I 
EW-YORKER  ^  February  12,  1916. 
An  Institute  Worker  on  Long  Island  diseases  follow  rapidly  outbreaks  of  com- 
.  ,w.,  >  mon  injurious  insects.  It  is  believed 
( (  nu tinned  from  page  -06.)  that  in  control  of  plant,  diseases  more 
Special  Crops.— Long  Island  on  the  consideration  should  he  given  to  the  part 
p  incipl..  of  the  .m\i\al  f  tic  fittest,  <jrgn uisrns.  Two  destructive  insects  are 
has  through  the  years  built  up  a  very  being  introduced  into  fruit-growing  sec- 
special  and  successful  agriculture.  The  tions  of  the  State.  These  are  the  pear 
old-time  general  farming  is  gone.  On  the  ^'iiuat<>  borer  and  the  Leopard  moth. 
,  ,  .  ,  Another  new  pest,  the  Citrus  mite,  was 
western  end  are  many  glass-houses  and  0im.rVed  0n  apples  and  pears  in  Ontario 
hotbeds,  and  a  market-gardening  indus-  County  and  is  the  first  record  of  the  oc- 
try  which  grows  almost  everything  pos-  cm-rence  of  the  pest  on  deciduous  fruits 
sible  in  the  North.  Here  too  are  the  (‘asf-  °f  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
headquarters  of  the  cucumber.  The  only  On  the  subject  of  dusting  orchards, 
important  tree,  fruit  is  the  peach  which  Prof.  Reddick  said  that  a  mixture  of  an 
is  being  planted  in  large  numbers — os-  insecticide  and  a  fungicide  can  be  applied 
pecially  toward  the  northern  shore.  Po-  in  powdered  form,  using  air  as  a  carrier, 
tatoes  are  the  most  important  single  witli  better  commercial  results  iu  the 
crop.  In  some  few  localities — notably  control  of  preventable  apple  diseases  and 
around  Orient — tin  effort  is  made  to  of  apple  inserts  than  can  be  obtained  by 
catch  the  extra  early  market  with  Cob-  spraying.  The  dust  method  makes  it 
bier  and  Bliss,  but  on  the  whole  it  is  possible  to  protect  the  orchard  at  critical 
the  main  crop  that  is  relied  upon.  The  times,  a  thing  often  impossible  with  the 
Breen  Mountain  and  its  somewhat  nu-  slow  liquid  process.  The  only  objection 
merous  relatives  seem  to  be  the  most  pop-  at  present  to  the  complete  substitution 
ular  type.  The  question  of  seed  potu-  of  the  dust  method  for  spraying  in  New 
toes  is  always  a  burning  one,  and  there  York  is  that  there  is  no  known  dust  pre¬ 
seems  to  be  too  much  complaint  regard-  para  tion  which  will  kill  scale  insects,  and 
ing  Maine  stock — both  as  to  being  true  no  dust  preparation  which  is  effective 
to  name  and  freedom  from  disease.  It  against,  such  insects  as  aphis  and  pear 
certainly  seems  true  that  the  quality  of  psylla.  Those  who  must  spray  for  scale 
seed  not  infrequently  makes  the  difference  anil  aphis  and  who  can  cover  their  or- 
between  success  and  failure.  It  is  in-  chards  in  two  days,  will  do  well  to  con- 
teresting  to  note  that  while  the  island  tinue  with  the  liquid.  Those  who  cannot 
depends  very  largely  upon  other  sections  cover  their  orchards  in  less  than  a  week 
for  its  own  seed,  yet  at  the  same  time  or  in  two  weeks  will  find  much  needed  rc- 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  Bliss  grown  for  lief  in  the  dust  method, 
seed  for  the  Bermuda  growers.  j.  Andrew  Cohill  of  Hancock,  Md„ 
Potatoes. — The  potato  industry  on  gaVe  the  ‘Practical  experiences  of  an 
the  island  has  grown  to  tremendous  pro-  extensive  ovebardist."  He  told  of  the 
portions,  because  of  two  fundamental  ad-  advantages  of  Summer  pruning  to  induce 
vantages— a  favorable  light  soil  and  good  bearing.  Baldwin  trees  12  years  old  that 
markets.  On  the  other  hand,  the  oil-  had  not.  borne,  were  pruned  late  in  Sum- 
mate  is  very  unfavorable,  because  the  mer,  and  the  next  year  bore  a  fair  crop, 
potato  is  really  best  at  home  in  the  cool  ;)nd  the  next,  year  after  a  large  crop.  He 
