puff  out  on  the  lower  leaf  surface  and 
become  studded  over  with  minute  tubular 
projections,  of  which  the  outer  ends  split 
open,  roll  back  and  discharge  from  the 
center  an  abundant  crop  of  spores.  The 
fruit  may  be  similarly  attacked." 
Falling  of  the  leaves  in  midsummer, 
a  characteristic  of  the  effect  of  the  rust 
plague,  weakens  the  tree  and.  diminishes 
the  size  of  the  fruit  With  certain  va- 
One  cedar  apple,  which  preserves  the  rust 
fungus  through  the  winter  will  produce 
upwards  of  7,000,000,000 
infectious  spores. 
rieties,  like  the  Wealthy,  death  often 
follows  within  two  or  three  years  of 
these  continued  attacks.  Recently  the 
apple  rust  has  increased  with  a  venge¬ 
ance.  In  West  Virginia  its  damage  iu 
a  single  year  is  estimated  at  $75,000; 
in  Virginia  competent  authorities  fixed 
the  loss  for  one  year  at  upwards  of  half 
a  million  dollars.  Western  States,  like 
WITH  FISK  SERVICE 
FISK  Tires  for  seventeen  years  have  main¬ 
tained  a  well-deserved  reputation  for  quality. 
During  that  period  the  Fisk  Plant  has  grown 
from  27, 000  square  feet  to  29  acres  of  floor  space, 
and  is  today  the  biggest  factory  in  the  country 
for  the  exclusive  manufacture  of  pneumatic  tires. 
In  all  kinds  of  weather — whenever  a  car  can 
be  used — the  strong  traction  tread  of  the  Fisk 
Non-Skid  tire  gives  protection  against  skidding 
and  side  slipping,  and  makes  possible  the  quick 
stop  in  time  of  emergency. 
Better  Than  Ever  —  and  Less  Expensive 
Rusted  Apple  Leaf — The  rust  spots  are  bright 
.yellow,  often  bordered  by  reddish  lines. 
The  Fisk  Rubber  Company 
Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Nebraska,  report 
ravages  of  the  disease  with  increasing 
vigor. 
The  fungus  passes  its  Winter  si c."  op 
the  m  ?ed;:r  First  iufecti  however, 
comes  from  the  apple  to  cedar,  pro¬ 
ducing  minute  gal!.  ;gly  imbedded  in 
the  thick  ;.:ick:7  leaves  the  first  year, 
but  growing  into  large  spherical  or  kidney 
shaped  apples  the  second  year.  In  the 
early  Spring  of  the  second  year  these 
cedar  apples  grow  long  finger-like  pro¬ 
jections,  consisting  of  minute  two-celled 
spores,  which  become  soft  and  gelatin¬ 
ous  during  the  Spring  rains.  Two  scien¬ 
tific  experimenters  estimate  that  one 
medium-sized  cedar  apple  will  produce 
Fisk  Dealers  Every w here  Eisk  Service, 
Branches  in  Neil)  York ,  Brooklyn;,  Yonkers 
Newark,  Philadelphia,  Jtiarnsourg,  Pittsburgh, 
Scranton,  BinghamUni,  Elmira ,  Syracuse, 
Utica,  Rochester,  Buffalo ,  Eric  Bridgeport, 
Hartford,  Providence,  Springfield ,  Mass., 
Worcester,  Boston,  Lynn ,  Lowell ,  Cleveland 
and  many  other  cities  throughout  the  Um  ,ed 
States  —  write  for  complete  list  oi '  Service 
Branches,  ana  the  one  nearest  you 
MARft 
TRACI 
March  4,  191G. 
more  than  seven  billion  spores  and  anoth¬ 
er  declares  if  the  spores  of  a  single  apple 
were  placed  end  to  end  they  would  form 
a  continuous  line  more  than  a  mile  and 
one  half  loug.  From  this  prolific  source 
of  infection,  Iho  wind  and  insects  carry 
the  spores  sometimes  a  mile  to  the  tender 
apple  leaves. 
Once  on  the  apple  leaves  the  spores 
quickly  germinate,  ultimately  destroying 
the  leaves  and  finally  weakening  the  vi¬ 
tality  of  the  trees. 
The  ordinary  tree  germ-destroying 
remedies  have  been  of  little  avail,  (hit¬ 
ting  the  cedars  within  half  a  mile  or 
more  of  the  apple  tree  is  the  only  safe 
agency.  Removal  of  the  source  of  infec¬ 
tion  is  always  more  satisfactory  than 
any  partial  preventive.  Spraying  with 
standard  Bordeaux  mixture  has  been 
tried  on  the  apple  trees  of  Virginia.  West 
Virginia  and  Wisconsin  with  helpful  but 
rather  incomplete  results,  when  viewed 
from  the  ordinary  commercial  standpoint. 
