their  surface,  removing  them 
as  fast  its  the  Concrete  reaches  them,  and 
the  concrete  shoveled  into  place,  being 
careful  not  to  rattle  dirt  from  the  sides 
into  it  as  it  is  placed.  When  the  top  of  . 
the  wall  is  reached  sleepers  are  laid  1 
from  side  to  side  of  the  inner  form  and 
a  tight  board  floor  laid  upon  them.  This 
is  supported  by  posts  placed  on  planks 
laid  in  the  bottom  of  the  cistern.  The 
posts  had  best  be  cut  an  inch  or  so 
short  and  tightened  by  means  of  wedges 
to  bo  more  easily  removable  when  the 
concrete  has  hardened.  A  two-inch  lay¬ 
er  of  concrete  is  placed  on  this  floor,  the 
wire  fencing  put  in  place,  and  the  re¬ 
mainder  of  the  concrete  added.  This 
curb  should  be  six  inches  thick  in  the 
middle  and  may  taper  to  four  or  five  . 
inches  at  the  edges.  Before  laying  it  1 
forms  should  be  placed  for  all  openings 
into  the  cistern  and  after  hardening  the 
inner  form  work  can  be  removed  and 
banded  up  through  the  manhole 
In  a  mixture  of  this  proportion.  1-2-4, 
it  is  customary  to  allow  .058  barrels  of 
cement  for  each  cubic  foot  of  rammed 
concrete  used.  A  six-inch  wall,  curb  and 
bottom  in  a  cistern  of  this  size  will  re¬ 
quire  about  288  cubic  feet  of  concrete  or 
23S.X.058  equals  13.8  barrels  or  5(5  sacks 
nearly.  Due  to  differences  in  the  void 
spaces  of  sand,  gravel  and  stone  from  dif¬ 
ferent  sources  this  may  over  or  under- 
run  somewhat  but  gives  approximately 
the  amount  required.  Painting  the  in¬ 
side  walls  with  a  mixture  of  cement  and 
water  of  the  consistency  of  thin  cream 
makes  them  much  smoother  and  aids  iu 
making  and  keeping  them  watertight. 
The  leading  cement  companies  have 
bulletins  for  free  distribution  that  give 
reliable  information  along  construction 
lines.  If  R.  G.  F.  will  write  one  of 
these  companies  advertised  in  The  It.  N.- 
Y.  stating  his  needs  he  will  receive  bul¬ 
letins  covering  the  work  quite  completely. 
Enormous  demand,  limited  supply 
— prices  due  to  be  higher  than  ever 
before  in  the  history  of  the  world ! 
This  is  the  outlook  for  the  1916 
harvest,  and  every  farmer  who  is 
a  business  man  is  figuring  to  go 
the  limit  and  make  every  available 
acre  produce  its  very  utmost. 
The  practical,  profitable  way  to 
get  this  record-breaking  yield  is  to 
apply 
These  are  the  famous  fertilizers 
that  for  generations  have  been  the 
standard  of  reliability  and  maxi¬ 
mum  elficienoy.  The  experiment 
station  endorses  them.  The  prac¬ 
tical  farmer  recommends  them  in 
thousands  of  testimonials.  They 
are  today  the  safest  and  most  cer¬ 
tain  investment  that  you  can 
make.  They  have  paid  the  pur¬ 
chaser  even  in  past  years  of  mod¬ 
erate  prices,  and  in  this  present 
period  of  wartime  figures  you  can 
show  a  magnificent  profit  on 
every  dollar  you  put  into 
MANUFACTURED  BY 
THE  ROGERS  &  HUBBARD  CO 
Circular  Concrete  Cistern 
I  want  to  dig  a  cistern  to  hold  about 
5,000  gallons  of  water.  What  should  be 
its  depth  aud  diameter?  What  is  the 
rule  for  computing  the  contents  of  a 
given  circular  size  of  this  character? 
