368 
March  4,  1910. 
IShe  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
TREES 
Breeding  New  Apples 
(Continued  from  page  359)  kind,  in  fruit  and  flower  especially,  being 
mentioned  in  a  previous  paragraph,  we  cluite  distinct  to  the  eye. 
could  And  no  recorded  case  in  which  a  These  plant  -  chimeras,  sometimes 
variety  came  from  a  self-fertilized  seed,  called  graft-hybrids,  are  of  fascinating 
Of  course,  however,  chance  seedlings  may  interest  but  so  far  have  proved  of  little 
thus  have  originated,  but  it  is  not  likely  value  in  the  production  of  new  varieties, 
that  many  have  thus  come  into  being,  for  They  seem  to  be  most  common  in  citrus 
two  reasons:  First,  because,  as  all  apple  fruits,  as  the  orange  and  lemon,  which 
growers  know,  the  apple  is  more  or  less  no  doubt  accounts  for  W.  B.  W.'s  state- 
self-sterile  and  the  pistils  of  all  varieties  ment  that  grafting  causes  variation  i.n 
are  much  more  receptive  to  pollen  from  oranges  but  not  in  apples, 
other  sorts  than  to  that  from  their  own  "If  we  were  to  fertilize  Newtown 
blossoms.  Second,  the  apple,  in  com-  ISpitsenburg  blossoms,  we  could  only  get 
mon  with  most  plants,  loses  vigor  under  Newtown  Spitzenburg  fruit  and  we  could 
self-fertilization  and  new  varieties  are  not  propagate  from  that."  In  such  a 
not  likely  to  be  selected  from  feeble  seed-  cross,  as  I  have  explained  before,  the 
lings.  It  may  be  assumed,  then,  that  apple  would  be  to  all  tests  that  humans 
nearly  all  varieties  of  apples  are  crosses,  could  apply,  a  Spitzenburg  fruit  until 
a  supposition  easy  to  believe  by  those  the  seeds  are  planted  when  the  result- 
who  know  varieties  and  who  have  a  ing  trees  would  be  hybrids  of  the  two 
Youngest  Bearing  Peach 
on  Record 
Bears  younger,  yields  more  fruit 
than  any  peach  ever  discovei’ed. 
Fruit  a  beautiful  red,  fine  flavor, 
delightful  aroma,  freestone.  The 
housewife’s  favorite  for  canning. 
Ripens  in  July  when  good  peaches 
are  scarce.  Brings  top  prices.  Pays 
quicker  profits  than  any  other  peach. 
You  can  count  on  a  crop  15  months 
after  planting.  Bears  loaded  every 
favorable  year.  Has  no  equal  among 
early  peaches.  The  wonder  of  all  who 
grow  it.  Read  what  these  planters 
say. 
Here’s  the  Proof 
more  comfortable.  They'll  thrive  better  and 
need  less  feed.  Hake  your  selection  from  our 
Evergreens  Varieties 
Also  Lindens  Dogwood  and  other  flowerin'? 
trees.  Hardy  Perennials,  Vines  and  Shrubs, 
Choice  FruitTrees'"u“5°8 
save  you  2to4  years  over  ordinary  Sites  Apples, 
Pears.  Pearlies  and  Hinull  Fruits.  AH  leading 
varieties.  True  to  name  and  1  roc  from  disease, 
We  have  supplied  many  leading  fruit  farms. 
t„-  l_  in  great  variety,  includ- 
insn  Koses  mg  Everblonming, 
Choice  Climbing  in  2,  '!  and  4  year  sizes,  and 
Tree  Roses  on  heavy  Hugos*  Stock.  _ . 
Our  handsomely  illustrated  catalog  t\-ja 
is  packed  lull  of  facts  at  interest  to 
farmers  and  fruit  growers.  Send 
today  for  your  copy. 
ROSEDALE  NURSERIES  M 
S.  G.  Harris 
Box  R  TARRYTOWN,  N.  Y.  1HW 
“Peek  of  peaches  second  year.” — .T.  M. 
Bolton.  Indiana, 
"Two  bushels  per  tree  third  year.” — 
Sam  Goddard.  Oklahoma. 
"160  peaches  font  one  tree  second 
year." — J.  It.  Smith,  Missouri. 
