430 
'(She  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
March  11,  1910. 
Orchard  Drainage 
Part  II. 
Poor  Drainage.  —  Shallow  drains,  estimate  may  be  considerably  reduced, 
faulty  grades,  poor  tile  jointing,  and  an  However  hard  soils,  stones  and  unfore- 
erratic  lay-out,  with  no  provision  for  seen  contingencies  may  greatly  increase 
future  requirements,  are  probably  the  the  cost,  in  exceptional  cases.  No  one  can 
main  causes  for  inefficient  drainage.  Too  foretell  the  exact  drainage  cost,  any  more 
much  attention  is  seldom  applied  here,  than  an  experienced  orchardist  can  state. 
Drainage  is  considered  a  permanent  im-  precisely,  the  cost,  yield  and  value  of  an 
a  suction  pump  made  of  a  large  pipe  the  opposite  side  some  t>0  rods  from  this 
reaching  the  bottom  of  cistern  will  take  spring,  is  a  small  reservoir.  The  pipe 
it  out,  and  not  disturb  the  bulk  of  the  connection  between  the  two  is  an  inch  in 
water  much.  Then  a  thorough  aeration  diameter.  It  is  uncovered  more  than  half 
of  the  water  will  make  it  perfectly  sweet,  the  way,  runs  unprotected  part  of  the 
Stagnant  water  always  has  an  odor  and  way  in  the  river  stream;  then  up  the 
is  dangerous  to  health.  A  chain  pump  bank  to  its  destination,  and  this  pipe  is 
with  galvanized  cups  to  carry  air  down  never  frozen  and  year  in  and  year  out 
into  the  water  and  bring  up  the  water  "delivers  the  goods"  without  stint.  Over 
will  make  and  keep  the  water  sweet.  If  half  of  this  pipe  is  the  original  laid  50 
one  cannot  be  used  stir  the  water  and  get  years  ago.  If  the  pipe  runs  full,  and  has 
air  down  into  it.  An  air-pump  if  large  pressure,  it  will  not  freeze,  as  20  below 
enough  will  do  the  work,  or  simply  dip-  zero  time  and  again  has  never  affected  it. 
ping  up  the  water  and  pouring  it  back  J-  G- 
into  the  cistern  will  air  and  sweeten  it.  - 
Running  water  exposed  to  the  air  and 
light  is  very  quickly  purified.  A.  M.  w. 
Tennessee. 
provemeut,  therefore  it  should  he  exe¬ 
cuted  according  to  accepted  standards. 
If  done  in  the  right  way  it  will  stay 
right,  for  all  time.  Nothing  less  than 
good  four-inch  round  tile  arc  recommend¬ 
ed  for  lateral  work.  In  planning  and 
laying  out  field  drainage  it  5,s  the  part 
of  wisdom  to  constantly  keep  in  mind 
the  possibility  that,  some  day  the  field 
may  be  set  to  orchard  fruits.  It  at  all 
feasible  every  drain  should  he  so  located 
and  placed  that  every  future  tree  row 
would  come  midway  between  the  drains. 
Extent  of  Drainage. — Ordinarily 
2,000  lineal  feet  of  4-inch  tile  should 
be  increased  to  five-inch.  For  determin¬ 
ing  proper  size  for  main  and  sub-main 
the  following  Tide  and  table  are  offered. 
To  change  square  measure  to  circular, 
the  rule  is:  “Square  the  diameter  and 
multiply  by  .7854." 
Square  inches 
circular  area 
3X  3=  9 X. 7854=  7.0680 
4 X  4=  16 X, 7854=  12.5004 
5  X  5  =  25  x. 7854=  19.0350 
6X  0=  30  X  .7854=  28.2744 
7 X  7=  49 X. 7854=  3S.484fi 
SX  8=  64 x. 7854=  50.2050 
9X  9=  M  x  .7X54  =  63.5174 
10  x  10=100  x  .7854  =  78.5400 
12x12=144  X  .7854=113.0836 
1 5  X  15=225  X  .7854  =  170.7150 
IS  x  18 =324  X  -7854  =254.4690 
To  explain  above  table  one  8-inch  tile 
line  according  to  the  figures,  has  just  four 
times  the  capacity  of  one  4-inch  tile,  or 
an  eight-inch  tile  is  equal  to  four  4-inch. 
But  iu  practice  the  S-inch  will  probably 
carry  five,  or  more  times  as  much  water, 
owing  to  less  friction  and  greater  speed. 
