very  good  rare  of  neither  toe  solid  ma¬ 
nure  nor  of  the  liquid.  The  majority  of 
the  small  farmers  and  many  of  the  large 
have  made  no  arrangement  to  catch  the 
urine  separately,  as  is  the  custom  in 
Germany,  and  consequently  this  part  of 
the  animal  excreta  may  be  lost  if  it  is 
not  taken  up  by  some  absorbing  sub¬ 
stance.  Many  of  the  small  farmers  have 
dug  a  small  pit  near  the  mauure  pile 
into  which  the  liquid  manure  runs,  and 
when  it  gets  filled  the  liquid  is  carried 
to  the  field  in  barrels,  or  sometimes  in 
buckets  if  the  field  is  very  near.  If  the 
laud  happens  to  be  around  the  house  the 
urine  is  allowed  to  run  into  it.  u.  b. 
Farming  in  Europe 
Part  IV. 
Smat.t,  Farms. — A  glance  at  the  pre¬ 
vious  table  reveals  at  once  tbe  fact  that  the 
farms  in  France  are  comparatively  small. 
It  will  be  seen  that  62.03%  of  the  total 
acreage  consists  of  holdings,  ranging 
from  less  than  2.5  acres  to  00  acres.  The 
number  of  these  holdings  constitutes 
07.20%  of  the  total.  The  farms  which 
vary  from  00  to  225  acres  and  over  con¬ 
tain  only  37.07%  of  the  total  acreage 
and  only  2.71%  of  the  total  number  of 
holdings.  About  80%  of  the  total  hold¬ 
ings,  which  amount  to  about  60%  of  the 
arable  land,  are  farmed  by  the  proprie¬ 
tor;  of  the  rest  approximately  13%  are 
let  on  lease,  and  about  7%  are  worked 
on  the  system  known  as  metayage  or  the 
division  of  the  produce  between  the  own¬ 
er  and  tenant.  The  length  of  period  of 
renting  is  not  uniform  hut  in  the  ma¬ 
jority  of  cases  it  is  below  10  years. 
Village  Life. — In  general,  the  farm¬ 
ers  live  in  villages  as  in  Germany,  and 
not  upon  the  land.  There  is  a  great  num¬ 
ber  of  them,  however,  both  large  and 
small,  in  all  the  different  sections  of  the 
country,  who  live  upon  the  land,  and  it 
would  appear  that  the  number  is  much 
greater  in  France  than  in  Germany.  As 
in  the  latter  country  the  land  of  each 
farmer  is  divided  into  several  small 
pieces.  These  are  scattered  all  over  the 
district  and  in  most  instances  at  consid¬ 
erable  distance  from  each  other  and  from 
the  residence.  Unlike  in  Germany,  the 
fields  are  fenced,  but  not  very  extensively 
and  completely.  The  fences  consist  of 
stone,  wood,  wire  and  hedges.  The  lat¬ 
ter  form  predominates.  The  roads  are 
very  good,  but  are  not  ornamented  with 
trees  on  the  sides  so  extensively  as  in 
Germany.  The  villages  are  in  all  sizes 
and  forms. 
The  Farmhouse. — The  style  and 
standard  of  the  houses  vary  considerably 
in  the  different  regions,  and  even  within 
the  same  region.  The  rather  ancient 
and  most  predominant  form  consists  of 
a  simple,  square  or  rectangular  brick  or 
stone  house,  with  one  or  two  stories,  con¬ 
nected  to  a  series  of  other  buildings  such 
as  the  barns,  implement  house,  etc., 
made  of  the  same  material  as  the  house, 
or  sometimes  of  wood,  and  arranged  in 
n  square  shape  and  forming  a  court  in 
the  center.  A  high  wall  connects  all 
those  buildings  in  a  complete  enclosure. 
An  entrance  to  the  buildings,  therefore, 
can  be  gained  only  through  the  gate. 
The  wall  is  generally  very  high,  and 
nothing  in  the  interior  can  be  seen  from 
the  outside.  In  the  center  or  at  a  corner 
of  this  court  is  piled  tin*  manure.  The 
residence  may  be  located  at  the  front  or 
at  the  side  of  the  square.  The  villages 
which  arc  composed  mainly  of  this  style 
of  buildings  present  a  very  interesting 
sight.  Each  enclosure  may  have  three, 
four  or  five  buildings  on  the  line  of  the 
square,  giving  the  impression  of  or  sug¬ 
gesting  a  community.  The  other  form 
of  houses,  which  are  very  common 
throughout  the  country,  are  rectangular 
or  square  in  shape,  with  one  or  two  stor¬ 
ies.  The  rectangular  and  single  floor 
houses  are  divided  into  three  parts.  The 
first  or  front  part  is  occupied  by  the 
family,  the  second  or  middle  part  by  the 
animals,  and  the  third  division  by  the 
bay,  implements,  etc.  Probably  at  a 
corner  in  front  of  tbe  third  part  of  the 
house,  is  piled  tliq  manure.  In  the 
square  form  and  double  story  house,  the 
family  lives  in  the  upper  floor  and  in  the 
lower  are  housed  the  animals,  machin¬ 
ery.  etc.  In  this 
rule,  it  is  cultivated  at  least  twice- — once 
shallow  and  once  deep,  and  rolled,  har¬ 
rowed,  etc.,  several  times.  In  Spring  it 
is  a  common  practice  to  harrow  and  roll 
the  land  planted  t<»  cereal  crops  when  the 
plants  have  about  three  or  four  leaves. 