"Bore  first  year,  perfectly  hardy  here." 
— l'’rank  Quinn,  lows. 
"Over  two  bushels  per  tree,  third  year." 
— A.  M.  Willys,  Massachusetts. 
"Eighteen  inch  tree  fvdl  of  blossoms." 
— R.  W.  Knight,  Arkansas. 
Rose  Guide— FREE 
rip  Let  us  help  you  select  the 
S  right  roses  for  your  yard. 
■}'  Our  plants  are  so  hardy  and 
^  v  vigorous  that  we  guarantee 
A  them  to  grow  and  bloom. 
Our  1916 
ROSE  ANO  FLORAL  GUIDE 
“  The  Best  Ruses  for  " 
America."  Contains  S8  hSPt 
pages,  85  illustrations-  14  in  pAJJ 
natural  colors.  Write  today  jgM 
for  your  free  copy.  hyw 
Send  lor  Free  Orchard  Book 
Tells  all  about  these  amazing:  quick 
paying  peaches,  and  many  other  new  and 
better  paving  strains  of  fruit.  Explains  a 
wonderful,  yet  simple  and  effective  meth¬ 
od  that  will  help  you  grow  more  and  bet¬ 
ter  fruit  of  all  kinds.  Illustrates  and  de¬ 
scribes  best  varieties  fruits,  berries,  etc. 
Lowest  prices  direct  to  planter.  Send  a 
postal  today  for  your  Free  copy. 
WINFIELD  NURSERIES 
502  PINE  STREET,  WINFIELD.  KANSAS 
An  Apple  a  Day  Keeps  the  Doctor  Away.”  Reproduced  from  Life 
varieties.  The  man  who  carefully  makes 
such  a  cross  will  have  a  striking  con¬ 
tradiction  to  the  idea  handed  down  from 
a  remote  age  that  seedling  fruits  “throw 
back”  to  a  wild  prototype  and  are  as  a 
rule  worthless  and  degenerate.  Quite  to 
the  contrary,  in  most  crosses  of  apples, 
one  can  at  once  tell  the  two  parents.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  must  not  he  expected, 
no  matter  how  carefully  parents  are  cho¬ 
sen,  that  very  large  percentages  of  cross¬ 
es  will  be  as  valuable  as  either  of  the 
two  varieties  crossed.  No  variety  is  free 
from  faults — in  fact  all  are  best  charac¬ 
terized  by  theiy  faults — and  these  are  in¬ 
herited  together  with  good  characters. 
17.  P.  HEDRICK, 
New  York  Agricultural  Exp.  Station. 
knowledge  of  plant-breeding,  since  in 
many  sorts  the  two  parents  can  be  plain¬ 
ly  traced. 
A  description  of  the  method  of  cross¬ 
ing  apples  will  make  the  whole  matter 
plainer  and  enable  any  fruit-grower  to 
perform  this  interesting  operation. 
The  blossom  of  the  apple  needs  no  de¬ 
scription  other  than  to  say  it  is  a  herma¬ 
phrodite — that  i,s,  both  male  and  female 
organs  are  found  in  the  same  flower.  In 
crossing,  young  flowers  are  chosen,  on 
the  plant  selected  as  the  female  parent, 
in  which  the  anthers  have  not  yet  opened. 
The  stamens  bearing  the  anthers  are  re¬ 
moved  with  a  scalpel  or  forceps.  A  few 
days  later  the  stigma  is  pollinated  with 
pollen  from  a  flower  of  the  plant  selected 
to  be  the  male  parent.  Accuracy  is  safe¬ 
guarded  by  taking  the  pollen  from  a 
flower  which  has  been  protected  by  a  pa¬ 
per  bag.  The  treated  flower  is  then  en¬ 
closed  in  a  paper  bag  to  protect,  it  from 
other  pollen  until  seeds  have  set.  After 
a  week  or  two  the  paper  bug  is  removed 
and  one  of  cheesecloth  substituted  to  re¬ 
main  as  protection  for  the  fruit  until 
harvest.  The  pollinating  should  be  done 
on  a  bright  sunny  day. 