How  thick  should  be  the  concrete  lining 
and  in  what  proportions  should  the  con¬ 
crete  be*  mixed?  About  how  many  hags 
of  cement  would  it  take  for  lining  and 
curbing?  The  soil  is  gravelly,  n.  g.  f. 
Lake  Grove,  N.  Y. 
There  are  a  number  of  rules  used  to 
obtain  the  contents  of  a  circular  cistern, 
but  the  rule  given  in  any  arithmetic  for 
obtaining  the  contents  of  a  cylinder  is 
perhaps  as  good  as  any  other  as  it  is 
always  at  hand.  The  contents  of  a  cyl¬ 
inder  are  found  by  multiplying  the  area 
of  the  base  by  the  height.  To  obtain  the 
area  of  the  base  multiply  the  radius  by 
itself,  and  this  product  by  3.1416,  tho 
ratio  between  the  diameter  and  circum¬ 
ference  of  a  circle.  As  nefore  stated  this 
area  when  multiplied  by  the  height  will 
give  the  solid  contents  of  the  cylinder. 
It  must  he  remembered  of  course  to  use 
all  dimensions  in  the  same  denomination, 
either  as  feet  and  fractions  of  feet  or  all 
in  inches.  If  the  dimensions  are  kept  in 
feet  the  contents  will  be  found  in  cubic 
feet  aud  multiplying  this  result  by  7% 
will  give  the  capacity  in  gallons,  as 
there  are  nearly  71/{.  gallons  in  each  cu¬ 
bic  foot.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  con¬ 
tents  have  been  found  in  cubic  iuches,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  divide  by  231,  as 
there  are  231  cubic  inches  in  each  gal¬ 
lon. 
The  formulas  are  as  follows: 
RxKx3. 1410x1 1x7 V-!  equals  gallons. 
Where  R  equals  radius  in  feet  and  H 
equals  height  in  feet. 
(rxrx3.1410xh)  divided  by  231  equals 
gallons. 
where  li  equals  height  in  inches  aud  r 
equals  radius  in  inches. 
Another  rule  that  is  sometimes  used  is 
to  multiply  the  diameter  in  feet  by  itself 
and  this  product  by  5.9  times  the  height 
in  feet.  The  result  is  the  capacity  of  the 
tank  in  gallons. 
Where  a  given  capacity  is  wanted  as 
in  this  case,  the  problem  can  be  worked 
backward  and  a  height  and  diameter  ob¬ 
tained  in  this  way  that  will  fit  the  case. 
The  location  of  the  cistern  has  much 
to  do  with  its  shape,  but.  iu  general  it 
is  best  to  make  the  depth  atul  diameter 
nearly  equal,  as  this  economizes  in  the 
concrete  used  and  makes  a  stronger,  bet¬ 
ter  job.  A  cylindrical  cistern  eight  feet 
Middletown,  Conn. 
Office  and  Works,  Portland,  Conn. 
Write  to-day  to  Department  A  for 
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Retains  all  original  food  values,  won't  spoil ; 
pure  and  wholesome  at  all  times. 
Sweeter  smell  and  taste  than  meat  tankage, 
and  animals  like  it  better.  Mix  with  other 
grain  or  feeds,  or  feed  it  pure. 
Guaranteed  Analysis:  Protein  20’{  to  25$ 
fat,  2  .  to  5r<;  fibre,  under  1 0  < . 
Prices  for  immediate  acceptance  only 
$28-'  $  1 4.50 It  $ 7.50 
All  delivered  freight  prepaid  to  your  nearest  station 
Try  it--and  Reduce  Your  Feed  Bill 
The  Motts  Co.  Dept.  L,  Cleveland,  O. 
SANITARY  C'T  ACP'n 
CHEMICAL  wLCOL  1 
For  Farms  or  Village  Homes 
Blekncai  nml  dentil  may  butho  oust  If  you  -  |,  i  »-■ 
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■•OiP 