Lineal  feet  of  drain  required  per  acre: 
Lateral  drains  30  feet  apart  require  1452 
lineal  feet  to  drain  an  acre. 
Lateral  drains  35  feet  apart  require 
1244.0  feet  to  drain  an  acre. 
Lateral  drains  40  feet  apart  require 
1089  lineal  feet,  to  drain  an  acre. 
Lateral  drains  45  feet  apart  require  968 
lineal  feet  to  drain  an  ucre. 
Lateral  drains  50  feet,  apart  require 
871. 2  lineal  feet  to  drain  an  acre. 
Lateral  drains  55  feet  apart  require  792 
lineal  feet  to  drain  an  acre.  _ 
Lateral  drains  00  feet  apart  require  720 
lineal  feet  to  drain  an  acre. 
Trees  per  acre  and  value  of  each  at 
$500  per  acre : 
40  feet  by  40  feet  squares  gives  27.22 
trees  per  acre  worth  $18.34  per 
tree. 
45  feet  by  45  feet  squares  gives  21.46  trees 
per  acre  worth  $23.30  per  tree. 
50  feet  by  50  feet  squares  gives_  17.42 
trees  per  acre  worth  $28.70  per 
tree. 
Value  of  Drainage. — An  average  of 
$500  per  acre  for  good  orchards  is  per¬ 
haps  a  fair  estimate.  With  apple  trees 
ranging  from  $18.31  to  $28.70  apiece,  or 
an  average  of  $23.30  each,  the  loss  of 
only  four  trees  would  compare  closely 
with  the  cost  of  100  rods  (1,050  feet) 
complete  of  4-inch  tile  drain.  Or  to  put 
it  another  way,  suppose  these,  four  trees 
would  have  home  four  barrels  of  apples 
each,  at  an  average  value  of  $2.25  per 
barrel,  or  $9,  totalling  $30  yearly,  in 
three  years  amounting  to  $108,  yet  the 
cost  of  100  rods  of  drain  should  not  ex¬ 
ceed  $100,  Though  the  hazard  is  but 
four  trees,  in  reality  100  feet  of  drain, 
costing  about  $9.00,  would  supply  perfect 
drainage  to  the  four  trees.  But  100  rods 
of  drain  should  and  will  guarantee  1.70 
acres,  and  30.14  trees  set  45x45  feet, 
against  the  menace  of  excess  soil  water, 
for  all  time.  And  again  and  in  addition 
to  the  value  of  drainage  to  the  soil  and 
crops  there  is  another  important  im¬ 
provement  hut  never  mentioned  or  con¬ 
sidered,  the  aeration  and  ventilation  of 
the  soil.  These  always  accompany  drain¬ 
age,  inseparable  from  it,  yet  invariably 
ignored.  The  behavior  and  performance 
of  trees  and  crops  are  the  best  testimony 
for  drainage.  Still  we  look  at  things  and 
never  see  them.  No  further  argument  is 
necessary  to  prove  the  importance  and 
value  of  drainage. 
COST- — For  the  present  day  and  age  ap¬ 
proximately  $1  per  rod  or  six  cents  per 
foot,  lineal,  is  perhaps  a  fair  average  cost 
for  finished  lateral  drains.  With  skill, 
good  management  and  labor  efficiency  this 
orchard,  15  years  hence,  or  from  planting 
time.  There  is  more  available  apple  data 
than  drainage.  Partial  and  complete 
drainage  for  grain  farming  pays  good  an¬ 
nual  dividends  on  the  investment.  Orchard 
and  fruit  farming  returns  exceed  several 
times  those  of  grain  farming.  Therefore 
it  is  plainly  evident  that  drainage  for 
large  and  small  fruit  fanning  becomes  a 
basic  proposition,  requiring  deep  study, 
much  calculation  and  more  action  to  prop¬ 
erly  solve  and  conquer,  in  order  to  get 
close  to  the  possible  100  per  cent,  effi¬ 
ciency  point.  T.  E.  MARTIN. 
Cleaning  a  Cistern 
On  page  79  O.  D.  G.  asks  a  remedy  for 
ill-smelling  cistern.  The  filth  should  be 
removed  from  the  bottom  of  the  cistern ; 
Lead-Coated  Roofing. — Dealers  here 
in  the  South  are  selling  lead-coated  metal 
roofing,  at  10  cents  per  square  less  than 
the  regular  galvanized  metal  roofing.  I 
do  not  find  anyone  here  who  has  liad  ex¬ 
perience  with  it.  or  knows  anything  about 
its  lasting  qualities.  Do  you  or  your 
readers  know  anything  about  it,  how  it 
compares  with  galvanized,  as  to  its  dura¬ 
bility?  G.  E.  W. 
