■Uhe  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
183 
Orchard  and  Small  Fruits 
Fruit  Notes  from  the  Hudson  Valley 
Winter  Pruning. — The  season  of  1915 
has  been  peculiar  iu  some  ways,  but  as 
almost  every  season  has  a  certain  indi¬ 
viduality  of  its  own  it  is  well  to  keep 
notes  on  them  all  and  try  to  figure  what 
the  average  season  will  bring  forth.  In 
the  Winter  we  thinned  out  the  hearing 
wood  on  the  apple  and  pear  trees  from 
the  outside,  working  on  ladders  and  with 
eight-foot  pruners.  This  was  done  to 
thin  the  fruit,  for  we  never  yet  have  had 
time  to  thin  to  any  extent  by  picking  off 
the  fruit.  This  worked  very  well,  for  the 
trees  bore  an  even  crop  of  large  fruit  and 
were  not  overloaded  and  have  set  buds 
for  next  year. 
Orchard  Cover  Crops. — We  antici¬ 
pated  the  usual  dry  season,  cultivated 
well  and  got  a  good  cover  crop  of  buck¬ 
wheat,  rye  and  weeds  in  late  July,  which 
will  go  under  in  the  Spring.  The  land 
that  has  had  a  cover  crop  plowed  under 
every  year  and  was  well  tilled  did  not 
suffer  from  the  drought.  One  good  cover 
crop  plowed  under  is  a  pretty  good  guar¬ 
antee  that  the  next  crop  will  catch  and 
grow  well. 
Insect  Troubles. — Wo  were  fortun¬ 
ate  in  the  Hudson  Valley  to  eseape  the 
aphis  last  year,  hut  the  pear  psylla  did 
mu  eh  damage.  We  sprayed  with  lime- 
sulphur  when  the  trees  were  dormant  and 
with  soap  and  tobacco  extract  twice  af¬ 
terwards  without  any  marked  success. 
This  is  a  pest  avc  still  have  to  outflank 
and  dispose  of.  There  was  considerable 
late  blight  in  the  pear  orchards  and  the 
psylla  was  largely  responsible  for  pro¬ 
longing  and  spreading  the  infection. 
Blight  cannot  be  successfully  controlled 
in  an  orchard  badly  infested  with  psylla. 
Dust  Spray. — When  the  apple  blos¬ 
soms  fell  we  faced  the  usual  Tush  of  farm 
work  and  a  long  spraying  job.  hut  we  used 
the  sprayer  only  enough  to  give  a  check 
plot  and  dusted  the  rest  of  the  orchard, 
both  for  first  and  second  brood  Codling- 
moth.  The  cost  of  materials  is  a  trifle 
greater  with  the  dust  than  with  the 
spray,  but  accurate  records  showed  that 
the  dusting  was  done  in  one-tenth  of  the 
time,  it  took  to  spray  the  dormant  trees, 
and  the  crop  of  fruit  was  fine,  and  every 
bit  ns  good  as  on  sprayed  blocks. 
Experience  With  Packages. — Wh  n 
the  crop  was  harvested  we  put  the  Clapp 
and  Bartlett  pears  in  bushel  baskets.  To 
my  surprise  I  found  that  the  package,  the 
packing  and  handling  cost  more  per 
bushel  than  when  standard  barrels  were 
used.  The  fruit  was  bruised  and  crushed 
in  transit  and  we  decided  to  go  hack  to 
the  standard  barrel.  The  apples  we 
packed  under  the  State  law  without  any 
difficulty.  We  made  a  few  fancy  and  B 
grade  barrels,  but  for  the  most  part 
packed  a  good  A  grade  and  a  B  grade. 
The  poor  apples  were  sold  in  bulk,  care  or 
for  cider. 
Effect  of  Poor  Fruit. — This  season, 
which  promised  so  well  for  botli  grower 
and  dealer,  has  been  ruined  for  both  by 
the  flood  of  poor  apples  that  has  been 
pushed  on  the  market.  It  is  always  poor 
policy  to  try  to  make  people  buy  a  thing 
they  do  not  want,  and  growers  and  deal¬ 
ers  both  should  strive  to  keep  poor  goods 
at  home  for  cider  and  stock  feed  and  put 
only  good  fruit  on  the  market.  As  usual 
we  fed  the  horses  almost  entirely  on  ap¬ 
ples  for  nearly  three  months,  and  saved 
the  grain  for  Winter  use,  and  kept  the 
horses  in  the  pink  of  condition.  Cider 
apples  make  good  horse  feed.  We  sold 
part  of  the  apples  to  a  dealer  and  stored 
part  for  sale  at  auction  and  arc  satisfied 
with  both  transactions. 
Dessert  Apples. — An  old  orchard  that 
was  badly  affected  with  collar  rot  and 
canker,  but  that  has  borne  well  for  sev¬ 
eral  years,  was  badly  killed  by  Winter 
injury,  and  being  no  longer  profitable 
must  give  place  to  a  new  crop  of  trees. 
A  few  Delicious  grown  nearby  promise  so 
well  that  I  am  tempted  to  plant  Delicious 
and  McIntosh  aiul  pull  out  the  kind  that 
loses  out  in  a  10  or  15  year  trial.  The 
Hudson  Valley  is  the  place  to  grow  des¬ 
sert  apples  and  the  faithful  Ben  Davis — 
that  is  sometimes  called  the  mortgage 
lifter — is  going  out  of  style. 
