434 
She  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
March  11,  1916. 
Phosphates 
There's  the  Red  Ball — no 
Doubt  About  the  Quality 
Iron  and  Phosphate. — We  have  seen  present  time  this  slag  is  the 
how  phosphorus  may  be  carried  through  of  phosphorus,  since  it  is  noi 
the  soil  and  united  with  lime  or  iron,  import  large  quantities  of  b 
Thus  far  we  have  discussed  the  lime  com-  and  Herman  agriculture  has 
bination,  but  nearly  all  iron  ores  contain  developed  through  the  use  c 
more  or  less  phosphorus.  This  is  a  groat  W  0  have  found  it  a  good  son 
objection,  since  the  presence  of  only  a  phorus  for  fruit  or  grass  and 
very  small  quantity  makes  the  steel  brit-  cially  where  the  soil  needs 
tie.  For  many  years  good  steel  could  only  where  there  are  naturally  i 
be  obtained  by  using  ores  free  from  phos-  tious.  It  is  not  so  largely  i 
phorus,  and  these  free  ores  had  become  country  because  the  great 
quite  rare.  Efforts  wore  therefore  made  phosphate  rock  have  given  u 
by  the  chemists  to  use  the  phospbatic  ores  source  of  phosphorus;  but  tin 
by  taking  the  phosphorus  out  of  them.  It  see  must  he  considered.  Let. 
was  at  first  merely  an  effort  to  produce  up  the  much  discussed  subjt 
pure  iron  for  steel  making,  but  it  devel-  phate  rock  as  compared  wit 
oped  into  a  great  fertilizer  industry  as  superphosphate, 
well. 
Lime  Used. — After  much  experiment  Spray  Lessons  from  ( 
the  chemists  drafted  our  old  friend  lime  Perhaps  no  old  and  well-1 
as  the  agent  to  pull  the  phosphorus  out  of  eiplo  of  spraying  was  ever  u 
the  iron.  It  was  a  case  of  working  one  demonstrated  than  during 
“affinity”  against  another,  and  lime  oh-  season.  Failure  to  obtain 
tained  the  lady.  A  good  account  of  the  results  was  due  about  nim 
process  by  which  the  slag  is  produced  is  of  10  to  lack  of  thorough 
given  in  “The  Manufacture  of  Chemical  plying  the  sprays.  Even  < 
Manures,”  by  Fritseli,  The  iron  ore  is  perionced  sprayers,  who  f< 
first  smelted  in  order  to  produce  cast  iron,  tained  satisfactory  results, 
This  ore  is  packed  into  blast  furnaces  this  season  to  control  San 
with  alternate  layers  of  coke,  and  there  because  they  have  become  son 
is  also  added  lime  or  sand.  This  blast  loss  without  realizing  it — in 
furnace  is  a  wonderful  contrivance  in  them  will  stoutly  maintain 
which  even  the  hot  gases  are  utilized  for  spray  as  they  formerly  did. 
manufacturing.  At  the  lower  part  of  the  critical  examination  of  their 
furnace  the  temperature  is  kept  at  about  discovers  to  the  practiced  exp< 
1,200  degrees.  This  melts  the  iron  and  have  not  entirely  covered  ever 
frees  it  from  most  of  its  impurities,  hark  surface.  The  creeping 
though  this  cast  iron  still  contains  the  the  oily  sprays  corrects  inq 
phosphorus.  to  a  considerable  extent,  an 
Steel  Making.— Fritseli  gives  the  fol-  s™s  faili“l!  *ith  Hmeesulpb 
lowing  analysis  of  cast  iron  :  sometimes  sueeoe,  with  m.se 
Ter  cent.  tlns  generally  means  tl 
jron  .  01.20  sulphur  solutions  have  dot 
Carbon  .  3.00  value,  but  to  the  very  criti 
Phosphorus  .  it  generally  means  that  the 
Magnesia  .  •*--0  j)(H]  j,lt0  a  .somewhat  eareles 
Silicon  . . 0._o  gpraying. 
mi  ,  •  .  .  .  _,l4.  ll*  vriC,  We  have  satisfactorily  coi 
The  object  now  is  to  pull  out  this  phos-  fTogg  BC;lk,  thLs  seascm.  with 
phorus  and  burn  up  part  of  the  carbon,  conceptrated  lime-sulphur  so! 