North  Carolina. 
Water-glass  Cistern  Paint 
I  notice  on  page  1377  a  question  on 
hard  water  in  cisterns.  A  mason  gave 
me  the  following:  After  the  cement  has 
dried,  use  one  pint  of  water  glass  or 
liquid  glass  to  a  gallon  of  water,  paint 
over  the  cement.  The  water  will  not 
taste  of  the  cement  or  be  hard. 
Tennessee.  a.  n.  g. 
A  certain  college  president  wore  side 
whiskers.  Whenever  he  suggested  remov¬ 
ing  them  there  was  a  division  of  opinion 
in  the  family.  One  morning  he  entered 
his  wife’s  dressing  room,  razor  in  hand, 
with  his  right  cheek  ehaved  smooth.  “IIow 
do-  you  like  it,  my  dear?”  he  asked.  “If 
you  think  it  looks  well  I  will  shave  the 
other  side,  too.” — Facts  and  Fancies. 
A  Non-Freezing  Water  Pipe 
An  inquirer  on  page  280  seeks  to  avoid 
the  freezing  of  a  water  pipe.  Plenty  of 
water,  and  a  pipe  that  is  free  from  ob¬ 
structions  is  ample  protection.  Near  the 
writer  is  a  spring  on  the  hillside  about  40 
feet  above  the  valley  of  the  river.  On 
— It  buys  MORE  Power — a  big3%-inch 
bore  x  5-inch  stroke  motor  that  de» 
velops  FORTY  Horse  Power  —  the 
most  POWERFUL,  4-cylinder  car  at 
the  price 
—It  buys  MORE  Room  — plenty  for 
SEVEN  full-grown  people  to  ride  in 
comfort  —  more  room  for  driver  and 
more  in  tonneau — DIVIDED  and  ad¬ 
justable  front  seats. 
More  Value  for  Every 
Dollar  of  the  Price 
This  NEW  Series  17  Studebaker  4- cylinder 
model  is  the  GREAT  4-cylinder  value  of  the 
year  —  a  car  that  offers  the  discerning  buyer 
MORE  visible,  tangible,  PROVABLE  value  for 
every  dollar  of  the  price  than  any  other  4-cylinder 
car  on  the  market. 
And  the  price  of  $875  is  possible  only  by  reason 
of  Studebaker's  unexcelled  manufacturing  facili¬ 
ties,  GREAT  financial  resources,  long  years  of 
manufacturing  experience  and  LARGELY  in¬ 
creased  volume. 
— It  buys  MORE  Beauty — a  handsome 
car,  luxurious  in  its  finish  and  grace¬ 
ful  in  its  long,  smooth,  flowing  lines 
— genuine  straight-grain,  semi-glazed 
leather  upholstery. 
No  man  can  safely  invest  a  dollar  in  any  car 
without  FIRST  seeing  this  new  SERIES  17 
Studebaker.  Write  for  handsome  catalog — and 
have  your  local  dealer  demonstrate  the  car. 
Four  Cylinder  Models 
Touring  Car,  7-pass.  $875 
Roadster,  3-pass.  .  .  850 
Landau-Roadster 
3-pass.  1150 
Six  Cylinder  Models 
Touring  Car,  7-pass.  $1085 
Roadster,  3-pass.  .  .  1060 
Landau-Roadster, 
3-pass.  1350 
Coupe,  4-pass.  ...  1600 
Sedan  ......  1675 
Limousine,  7-pass.  .  2500 
F.  O.  B.  Detroit 
-  -It  buys  many  NEW  Conveniences — 
such  as  the  gas  tank  removed  from 
the  cowl  to  the  rear  of  the  chassis— 
the  new  design,  overlapping,  storm¬ 
proof  windshield — theadjustahlefront 
seats  —  the  more  conveniently  ar¬ 
ranged  instruments. 
STUDEBAKER 
South  Bead,  Ind.  Detroit,  Mich.  Waikerville,  Ont. 
Address  all  correspondence  to  Detroit — Dept.  F.  37 
More  than  221,000  Studebaker  Cars  now  in  use 
See  them  all  in  the 
car  at  your  dealer’s 
^65«ich_o  0ll 