smls  and  short  seasons  of  the  Aorth.  thins  the  branches  in  Summer  pruning; 
I  he  real  potato  section  of  our  State  lies  ]arge  branches  are  cut  in  Winter.  The 
around  the  northern  fringe  of  the  Adir-  frujt  grower  should  know  the  cost  of 
ondaeks.  This  long  hot  Summer  explains  production.  He  saved  1!  cents  a  barrel 
why  the  potato  loses  vitality  on  the  by  making  his  own  barrels.  The  labor  of 
island,  and  why  it  is  necessary  constant-  making  a  barrel  was  only  five  eeuts.  The 
ly  to  bring  In  new  stock  from  higher  ati-  materials  are  bought  and  the  barrels 
tildes  and  altitudes.  Still,  on  the  whole  made  in  Winter.  The  men,  even  pickers, 
the  industry  is  permanent  and  profitable.  worjc  by  the  day.  They  are  well  fed  and 
The  yield  last  year  was  fairly  satisfae-  housed  in  tents,  furnished  with  cots  and 
tory.  The  early  crop  was  almost  ruin-  blankets.  The  feeding  costs  75  cents  per 
ously  low,  but  prices  soon  advanced,  and  (]av.  Good  food,  housing,  wages,  and 
have  been ,  steadily  chmbing  until  now  jllst  hours  for  work  holds  the  pickers, 
cars  are  being  loaded  at  .>1.2o  per  bushel, 
with  some  men  holding  for  more  money.  Prof.  Adams  of  Cornell  was  a  substi- 
Farmers  with  half  or  more  of  their  crop  tute  for  Dean  Baliaway  of  the  College  of 
still  in  the  cellar  look  out  upon  life  with  Agriculture  and  read  his  paper,  which 
pretty  sunny  vision.  I  have  always  con-  said  in  part  that  for  7,000  days  the 
sidered  the  apple  grower  of  the  Ontario  world  has  been  getting  rid  of  its  surplus 
shore  the  agricultural  plutocrat  of  our  capital  at  the  rate  of  several  million  dol- 
State  but  I  have  decided  that  the  Long  lars  per  day  by  war.  The  United  States 
Island  potato  grower  at  his  best  is  a  in  general  begins  to  feel  the  pinch  of 
close  competitor.  Yet  the  other  side  of  this  .situation  in  buying  fertilizers  and  in 
the  shield  is  that  prices  are  sometimes  a  lack  of  markets  for  produce.  We  should 
low.  partial  failures  will  occur  and  the  expand  our  production  of  staple  crops  as 
fixed  charges  for  high-priced  lauds  and  necessities  the  world  must  have.  When  a 
high-grade  fertilizers  are  unavoidable,  million  people  are  killed  in  war,  con- 
Men  seldom  use  less  than  1.500  pounds  sumption  is  shortened  to  the  extent  of 
uf  complete  fertilizer  (almost  no  potash  what  they  would  consume,  so  we  must 
this  year)  and  the  custom  of  sowing  the  not  expect  too  large  sales  in  Europe  in 
land  with  rye  for  a  cover  crop  is  well  the  first  year  following  the  war.  New 
nigh  universal.  There  is  always  enough  York  apple  growers  should  learn  lessons 
residual  plant  food  to  enable  the  rye  to  from  the  citrus  fruit  growers,  especially 
make  a  splendid  growth.  oranges,  and  put  forth  their  propaganda 
jaked  van  vagenen,  Jr.  for  apples,  and  practice  their  methods  of 
packing  and  selling.  We  need  a  tremen¬ 
dous  amount  of  education  to  solve  our 
Western  New  York  Hor.icut.oraI  Society  ^'"Zn  Z°y& “elMS  t  "52 
Part  I.  tinue  to  work  along  the  lines  of  educa- 
.  ,  ,  . ,  .  ,  tion  and  get  all  the  light  we  can  on  bet- 
At  the  annual  meeting,  held  at  RochCs-  ter  methods.  We  want  to  get  together 
ter.  January  _<-_9,  T\ .  (  .  Barry  was  re-  questions  of  ethics  so  we  will  have 
elected  president  and  John  Hall  secretary  confidence  in  each  other,  and  work  to- 
anu  treasurer.  gether  iu  advertising,  packing,  storing 
Dr.  Van  Slyke,  of  Geneva,  spoke  on  and  marketing  fruit.  There  should  be 
the  increased  price  of  chemicals,  caused  a  State  supported  institution  whose  func- 
by  the  war,  and  the  blocking  of  the  Pan-  tion  it  is  to  help  the  fruit  growers  to 
