23 he  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
241 
yill*  2 ' 
Sv  HIS  MASTERS  VOICE’ 
Farming  in  Europe 
Part  V. 
French  Farm  Machinery. — The  em¬ 
ployment  of  the  modern  farm  machinery 
is  not  yet  very  complete  and  perfect  in 
France.  The  occupiers  of  the  large  hold¬ 
ings  are,  as  a  rule,  very  up-to-date  and 
employ  all  the  best  and  necessary  im¬ 
plements.  but  the  small  and-  average 
farmers,  and  especially  in  certain  sec¬ 
tions  of  the  country,  are  still  quite  be¬ 
hind  in  the  employment  of  the  general 
agricultural  machinery.  In  some  depart¬ 
ments  such  as  the  Cote-cTOr,  Cotes-du- 
Nord.  Seine.  Seine-et-Oise.  etc.,  the  use 
of  the  machinery  is  quite  general  and 
perfect  both  by  the  small  and  the  large 
farmers.  In  such  departments,  however, 
as  Morbiban,  Ilaute- Vienne,  Correze, 
Lozere,  etc.,  not  many  of  the  modern  con¬ 
venient  implements  are  employed.  In 
many  of  these  departments  the  sowing 
and  harvesting  machines  are  rare,  and 
in  some  the  thrashing  machine  is  almost 
unknown.  The  latter  machine,  however, 
is  being  introduced  now  in  almost  all  the 
sections  of  the  country  by  private  un¬ 
dertakings  and  cooperative  societies,  and 
is  thus  replacing  and  driving  away  the 
old.  slow,  uneconomic  and  unhygienic 
method — the  flail.  Several  of  the  other 
more  or  less  expensive  machines  are  also 
being  introduced  and  hired  to  the  small 
farmers  by  private  undertakings  or 
bought  and  used  cooperatively.  In  gen¬ 
eral  the  farmers  are  rather  slow  in  the 
adoption  of  the  mechanical  power,  and 
they  do  not  appear  to  he  very  willing  to 
make  a  transformation  unless  they  are 
compelled  by  necessity.  Many  of  them 
believe  that  the  quality  of  a  large  part  of 
the  hand  labor  is  superior  to  that  of  the 
machinery. 
Hand  Labor. — On  account  of  the  lack 
and  incomplete  employment,  of  the  agri¬ 
cultural  machinery  an  enormous  amount 
of  hand  labor  is  necessarily  applied  upon  fur 
the  land.  A  large  part  of  the  hand  labor  uo 
is  female,  but  not  so  great  as  in  Her-  *il1 
many.  The  labor  wages  vary  somewhat  jn 
with  the  Section  of  the  country  and.  of  _ 
course,  with  the  season  of  the  year.  In  ts 
the  busiest  periods,  the  daily  laborer  .  j 
(male)  earns  about  $1  a  day:  while  in 
the  other  parts  of  the  year  In-  earns 
somewhat  Inss.  On  the  whole,  the  wages 
are  constantly  rising,  while  flic  hand  la¬ 
bor  is  becoming  scarcer  all  flic  time.  It 
is  worth  noting  here  that  the  exodus  of 
the  laborers,  the  sons  and  daughters  of  j 
the  farmers,  and  even  some  of  the  farm¬ 
ers  themselves  from  the  country  and 
their  emigration  into  the  cities,  is  lie- 
coming  very  serious  in  France.  It  seem*, 
however,  that  this  is  true  in  all  coun¬ 
tries. 
Animal  Labor. — The  animal  labor  is 
done  by  cows,  oxen,  horses,  mules,  and 
asses.  In  South  and  Central  France, 
and  especially  where  small  farms  prevail, 
the  work  is  mostly  performed  by  cows 
and  oxen.  It  is  not  very  uncommon  to 
see  one.  two,  four  or  six  rows  and  oxen  J 
hitched  to  one  plow,  with  two  and  some¬ 
times  three  men  to  each  plow.  In  North¬ 
ern  France,  where  the  land  is  good  and 
the  farms  rather  large.  Hie  animal  labor 
is  generally  done  by  horses  and  oxen. 
The  writer  asked  many  of  the  farmers 
why  they  use  so  many  oxen  and  compar¬ 
atively  so  few  horses  for  the  farm  work. 
They  always  replied  that  the  oxen  were 
more  economical  than  the  horses.  They 
cost  less  to  keep,  give  less  trouble,  and  at 
the  end  of  their  lives  they  have  more 
value  than  the  horses.  The  oxen  work 
slower  than  the  horses,  but  they  stand 
more  work. 
Small  yk.  Large  Farms. — Because  of 
the  difficulty  of  securing  qualified  labor, 
aud  ou  account  of  the  belief  that  a  large 
part  of  the  hand  labor  is  superior  in 
quality  to  that  of  the  farm  machinery, 
the  small  farms,  down  to  a  certain  size, 
are  in  favor  and  considered  more  profit¬ 
able.  It  is  claimed  that  the  inherent  ad¬ 
vantages  accruing  from  the  large  farms 
are  annihilintod  by  the  scarcity  of  qual¬ 
ified  labor  and  the  large  expenses  in¬ 
volved  in  the  maintenance  of  a  big  ma¬ 
chinery  equipment ;  while  the  disadvan¬ 
tages  resulting  to  the  small  farms  from 
the  incomplete  equipment  of  machinery 
is  compensated  by  the  better  quality  of 
the  hand  labor  and  the  more  intensive  j 
preparation  that  the  soil  receives. 