Certain  it  has  been  demonstrated  that 
the  spraying  of  the  red  cedar  is  a  waste 
of  money. 
Change  of  environment  may  even  af¬ 
fect  the  resistance  of  varieties.  The  Ben 
Davis  which  was  found  susceptible  in 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia  is  listed  as 
resistant  in  Nebraska.  However,  peo¬ 
ple  planting  orchards  in  communities 
where  the  red  cedar  abounds  are  liable 
to  nave  much  of  their  stock  damaged  by 
the  leaf-destroying,  life-supping  apple  rust 
parasite.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
popular  Wealthy.  Only  resistant  va¬ 
rieties  should  be  planted  in  these  vicini¬ 
ties.  KREP  L.  IIOLMER. 
Wisconsin. 
Value  of  An  Apple  Tree 
A  student  has  asked  me  to  find  out 
the  value  of  a  40-year-old  orchard  of 
223  trees  in  good  shape,  on  good  level 
land.  The  trees  are  Milden  and  Stark. 
Tie  has  been  asked  to  sell  and  wants  to 
know  a  fair  price.  There  is  a  little 
roc*"  than  four  acres.  u.  g.  it. 
Maine. 
The  only  way  to  find  the  value  of  such 
an  orchard  would  be  to  get  a  fair  esti¬ 
mate  of  its  earning  capacity.  That  is 
the  basis  of  measurement  in  all  property, 
except  land  which  is  held  for  a  rise  in 
building  or  town  lot  values.  One  can 
make  a  fair  estimate  as  to  the  amount 
of  fruit  such  trees  ought  to  produce  under 
fair  conditions.  You  can  also  tell  about 
what  it  would  cost  to  care  for  the  orch¬ 
ard  and  pick  and  pack  the  fruit.  With¬ 
out  knowing  the  price  of  the  fruit  at 
the  shipping  station,  however,  there 
would  be  no  way  of  estimating  values. 
In  our  own  '  ,so  we  can  sell  our  ap¬ 
ples  at  an  average  of  at  least  $2.50  a 
barrel  at  the  farm,  or  with  rt 
haul  away.  Our  Below’.  0 
years  will  average  evr*  .  roe-  yea  \ 
barrels  or  more  -re:  vee  and  the  coat 
of  producing  wil!  probably  run  around 
$1  ner  oiur-V  As  the  Baldwin  is  an 
alternate  bearer,  this  income  per  tree 
sh<  lid  be  divided  in  half,  to  give  the 
yearly  return.  If  there  are  40  trees  on 
an  acre,  and  the  average  yield  per  tree 
is  three  barrels,  we  have  120  barrels  to 
the  acre.  If  they  sell  at  $2.50,  am]  it 
costs  $1  to  produce  them,  we  take  the 
cost  of  the  package?  for  120  barrels  out 
of  this  net  price  to  obtain  the  income 
per  acre.  There  is  always  danger  from 
insects,  disease,  high  winds,  and  other 
causes,  so  that  an  orchard  of  apple  trees 
is  not  at  all  as  standard  a  property  as 
most  other  kinds  of  farm  stock  or  crops, 
but  we  should  get  at  the  value  of  a  40- 
year-old  tree  on  our  own  farm  as  given 
above. 
Now  in  the  case  of  this  Maine  orchard, 
what  will  the  apples  average  one  year 
with  another  at  the  railroad  station,  and 
what  do  they  cost  to  nroduee ?  You  would 
have  to  get  th  diflerenee  between  those 
valuer  ‘a  order  to  figure  out  the  value 
oi  a  tree  or  or  an  orchard,  in  other 
words  the  value  of  a  tree  is  a  local  mat¬ 
ter  the  lame  as  the  value  of  a  horse,  a 
cow,  or  a  barrel  of  potatoes.  Trees  of 
th  is  age  have  been  valued  all  the  way 
from  $10  up  to  $40  each.  This  would 
mean  a  value  per  acre  of  from  $400  to 
$1,000,  and  there  are  orchards  which 
easily  pay  each  year  6%  of  profits  on 
either  valuation.  There  is  no  chance, 
however,  to  state  definitely  the  value 
of  a  tree  without  obtaining  the  figures 
of  cost,  and  the  average  selling  price, 
and  figuring  it  out  from  them. 
I 