The  principal  object  of  this  practice  is  to 
settle  the  ground  and  level  the  surface, 
Kind  and  Amount  of  Fertilizers  t'sptf  in  France 
and  Germany. 
France 
Tons 
l,r.oo,ooo 
•_v, 0,000 
200,000 
t, -.,00ft 
2i«.r,so 
81.311 
Germany 
Tons 
1.250. 000 
1,718.231 
Kind  of  Fertilizer 
Superphosphates  ... 
Basic  slag  meal  .... 
Various  phosphates  . 
Salts  of  potash  .... 
Nitrate  of  soda  .... 
Sulphate  of  ammonia 
and  thus  facilitate  harvesting.  The  hind 
is  immured  .and  fertilized  quite  liberally. 
Nearly  all  the  farmers  keep  animals,  and 
they  attempt  to  treat  their  soil  with  a 
heavy  dressing  of  duug  as  often  as  possi¬ 
ble.  but  at  least  once  every  three  years. 
The  farmyard  manure  is  put  upon  the 
land  in  heaps  at  a  distance  of  about  five 
square  meters  apart  and  then  spread 
When  Detroit,  the  city 
that  produces  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  cars 
manufactured  in  the  United  States,  shows  by 
official  figures  for  the  entire  year  of  1915  MORE 
Studebakers  in  use  on  Detroit  streets  than  any 
other  car  selling  at  more  than  $500 
1 — what  surer  judgment 
you  follow  in  buying  a  < 
can 
Think  for  a  minute — think  what  that  Studebaker 
Leadership  in  Detroit  means  to  YOU.  If  a  friend  of 
yours  has  a  car,  you’d  take  his  advice  on  buying  a 
car  in  a  minute — figure  in  your  own  mind  that  he 
ought  to  KNOW.  Here’s  a  whole  city  that  KNOWS 
cars — and  knows  them  better  than  any  other  city 
on  the  face  of  the  earth.  For  Detroit’s  BIG  industry 
is  making  cars.  And  so  many  people  in  Detroit  are 
either  directly  engaged  in  the  industry  or  else  come 
into  daily  touch  with  others  who  are,  that  knowledge 
of  cars  is  far  more  general  and  EXACT  than  in  any 
other  community. 
And  so  when  Detroit  makes  Studebaker  its  own 
Preference  in  cars  —  no  man  can  overlook  that 
judgment,  whether  he’s  running  a  farm  in  Illinois, 
a  ranch  in  Colorado  or  a  fruit  orchard  in  California. 
For  it  means  that  in  the  judgment  of  the  city  that 
knows  cars  BEST,  Studebaker  gives  the  top  VALUE 
of  the  market. 
See  the  Car  that  Detroit  PREFERS.  See  this  new 
FORTY  Horse  Power,  SEVEN  passenger,  SERIES 
17  Studebaker  at  $845  —  the  GREAT  4-cylinder 
Value  of  the  year. 
SERIES  17  FOUR 
40  horse  power 
7  passenger 
Four  Cylinder  Models 
Touring  Car,  7- passenger  .  .  . 
Roadster,  3-passenger  .... 
Landau-Roadster,  3-pass.  ... 
Six  Cylinder  Models 
Touring  Car,  7-passcnger  ... 
Roadster,  3-passenger  .... 
Landau -Roadster  3-pass.  .... 
Coupe,  4-passenger  ..... 
Sedan.  7-passenger . 
Limousine,  7 -passenger  .... 
$1050 
1025 
1350 
1000 
1675 
2500 
Half-Ton  Commercial  Cars 
Panel  Delivery  Car . $875 
Express  Body  ........  850 
Station  and  Baggage  Wagon  .  .  875 
One-Ton  Commercial  Trucks 
Open  Express,  complete  .  .  .  .$1200 
Stake  Body,  complete  ....  1250 
Bus,  16-pass.,  full  equipment  .  .  1400 
F.  O.  B.  Detroit 
STUDEBAKER 
South  Bend,  Ind.  Detroit,  Mich.  Walker ville,  Ont. 
Address  all  correspondence  to  Detroit,  Dept.F.  37 
More  than  214,000  Studebaker  Cars  now  in  use 
manure  is 
commonly  found  very  close  to  the  main 
entrance.  On  the  whole  the  houses  of 
the  majority  of  the  smaller  farmers  are 
poor.  They  are  old,  poorly  arranged, 
and  possessing  almost  no  modern  con¬ 
veniences.  The  sanitary  conditions  and 
environment  in  many,  if  not  in  most 
cases,  are  deplorable.  There  are,  on  the 
other  hand,  many  farm  buildings 
throughout  the  country  and  especially  on 
the  northern  sections,  which  resemble  in 
arrangement  the  best  farm  buildings  in 
America,  and  which  arc  very  modern,  and 
possess  all  the  best  and  up-to-date  con¬ 
veniences.  Such  buildings,  however,  are 
mainly  found  on  the  large  estates. 
Intensive  Farming. — The  farming  in 
France  Is  oil  the  whole  intensive.  Most 
of  the  laud  is  worked  very  well.  As  a 
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