Froi>  Yields.— While  wheat  aud  wine  H 
constitute  the  staple  products  of  the  P- 
countr.v,  the  French  agriculture  is  dis¬ 
tinguished  for  the  variety  of  products  it 
produces.  For  comparison  with  the  other 
two  countries,  the  following  table  pre¬ 
sents  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  only 
the  chief  cereal  crops  and  potatoes.  The 
figures  for  Germany  are  shown  here  for 
convenient  and  direct  comparison. 
If  you  wear  rubber  boots  you'll  be 
interested.  They  give  some 
remarkable  opinions  on 
Goodrich 
jgf  THE  ORIGINAL 
f  Brown  and  White  Rubber  Footwear 
“With  the  Red-Line  ’round  the  top" 
The  most,  convincing  testimony  in  the  world — just  what 
boot  and  shoe  wearers  like  ,\  ourself  think  of  “1 1 1  PRESS" 
—  men  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and  Alaska. 
For  instance  —  Wm.  F.  Gleue.  of  Gleue  Bros.,  Grand 
Rapids, Wis.,  who  KNOWS  Footwear,  told  us  they  lmd 
testimony  given  under  oath  showing  where  “Hf  PRESS" 
wore  twice  as  long  as  other  boots  aud  shoes.  Said  their 
footwear  business  last  year  increased  actually  lj  fr  — 
due  to  “HI PRESS.”  You  can't  get  away  from  such 
proof — and  we’ve  going  to  give  you  more. 
Watch  this  space  for  further  word  from  “HJPRESS”  users. 
And  remember— ‘TUPRESS"  is  the  only  ltuhher  Foot  wear 
in  the  world  MOLLU  .I)  INTO  ON  E  Sol. ID  PIECE!  A  void 
iiuit.Ttii.iis  —  the  genuine  always  has  the  RED  LINE 
’ROUND  THE  TOP. 
The  B.F.Goodrich  Company 
AKRON,  OHIO 
SMjjJSSgjS'*  Makers  of  the  Celebrated  Goodrich  Automobile  Tire* 
“Best  in  the  Long  Ran’’ 
By  comparing  the  two  columns  it  will 
be  readily  seen  that  the  average  yields 
per  acre  of  all  the  above  crops  are  far 
greater  in  Germany  than  in  France. 
This  difference  in  the  relative  production 
may  he  due  to  several  causes,  but  a  largo 
part  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  less  gen¬ 
eral  progress  that  the  French  farmers 
have  made  in  the  introduction  and  use 
of  the  modern  machinery,  and  the  adop¬ 
tion  of  the  best  and  up-to-date  cultural 
methods.  The  French  farmers,  however, 
are,  on  the  whole,  quite  thrifty.  There 
are  many  who  are  ignorant,  incapable, 
poor,  and  lead  a  rather  uncomfortable 
lire,  but  the  greatest  part  of  them  are 
prosperous.  Their  degree  of  prosperity, 
however,  is  not  always  indicated  by  their 
environment  and  mode  of  living,  as  the 
French  fanners  are  extremely  econom¬ 
ical,  and  owe  what  prosperity  they  may 
enjoy,  largely  to  their  simplicity  of  liv¬ 
ing  and  great  saivug.  g.  b. 
When  you  buy  Rubbers  insist  on  the 
genuine  Goodrich-made 
city  youth  secured  a  job  with 
-I ones.  The  morning  after  his 
promptly  at  four  o’clock,  the 
rapped  ou  his  door  and  told  him 
p.  The  youth  protested.  "What 
e  asked,  nibbing  Ids  eyes.  "Why, 
oing  to  cut  oats.”  replied  the 
“Are  they  wild  oats,”  queried  the 
that  you’ve  g<u  to  sueak  upon  ’em 
larkV” — Circle  aud  Success. 
r^iiiiiMMiiiiiiiuiMiiiiiiiimmiumiiiunimiiiiiinumiitiittiiiitimiiiiiiuiiiihmiiHiiiKiiiitittiiMifiiiiuioMiifmpiiimiMiiiiitiiiiiMiiiiittimiKi  'MiuuimuiiiuitMiiMiuiitiuMuirn.  i  .. imimMim.ii, 
I  ^>END  for  our  12-Page  Reward  Li*t,  showing  upwards  of  300  article*  given  for  securing 
|  subscriptions  to  THE  RURAL  N  E  IV-  Y  OR  K  E  R,  Address  Department  “M” 
1  3  3  3  WEST  THIRTIETH  STREET,  .V  E  W  YORK  CITY 
. . .  niHiiuiiiimiiiiiui'  iiMMiiliiliiiiiiimiiiimd.  . . .  < 
victor  laikmg  Machine  Company 
announces  an  important  discovery 
The  Victor  Tungs-tone  Stylus 
An  improved,  semi-permanent,  changeable,  reproducing 
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^1  After  searching  the  earth  for  better  stylus  learn  in  time,  namely:  thac  no  permanent  point  can 
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played.  the  new  gramophone  type  of  hard  record  until 
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Victor  Records  can  be  safely  and  satisfactorily 
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tone  Stylus  on  Victors  or  Victrolas.  Victor 
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with  jeweled  or  ocher  reproducing  points. 
Made  in  Full  Tone  and  Soft  Tone 
Boxes  of  ten,  25c  Packages  of  four,  10c 
Manufactured  exclusively  by 
Victor  Talking  Machine  Co.,  Camden,  N.  J, 
Crops 
Fra nee 
Average  yields 
per  acre 
Bushels 
Germany 
Average  yields 
per  nere 
Bushels 
Wheat  . 
. . .  10.47 
30.01 
Barley  . 
. . .  2:i.4.- 
35.37 
Oats  . 
. . .  30.27 
44.08 
Bye  . 
. . .  10.25 
25.85 
Potatoes  (tons) 
. .  3.50 
5.22 