E.  W.  MITCHELL. 
Winter  Injury  of  Grapes 
I  am  sending  some  stalks  from  grape¬ 
vines;  would  like  you  to  toll  me  what 
is  the  matter  with  them.  They  are  all 
dying.  ci  D. 
Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. 
These  specimens  show  very  evident  in¬ 
dications  of  Winter  injury  that  is  not  un¬ 
common  to  the  Chautauqua  and  Erie 
grape  belt.  During  the  past  six  years 
there  have  been  two  periods  when  this 
type  Of  injury  showed  quite  generally. 
Iu  1912  much  complaint  was  hoard,  and 
many  examinations  revealed  the  fact  that 
considerable  injury  had  been  done.  The 
1911  crop  was  a  particularly  heavy  one, 
and  as  a  result  wood  and  buds  did  not  go 
into  the  winter  well  matured.  This  con¬ 
dition,  in  conjunction  with  severe  Win¬ 
ter  temperatures,  resulted  in  the  actual 
freezing  of  tissues  to  the  extent  that 
they  were  ruptured.  In  some  instances 
the  bark  was  completely  destroyed  around 
the  arm  or  stem.  The  greatest  injury 
occurred  in  the  low-lying,  wet  vineyards, 
or  in  the  wetter  portions  of  those  com¬ 
paratively  well  drained.  Again  in  1914 
much  injury  was  observed  from  the  same 
causes.  Invariably  the  injured  vines  are 
those  that  are  hut  a  few'  years  planted, 
and  in  particular  those  that  are  making 
a  rapid  succulent  growth. 
In  order  to  minimize  the  possibility 
of  such  injury,  the  grower  should  first 
improve  the  drainage  conditions  of  his 
vineyard,  then  he  should  aim  to  keep 
the  fruit  production  down  to  the  point 
where  the  vine  can  mature  it  early 
enough  so  that  its  buds  and  wood  in 
turn  may  be  properly  ripened.  Late  ap¬ 
plication  of  manure  or  nitrogenous  fer¬ 
tilizers  should  be  avoided.  Cultivation 
should  he  stopped  relatively  early.  In 
this  region  this  is  about  the  first  of  Au¬ 
gust.  That  this  type  of  injury  may  bring 
about  disastrous  results  is  well  known 
to  the  writer,  for  during  the  past  sea¬ 
son  he  has  seen  five-acre  vineyards  pulled 
out  because  of  the  large  percentage  of 
the  vines  that  were  severely  Winter  in¬ 
jured.  F.  E.  G. 
A  Prize  Apple  Tree 
One  solitary  apple  tree  with  an  earn¬ 
ing  capacity  of  $52.50  a  year  seems  in¬ 
credible,  but  that  is  just  the  sort  of  a 
tree  which  A.  A.  Marshall  of  Fitchburg 
lias  in  his  orchard  in  that  city.  lie  has 
proved  it  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  State 
Board  of  Ariculture  and  yesterday  was 
awarded  a  first  prize  in  the  orcharding 
contest  of  the  board.  Mr.  Marshall’s 
record  tree  is  a  McTntosh,  not  yet  15 
years  old,  and  this  year  yielded  him  21 
boxes  of  apples,  valued  at  $2.50  a  box. 
In  the  last  five  years  the  tree  has  yielded 
all  told  70  boxes  of  apples.  W.  II.  At¬ 
kins  of  South  Amherst  came  a  close  sec¬ 
ond  to  Mr.  Marshall,  with  a  McIntosh 
which  netted  $48.86  worth  of  apples  for 
the  year. 
Th  question  of  fine  apples  grown  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  is  nmv  up.  so  we  print 
the  above.  There  is  no  doubt  as  to  the 
record,  which  was  sworn  to  and  certified 
by  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture.  This  McIntosh  tree  did  pro¬ 
duce  21  boxes  and  they  sold  for  $52.50. 
If  this  is  not  a  world  record  we  are  pre¬ 
pared  to  hear  of  something  larger.  There 
are  plenty  of  other  trees  which  have  pro¬ 
duced  21  boxes  of  fruit.  We  have  a 
Baldwin  tree  which  once  produced  more 
than  thal-  It  is.  however,  a  remarkable 
thing  when  a  tree  produces  21  boxes  of 
apples  all  so  fine  and  uniform  that  they 
average  $2.50  per  box.  In  order  to  do 
that  the  tree  must  have  had  the  very  fin¬ 
est  care  from  the  day  it  was  planted. 
Pruning,  fertilizing,  spraying,  must  all 
have  been  done  in  the  most  thorough 
manner.  Then  the  fruit  must  he  picked 
and  packed  like  eggs.  Nor  is  that  all. 
The  man  beside  the  tree  must  grow  up 
with  it  and  have  such  a  name  and  repu¬ 
tation  for  square  dealing  that  the  public 
will  buy  his  apples  with  their  eyes  shut. 
There  is  something  more.  The  tree  must 
stand  in  a  situation  close  to  good  mar¬ 
kets,  where  long  haul  and  many  middle¬ 
men  are  avoided.  You  caunot  win  prizes 
of  this  sort  unless  all  those  factors  enter 
into  it,  and  that  is  another  reason  why 
the  upper  Atlantic  coast  is  sure  to  be 
the  most  profitable  fruit  section  of  the 
future. 
“Say,  waiter,  that  fish  1  just  had  was 
not  as  good  as  the  piece  I  had  last  week.” 
‘‘That  s  funny,  it  was  off  the  same  fish.” 
— Credit  Lost. 
t 
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