348 
■Uhe  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
Farming  in  Europe 
Part  VII. 
cause  of  the  rough,  and  it  is  contagious, 
incurable  and  makes  the  milk  dangerous 
for  use.  Isolate  the  Cow  until  this  has 
been  done.  If  tuberculosis  does  not  prove 
to  be  present,  paint  the  lump  with  tinc¬ 
ture  of  iodine  twice  daily.  A.  S.  A. 
Modern  Farming.— On  the  whole,  the 
English  farmers  are  up-to-date.  There 
are  some,  both  of  the  small  and  large 
class,  who  are  poor  farmers  and  remain 
behind  the  times.  They  are  slow  to 
change  their  traditional  methods,  and 
make  transformations  only  when  they 
are  compelled  to  do  so  by  necessity.  But 
the  majority  of  them  are  very  modern. 
They  live  upon  the  land,  and  not  so 
much  in  villages  as  in  Germany  and 
France.  The  majority  of  them  possess 
very  good  houses  and  farms,  with  good 
arrangement  and  modern  conveniences. 
They  live  more  comfortably  and  under 
more  sanitary  conditions  and  environ¬ 
ment  that  the  majority  of  the  farmers 
of  Germany  and  France.  They  employ 
machinery  very  extensively.  There  are 
probably  very  few  who  do  not  possess  or 
employ  all  the  necessary  farm  imple¬ 
ments.  For  the  animal  labor  they  use 
almost  exclusively  the  horse.  They  make 
very  limited  use  of  the  female  hand 
labor.  The  hand  labor,  however,  in  Eng¬ 
land  is  becoming  also  scarce.  Not  only 
that,  but  the  country  is  being  gradually 
depopulated  by  exodus  of  the  young  peo¬ 
ple. 
Conserving  Fertility* — The  greater 
part  of  the  farmers  work  the  land  quite  ( 
intensively  and  fertilize  it  rather  heavily, 
both  with  farmyard  manure  and  commer¬ 
cial  fertilizers.  Since  the  farms  are  so 
large  one  would  suppose  that  the  indi¬ 
vidual  farmer  could  not  get  enough  of 
the  dung  to  treat  his  land.  As  a  mat¬ 
ter  of  fact,  the  greater  part  of  the  farm¬ 
ers  keep  a  considerable  amount  of  live 
stock  to  pasture  on  the  enormous  areas 
of  grass  land  which  exist  in  the  country, 
and  consequently  they  secure,  as  a  rule, 
plenty  of  manure.  In  general,  however, 
the  English  farmers  do  not  take  as  good 
care  of  the  manure  as  they  might.  They 
have  made  no  other  provision  for  catch¬ 
ing  the  urine  except  by  litter. 
I  .fading  Crops. — A  large  variety  of 
crops  grow  in  England.  The  following 
table  represents  the  names  and  total 
amount,  of  the  most  important  for  the 
whole  United  Kingdom  : 
Most  important  crops  in  the  United 
Kingdom  ; 
Est'ianti-il  total  ;r>>-  I 
dtii'tiou  in  tons  in  1013 
Prop 
Wheat  .  1 .510,000 
Barley  .  .1,405,000 
Oats  * .  2,878,000 
Beans  .  204,000 
Teas-  .  01,000 
Potatoes  .  7,005,000 
Turnips  and  Swedes.  25.320,000 
Mangels  .  0,270,000 
I  lav  (all  kinds  l _  15.305.000 
1  lops  .  13,000 
It  will  be  seen  that  from  tlie  stand¬ 
point  of  total  production  the  turnips  and 
swotles  bold  the  first  place,  followed  suc¬ 
cessively  by  Tray,  mangels,  potatoes,  oats, 
wheat,  barley,  etc.  The  turnips  and 
swedes,  bay  and  mangels,  are  the  charac¬ 
teristic  crops  of  the  English  agriculture. 