This  is  done  in  big  pear-shaped  appliances  two  or  three  brands  of  mi  sc 
made  of  steel  and  lined  with  stone.  f  ^"ds  of 
They  are  called  convertors,  and  m  what  tjm.so  were  purchased  on  th 
is  called  the  “Thomas  process”  are  lined  kot  and  were  exactly  the  .« 
with  lime  and  magnesia.  They  are  open  yf  materials  as  those  sold  to 
at  the  top  with  holes  pierced  at  the  hot-  Soluble  oils  diluted  with 
tom.  The  liquid  cast  iron  is  run  in  at  water  controlled  the  Elm  ho 
the  top,  while  hoi  Mr  is  forced  in  at  the  Elm  nspidiotus,  the  Tulip-tr 
bottom.  While  the  cast  h-ot,  b  ,t  1.200  ”:"ln  "h^’iLt.cy ’b. 
degrees  when  it  enters  the  converter  the  scale,  the  Oak  kerines  and 
temperature  is  raised  to  2,100  degrees,  seale.  The  powdered  conjpr 
This  heat  burns  or  drives  out  the  phosphor-  iMuv  gave  good  results  agau 
us  aud  part  of  the  carbon.,  the  formei  'w i t li  the  liquid  liinc-sulphi 
uniting  with  the  lime  with  which  the  con-  give  promise  of  proving  ini 
verter  is  lined.  This  forms  a  liquid  with  them  for  this  purpose 
“slag”  Which  floats  on  the  cast  iron.  arJW1|a^  c,f  loud  for  Snrnn 
When  this  work  is  finished  the  “con-  The  lime-sulphur  solutions, 
verter”  is  tipped  up  so  that  the  slag  runs  the  open  market,  sustaine 
off  into  SKtal  «n»  wliid,  carry  it  away  ’ 
to  be  cooled  and  crushed.  If  contains  XV&  controlled  the  grape* 
phosphorus,  lime  and  some  iron  aud  other  getting  95  to  9S  per  cent.  < 
impurities.  As  the  phosphorus  has  been  by  spraying  thoroughly  will 
taken  out  of  the  iron  the  hiltoi  is  lett  a,,uj  soapsuds  from  the  3d  t< 
pure  enough  to  make  good  steel.  Thus  we  August.  Un sprayed  check 
see  the  full  round  in  the  work  of  nature  the  sprayed  fruit  was  90  to 
and  man.  The  original  phosphorus  is  ^’^‘few  vaccination  or 
taken  out.  of  the  soil  by  plants  and  ans”  were  tested  and  found 
through  animals  packed  away  in  bone,  worst.  n.  A 
Then  these  hone  deposits  are  slowly  dis-  Ohio  Exp.  Station, 
solved  and  united  chemically  with  iron. 
This  combination  is  looked  up  so  securely 
that  man  must  use  this  terrific  heat  in 
order  to  break  the  lock  and  give  lime  the 
chance  to  lock  the  phosphorus  up  once 
more. 
St. ag  in  Agriculture. — You  see  this 
entire  round  of  phosphorus  is  one  long 
series  of  locking  it  up  and  then  breaking 
the  lock  so  that  plants  may  once  more 
start  it  on  its  everlasting  journey.  The 
slag  cools  into  great  cakes  or  masses  and 
must  be  crushed  or  powdered  before  it  is 
of  any  value  for  farming.  At  first  it  was 
supposed  that  this  slag  would  he  of  no 
more  value  than  phosphate  rock  until  it 
had  been  cut  or  dissolved  by  acid.  It  is 
of  a  different  nature  from  the  rock,  and 
will  not  yield  so  well  to  acids.  So  expe¬ 
riments  were  tried  with  the  powdered  slag 
— without  any  chemical  treatment.  It 
was  found  that  on  certain  soils  such  as 
muck  swamps  or  soils  full  of  organic  mat¬ 
ter  the  slag  gave  good  results,  and  it  is 
now  largely  used.  In  Germany  at  the 
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for  the  Summer  sprays  on  apples,  while 
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1 1/,  pounds  powdered  arsenate  of  lead, 
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