tuna  Canal.  We  must  utilize  to  the  full-  standardize  their  products.  Bring  to- 
est  extent,  the  plant  food  iu  the  soil,  and  gether  small  units  or  associations  in  one 
all  sources  of  plaut  food  on  the  farm,  large  association;  then  problems  of  legis- 
aud  practice  the  economical  purchase  of  In t ion  can  be  handled.  Great  marketing 
fertilizers.  There  never  has  been  a  time  centers  and  selling  agencies  develop  so 
when  tillage  will  pay  so  well,  to  make  use  the  individual  farmer  need  not  consign 
of  inert  elements  iu  the  soil,  and  convert  unstandardized  products  to  irresponsible 
them  into  soluble  plant  foods.  Stable  dealers  or  middlemen.  Study  ihe  raeth- 
manure  should  be  carefully  saved  by  oils  of  the  ( ’alifornia  Fruit  Growers’  Ex- 
using  sufficient  absorbent.  Miscellaneous  change.  Know  what  you  want  then  get 
wastes  should  be  made  the  most  of.  together  and  ask  State  aid  to  get  it.  The 
Ground  phosphate  rock  cannot  be  recoin-  farm  bureau  can  help,  but  it  cannot  sell 
mended  where  quick  returns  are  wanted,  your  produce,  but  can  teach  you  to  pre- 
hut  mixed  with  farm  manures  it  some-  pare  it  for  market.  The  function  of 
times  gives  good  results.  Wood  ashes  ihe  College  of  Agriculture  is  to  train  for 
should  lie  purchased  only  with  a  guarau-  you  capable  leaders,  but  these  cannot 
teed  analysis.  Work  <»ut  your  problems  for  you.  You 
Prof.  P.  J.  Parrott  of  Geneva  spoke  must  fact  .that  you  must  work 
oil  injurious  insects.  The  orchard  tent-  out  your  own  salvation.  a  oil  must  study 
caterpillar  and  various  species  of  grass-  ae^  yourself. 
hoppers  were  destructive  in  many  sec-  Commissioner  Wilson  said  that  when 
tions  of  the  State.  The  carrot  rust  fly  the  market  end  is  regulated  the  fruit 
was  a  scourge  in  celery  plantings  about  grower  must  not  expect  that  his  prob- 
I.imn.  Lyons,  and  Palmyra.  In  the  Iltid-  loins  are  solved.  The  problem  is  to  less- 
son  River  valley  there  were  many  com-  rn  the  production  of  low-grade  fruit, 
plaints  of  losses  by  the  apple  maggot.  When  the  standard  of  apple  packing  is 
The  cherry  maggot  was  present  in  most  raised,  the  people  must  be  accordingly 
orchards  in  Western  New  York.  Shrink-  educated  up  to  it.  Fungus  diseases  are 
age  iu  apple  yields  because  of  aphides,  the  most  serious  difficulty  for  the  fruit 
has  shown  the  need  of  better  control,  grower  in  conforming  his  pack  to  the 
Spraying  of  open  buds  with  a  contact  apple-grading  law.  After  fighting  fungus 
spray  is  advised  as  the  most  promising  on  the  trees  the  grower  should  not.  store 
means  of  affording  efficient  protection  to  the  apples  in  sheds  where  in  moist  wcath- 
Jiearing  apple  trees.  Contact  sprays  as  er  the  fungus  may  develop  on  the  ap- 
soap,  oil  emulsion  or  nicotine  solutions,  pies.  Either  pack  and  market  immedi- 
are  iu  one  respect  deficient  against  green  ately  after  packing,  or  place  the  apples 
apple  aphis,  as  their  toxicity  ceases  as  in  cold  storage.  Commissioner  Wilson 
soon  as  the  spraying  mixture  dries  ou  said  in  answer  to  questions  that  S5  per 
the  foliage.  Experiments  during  the  cent,  of  apples  in  Now  York  wore  packed 
Summer  with  lime  ju  combination  with  in  accordance  to  the  apple  packing  law. 
nicotine  showed  that  foliage  thoroughly  After  packing  the  apples  should  be  in  a 
sprayed  with  the  mixture  was  quite  im-  temperature  of  close  to  30  degrees  in  two 
mune  from  attack  by  such  insects  as  or  three  days.  If  apples  are  stored  iu 
plant  lice,  leaf-hopper  or  pear  psylla.  Re-  sheds  before  packing,  the  ventilation 
cent  studies  indicate  that  various  plant  should  lie  "ood  and  the  apples  kept  dry. 
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