Average  Yields. — The  figures  for  the 
average  yields  per  acre  of  the  cereal  crops 
and  potatoes  for  the  five  years  prior  to 
1912  for  the  whole  United  Kingdom  are 
represented  below.  The  corresponding 
figures  of  Germany  and  France  are  also 
given  here  for  convenient  and  direct  com¬ 
parison  : 
■  Average  Yield  Per  Acre  of  Various  Crops. 
Crops 
Wheat . 
Barley . 
Oats . 
Rye . 
Potatoes,  tons. 
High  Yields. — A  glance  at  this  table 
will  at  once  reveal  the  fact  that  the  aver- 1 
age  yields  per  acre  of  tlie  above  crops 
ore  comparatively  very  high  in  tlie  United 
Kingdom.  They  are  higher  in  every  case  J 
titan  those  of  France  and  higher  than  J 
those  of  Germany  in  two  instances.  These 
figures  are  very  significant  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  farming  in  England  and 
whole  United  Kingdom  is  conducted  on  a 
large  scale,  while  that  of  France  and  Ger¬ 
many  is  on  a  small  scale.  While  these  re¬ 
sults  undoubtedly  indicate  a  very  high 
ability  of  the  British  farmers  to  get  the 
most  out  of  the  land,  it  should  also  be 
remembered  that  they  possess,  on  the 
whole,  good  land,  and  use  for  the  produc¬ 
tion  of  these  crops  only  the  best,  and  the 
inferior  for  the  grass — although  some  of 
them  use  the  best  land  for  grass.  As  a 
T'nitPd 
Kingdom 
Germany 
France 
Bushels 
Bushels 
Bushels 
32.74 
30.01 
19.47 
34.00 
35.37 
23.45 
.  42.72 
44.08 
30.27 
25.85 
10.25  | 
.  5.70 
5.22 
3.56  J 
result  of  the  large  yields,  and  great  net 
returns  due  to  large  farming,  the  average 
English  farmer  looks  and  really  is  more 
prosperous,  leads  a  more  comfortable  life, 
and  lives  under  more  sanitary  conditions 
and  environment  than  the  average  farmer 
of  France  and  Germany.  That  they  are 
prosperous  and  that  the  laud  pays  is  fur¬ 
ther  indicated  by  the  fact  that  when  a 
good  farm  becomes  vacant  several  hun¬ 
dred  candidates  file  application  for  it.  G.  B. 
Ailing  Animals 
Warts 
I  have  a  cow  that  has  warts  all  over 
her  teats.  What  can  be  done  to  remove 
them  ?  M.  B. 
Connecticut. 
Rub  the  teats  freely  with  best  castor 
oil  or  fresh  goose  grease  twice  daily  and 
the  warts  should  soon  disappear.  Large 
ones,  with  narrow  necks,  may  be  snipped 
off  with  scissors,  a  few  at  a  time,  then 
lightly  rub  the  bases  with  lunar  caustic. 
_  A.  S.  A. 
Cough 
My  cow  caught  cold,  causing  a  lump 
half  the  size  of  an  egg  in  her  throat. 
She  coughs  a  great  deal,  especially  after 
eating  grain  and  licking  calf.  Can  you 
advise  me  what  to  do?  o.  n.  B. 
Have  the  cow  tested  with  tuberculin, 
as  tuberculosis  is  to  be  suspected  as  the 
Suppression  of  Milk 
Why  should  a  cow  that  1ms  been  dry 
for  better  than  30  days,  and  is  in  good 
health  when  coming  fresh  give  no  more 
than  a  quart  of  milk?  o.  F. 
New  York. 