TTntil  the  beginning  of  this  century, 
plant-breeding  was  a  hit  and  miss  opera¬ 
tion — no  laws,  no  rules.  Now  we  have 
Mendel’s  laws,  and  it  is  scarcely  too 
much  to  say  that  Aladdin  had  nothing 
on  the  modern  plant-breeder  who  pos¬ 
sesses  Mendel’s  magi.e  lamp. 
“/  understand  variations  in  oranges 
arc  made  by  grainy  one  kind  on  another, 
which  would  never  work  with .  apples.” 
Yes,  variations  may  lie  caused  in  oranges 
by  grafting  as  they  may.  also,  in  the  ap¬ 
ple  but  new  varieties  seldom  originate 
from  these  variations.  This  rather  com¬ 
mon  phenomenon  is  so  puzzling  that  per¬ 
haps  a  few  words  may  he  permitted  to 
explain  it.  Every  now  and  then  one  finds 
an  apple,  a  pear,  an  orange  or  a  lemon 
which  seems  to  consist  of  two  distinct 
.varieties  in  sharply  marked  divisions. 
These  divisions  are  not  only  demarcated 
iu  outside,  color  and  texture  of  skiu  but 
often  in  color  of  flesh  and  in  taste.  The 
best  known  examples  of  those  freaks  are 
the  sweet  and  sour  apples  that  occasion¬ 
ally  appear,  in  which  one  side  is  sweet 
and  the  other  sour,  or  one  end  sweet  and 
the  other  sour. 
The  nature  and  origin  of  these  freak 
fruits  have  been  investigated  by  several 
workers,  and  they  are  now  called  plant- 
chimeras.  Almost  Without  question  they 
are  a  consequence  of  grafting,  the  ex¬ 
planation  being  that  buds  springing 
from  stock  and  scion  unite  and  the  re¬ 
sulting  growth  consists  of  cells  from  the 
consorting  parts.  The  two  kinds  of  cells 
remain  side  by  side,  it  may  be,  through 
trunk,  stem  and  eveu  fruit,  each  kind  of 
cell  reproducing  its  own  sort  and  each 
The  CONARD  &  Jones  Co. 
Rose  Specialttte,  ou  Yre.  Experience 
Box  4  t:  ::  West  Grove,  Pa. 
Black’s  Reliable  Trees 
For  the  planter  who  wants  nothing 
but  the  best,  we  offer,  at  reasonable 
prices,  stock  that  will  produce  exactly 
what  he  has  a  right  to  expect. 
Our  leaders  are:  F*eacH 
Trees,  ( original  stock  fur¬ 
nished  by  N.  J.  Exp.  Station) 
Apples,  including  Deli¬ 
cious ”  and  75  others.  Hardy 
Indiana  Budded  Pe¬ 
cans  and  Small  Fruits. 
CATALOGUE  FREE 
II  describes  a  full  line  of  fruits  and  orna¬ 
mentals,  makes  no  extravagant  promises, 
and  (he  prices  are  right. 
Jos.  H.  Black,  Son  &  Co.,  Hightstown,  N.  J 
m  38  Hardy  Tested  Varieties 
Best  for  windbreaks,  hedges  nntl  itiwil 
planting.  Protect  buildings,  crops,  stork, 
Bardens  and  orchards.  Hill’s  Evergreens  aSJb'tfPSSi 
arc  Nursery  grown  mid  hards'  every-  NBpwigMtxV 
where.  From  $1  to  $10  p»r  hundrud.  ■  ■  »■'  * 
Hill's  Evergreen  book  8Ud  fin  Groat  Bargain  sheet  sent 
free.  Write  today.  World's  largest  growers.  l£st.lS53. 
D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO.,  DUNDEE,  ILLINOIS 
Box  2120  Evergreen  Specialists 
THEY  arc  the  kinds  that  bear  the  fruit  you  like  to  eat — 
and  to  sell,  for  it  brings  good  prices.  We  grow  our 
own  trees,  sell  direct  to  the  planter — no  agents. 
Write  for  Fraser’s  Tree  Book,  worth  money  to  the 
planter — free  to  you  if  you  mention  this  paper. 
Moving  Fruit  Trees 
I  saw  an  article  in  a  recent  number 
of  The  R.  N.-Y.  on  the  above  topic. 
Many  years  ago  I  had  a  small  nursery 
of  apple  trees,  and  as  I  grew  the  trees 
and  did  not  know  half  as  much  as  I 
thought  I  did,  I  planted  an  orchard  of 
Greening  and  Baldwin  of  these  trees  only 
30  feet  apart.  Subsequently  I  sold  the 
farm  and  when  the  orchard  got  15  years 
old  it  was  evident  that  if  part  of  the 
trees  were  not  taken  out  the  orchard 
would  soon  be  worthless.  The  owner  con¬ 
sulted  me  and  I  advised  the  removal  of 
half  the  trees  to  other  land,  which  he 
did  the  following  Winter  and  that  or¬ 
chard  has  been  a  great  success.  In  mov¬ 
ing  the  trees  he  followed  this  plan  : 
lie  staked  off  the  plot  for  the  new 
orchard  and  placed  a  quantity  of  straw 
manure  where  each  tree  was  to 
stand.  lie  also  dug  around  each  tree  to 
be  moved,  far  enough  away  to  save  most 
of  the  large  roots,  about  three  feet  and 
as  deep  as  to  the  sub-soil — two  feet  or 
more.  Into  this  trench  he  put  a  small 
quantity  of  manure,  just  enough  to  pre¬ 
vent  freezing  below.  When  ground  be¬ 
came  well  frozen  he  dug  holes  where 
trees  were  to  be  placed,  large  and  deep 
enough  to  receive  the  ball  of  earth  which 
was  frozen  solid  about  the  trees  to  be 
moved.  With  long  levers  the  trees  were 
pried  out  of  the  old  place,  rolled  on 
to  a  flat  boat  and  drawn  and  placed 
in  new  position  and  dirt  carefully  filled 
in  about  them  and  well  packed  down. 
The  trees  were  then  given  a  severe  prun¬ 
ing  and  it  seemed  to  me  as  though  they 
hardly  showed  the  effect  of  removal.  I 
have  watched  that  orchard  carefully 
ever  since  and  although  it  cost  consider¬ 
able  to  move  it  the  cost  has  been  many 
times  returned  and  it  is  to-day  one  of 
the  finest  iu  this  county,  and  the  moved 
orchard  is  as  large  and  productive  as 
the  original  one.  J.  S.  woodward. 
Niagara  Co.,  N,  Y. 
SAMUEL  FRASER  NURSERY,  Inc 
126  Main  Street  Geneseo,  N.Y 
SF*  Grow  True  to  Name 
If  they  didn't  rind  weren't  absolutely 
free  /row  ntaeaue,  thoroughly  accli¬ 
mated.  ami  i-i •  Fleetly  >muied,  wo 
couldn't  afford  to  irive  our  binding 
guarantee  with  every  tier  we  aril. 
An  order  by  mall  aa  good  hb  a  call 
at  our  other . 
Send  postal  for  our  free  1916  Cata¬ 
log  now  anti  investigate  our  stock  and 
prices. 
Kelly  Bros.  Wholesale  Nurseries 
126  Main  St.,  Dansville.  N.  Y. 
Ruli)  direct  only,  ot  wholesale  prlre*.  Trees 
f.,r  the  homo  giirdr  u.  Htronf  rooted,  healthy, 
•  hapely  stock.  Apple.  I*c»eh,  Fear.  Quince, 
Cherry  sml  O  rn  «  me  u  t  ill  Tree-.  G rape 4  lacs. 
True  to  name.  Full  line  (throbs  and  i’iuuls. 
Bhas  had  SB  years  of  square  dealing. 
re  a  reputation  to  sustain,  ion  will 
life  it  with  G'rrcn’x  trice.  Write  for  J 
catalog  arid  book,  “/four  I  Mwir  Pie  A 
I  If  arm  Pay.”  Both  tree.  Address  ffa 
GREEN'S  NURSERY  CO.  J’ 
22  Wall  Strcel 
Rochester.  N.  Y.  • 
OUr  immense  stock  of  TREES  enables  us  to  sell  at  less 
than  cnn**]i:ilf  o^n ts prices, 
FRESH  DUG,  FREIGHT  or  EXPRESS  PAH) 
We  grow  all  leading  varieties  of  Apples,  Rears.  Pluius. 
Cherries,  1  'caches,  Betty  plants.  Asparagus  and  Orna¬ 
mental,  DELICIOUS,  tile  great  dessert  apple,  is  one 
of  ouv  specialties,  have  grown  it  for  ycai  s  in  our  orchard 
and  propagat  ing  buds  were  taken  from  bearing  trees. 