The  cow  may  have  run  down  in  con¬ 
dition  and  had  nothing  to  draw  upon  for 
the  manufacture  of  milk;  or  if  she  was 
well  fed  and  in  good  flesh  she  may  have  had 
a  chill,  or  shock,  or  suffered  a  possible 
unnoticed  attack  of  nmmnoitis.  (garget) 
when  dried  off.  Feed  her  milk  stimulat¬ 
ing  food.  Massage  the  udder  three  times 
a  day  and  go  through  the  motions  of 
milking.  Each  night  rub  the  udder  with 
brandy.  Twice  a  day  in  a  quart  of  thin 
oatmeal  gruel  or  flaxseed  tea  give  an  ounce 
each  of  powdered  fennel  seed  and  anise 
seed.  A.  S.  A. 
February  26,  1916, 
gans  and  lack  of  thrift,  and  if  so  yon 
would  not  care  to  keep  the  animal,  as  the 
disease  is  incurable,  contagious  and  ren¬ 
ders  the  milk  unsafe  for  use.  If  she  is 
free  from  tuberculosis  lessen  the  feed, 
increase  exercise  and  add  to  each  feed  a 
heaping  tablespoon ful  of  a  mixture  of  two 
parts  of  powdered  wood  charcoal  and  one 
each  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  and  powdered 
mix  vomica  and  gentian  root.  A.  s.  A. 
Catarrh 
Will  you  let  me  know  what  to  do  for  a 
cat  that  has  catarrh?  He  is  a  good  ratter, 
therefore  I  would  not  care  to  lose  him. 
New  York.  k.  e.  w. 
Cleanse  the  nostrils  twice  daily  with  a 
10%  solution  of  boric  acid,  and  also 
cleanse  the  eyes  if  they  are  affected.  Let 
the  cat  sleep  at  night  in  a  small  room  in 
which  place  a  kettle  of  steaming  hot 
water  containing  two  teaspoonfuls  of 
fluid  extract  of  eucalyptus.  Feed  gener¬ 
ously  and  let  the  cat  have  outdoor  exer¬ 
cise  every  day  when  the  weather  is  fine. 
A.  S.  A, 
Vomiting 
I  have  a  two-yea r-old  cow  that  vomits 
every  day  or  two.  She  began  just  before 
she  freshened,  I  have  been  feeding  one 
quart  meal  and  bran,  mixed,  at  noon, 
and  since  she  freshened  have  fed  three 
quarts  night  and  morning  of  union 
grain.  This  cow  appears  all  right  and  has 
a  good  appetite,  hut  is  losing  flesh.  At 
first  I  gave  a  good  physic  and  her  bowels 
ate  about  natural.  G.  c.  w. 
New  York. 
Better  have  the  cow  tested  with  tuber¬ 
culin,  as  tuberculosis  may  be  the  cause 
of  the  derangement  of  the  digestive  or- 
Barn  Itch 
What  should  I  do  for  my  cows,  one 
three-year-old  heifer  and  another  six- 
year-old?  The  heifer  has  been  thin  in 
flesh.  Last  Spring  bolli  cows  were  losing 
their  hair  about  the  neck  and  shoulders; 
hail*  stands  up  and  seems  lmrsh. 
W.  D.  In 
Cleanse  the  affected  parts  and  then  wet 
as  often  as  found  necessary  with  a  solu¬ 
tion  of  two  ounces  of  sulphate  of  copper 
(blue-stone)  in  a  pint  of  hot  water. 
Cleanse,  disinfect  and  whitewash  the 
stable.  Isolate  affected  cattle,  as  the  dis¬ 
ease  (ringworm)  is  parasitic  and  conta¬ 
gious.  It  is  most  prevalent  in  hot,  dark, 
damp  K tables.  A.  S.  A. 
More  Cash  From 
The  Same  Cows— 
TIME  is  money  and  it  “costs"  time  to  take  care  of  cows. 
And  the  profit  comes  from  the  milk  they  yield.  So — 
STAR  BARN  EQUIPMENT  by  cutting  labor  cost  in 
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dentally,  don't  forget  it  offers  health  insurance  as  well.  That’s 
how  STAR  BARN  EQUIPMENT  gives  you  “more  cash 
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It’s  about  time  you  looked  into  this  matter  of  cutting  costs  and  rais¬ 
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