Our  OAT  \U.GUIS  describes  everything,  send  for  it 
today,  it  is  Free. 
L’AMOKKAUX  NURSERY  CO.,  Schoharie,  N.  Y 
■You  can  depend  upon  the* 
Quality  of  our  to  trees  give 
abundant  yields  of  quality 
fruit.  Our  2,500  acres— “the 
world’sIaTgestTiursftries”arethe 
result  of  2d  years  close  attention 
to  quality  as  well  aa  to  quantity. 
As  Certified  Growers  for  25 
years  our  guarantee  means 
Honest  Trees,  at  half  agents’ 
prices.  Handsome  catalog  free 
Wm.  J.  Reilly  Nurseries 
(.7  Ossian  St.,  Dansville.  N.  Y. 
is  known  to  thousands  of  fruit 
gro  wers.largr  andsmall  ,in  every 
Sietion.  Forlbltiwe  have  millions 
of  apple,  millionsof  peach,  pear 
and  cherry  trees.  Thousands  of 
other  fruit  trees,  plants,  ever¬ 
greens,  blooming  shrubs,  etc. 
Prices  consistent  with  quality. 
Satisfaction  guaranteed.  Write 
us  your  I . da.  Hu  sure  to  send 
for  our  191f  Fruit  Guide— with 
eulored  nlalOB  and  spraying 
guide.  Write  today. 
HARRISONS'  NURSERIES  _ 
8  Box  14  Berlin#  Md.fl 
BUY  TREES  DIRECT 
You  save  Agents*  Proliis  aud  gut  Rtf*  Dlseutinta 
from  Aleuts’  Prices.  Wo  fiptvlaUzo  on  lmlgiuvs, 
rorox,  aud  other  ornamental  foliage;  also  reliable 
fruit  trees.  Wo  cti’itmu*  c  delivery  iu  perfect  condi¬ 
tion  h  nil  pit  j  sill  i'relirJitor  express  ohnrjrvfl 
to  you  r  *1  lit  ton.  Not  n  flucli*  dissatisfied  cus¬ 
tomer  la«tycur«  Here’s  tho  Benrr®  Bone  j 
I*cnr  th  «t  fr<  QUflntH  bo  Us  for  a  barrel  at.  J 
fioiid  » v  «r;LS(m.  \\  t  lie  for  FUKK  booklet  that'n  I 
c'uiCA.full  ofhctpfnl  iufortnntion.  1 
NVM.  V.  IU  IT  KT  80  V,  Hot  20,  Seneca,  V.  Y. 
Buy  At  One-Half  Agent’s  Prices  sK'od  o«r  I  oo! 
I.et  me  send  vou  my  catalogue — it's  free  1o  everybody— it's  dif-  p  *.  ni'ai/  <> 
ferent.  it  tells  you  facts  about  my  fresh  dug  trees  and  how  you  Peach,  3' * 
can  save  money  and  receive  a  guaranteed  bUUARK  DEAL.  S9.00  per  I  DO. 
Write  today  and  see  the  difference  in  buying  direct  from  grower  than  through  agents. 
SHEERIN’S  WHOLESALE  NURSERIES,  48  Seward  St.,  Dansville,  N.Y, 
SHEERIN’S 
FRESH  DUG 
FRUIT  TREES 
Fresh  Dug  FRUIT  TREES  at  Wholesale' 
..  _  ..  mi  _ _ _  -1.  ..  ..  _ _  i  . 
Du  you  want  to  buy  some  ot  the  finest  Dan  ville  nursery  stock  you  ever  sawn  Apple,  Benches,  Bears,  I  lums. 
Cherries  Small  Broils  or  Ornamentals— Dug  and  shipped  to  order— boxed  and  packed  free.  Sold  at  Grower’s 
price-  direel  to  you  with  only  one  handling— no  order  is  too  small  to  receive  my  personal  attention  and  care 
—Send  for  mv  free  catalog  and  vou  will  see  w  hy  it’s  to  your  advantage  to  buy  front  _ 
THOS.  E.  SHEERIN,  NURSERYMAN,  21  Main  St„  Dansville,  N.  Y. 
