i  Machines  $ 
I  SairOnlu 
MONEY  BACK 
IF  NOT  SATISFIED 
that  the  rain  cannot  beat  in  and  wet  it 
all  over.  Cover  the  top  and  back  with 
roofing  paper,  have  the  sides  tight.  The 
front  should  be  entirely  of  slats  and  hung 
from  the  top  with  strap  hinges.  Paint  all 
the  wood  for  preservation.  1  used  such 
coops  several  years  without  floors,  mov¬ 
ing  them  every  day  to  clean  ground  and 
sprinkling  coal  ashes  under  to  prevent 
dampness.  In  a  dry  season  I  prefer 
this  method,  hut  we  are  never  sure  of  our 
weather,  so  let’s  have  a  floor  ready. 
Leave  the  floor  detached,  make  it  a  few 
inches  larger  than  the  coop  cacli  way. 
It  is  very  easy  to  remove  the  coop  and 
clean.  Our  coop  is  new  and  clean,  but 
next  time  it  must  be  thoroughly  white¬ 
washed.  One  little  mite  or  even  a  com¬ 
paratively  large  white  louse  is  small  in 
itself.  Their  strength  lies  in  numbers. 
If  we  can  keep  the  numbers  reduced  we 
need  not  fear  them. 
Caring  for  1’ori.rs. — When  the  eggs 
begin  to  hatch  place  a  board  in  front  of 
the  barrel  to  keep  them  in  and  leave  them 
two  days  if  the  hen  sits  quietly.  She 
will  take  them  off  early  in  the  morning  if 
not  prevented,  and  it  is  not  so  easy  to 
catch  them  in  the  grass  when  mother  tur¬ 
key  tells  them  to  “scud.”  Baby  poults 
do  not  hustle  around  like  chicks.  They 
are  about  the  slowest,  clumsiest,  silliest 
things  ever.  One  good  old  hen  we  had 
would  wrap  her  head  over  them  and  tuck 
them  back  under  her  wing  just  us  she  did 
an  egg,  A  storm  scares  them  out  of  all 
the  wits  they  have,  and  they  just  stand 
and  call  for  help.  For  a  time  they  must 
have  close  and  thoughtful  care,  but  not 
too  much  pampering.  They  must  be  kept 
dry  and  free  from  lice  and  not  be  over¬ 
fed.  and  that  is  the  whole  story.  The 
coop  should  he  so  placed  as  to  get  the 
morning  sunshine,  but  still  have  shade 
through  the  middle  of  the  day.  Sunshine 
means  life  to  them.  A  continued  rain 
will  thin  out  their  ranks  in  spite  of  the 
best  of  care. 
Feeding.-  There  are  many  methods  of 
feeding.  I  have  my  own  pet  one,  and  if 
I  ever  change  it  will  he  for  the  “seed" 
method,  that  is.  dry,  whole  or  cracked 
grains  only.  We  have  had  excellent  re¬ 
sults  with  the  following:  First  give  the 
baby  poults  fine  grit;  sand  is  all  right, 
and  clean  water.  Then  on  a  clean  hoard 
give  them  a  small  feeding  of  a  mash  com¬ 
posed  of  wheat  bran  mixed  rather  dry 
with  raw  egg  and  sour  milk.  Wheat  bran 
is  a  great  bone  food,  is  light  and  does  not 
pack  in  the  bowels,  ltaw  egg  is  the  most 
natural  meat  food  for  a  young  bird,  is 
more  easily  digested  than  when  hard 
boiled,  and  is  sure  to  tie  fresh.  Sour 
milk  is  medicinal  to  all  poultry.  The 
poults  will  cal  only  a  wee  bit  at  first,  and 
the  board  must  be  removed  until  the  next 
feeding.  Feed  four  times  a  day  for  a 
week  and  then  three  times  as  long  as  they 
are  confined  in  the  coops.  Keep  all  the 
dishes  clean,  feed  a  little  at  a  time,  keep¬ 
ing  them  hungry  and  force  them  to  exor¬ 
cise.  MRS.  NILES  GROVER. 
Raise  Jn  Gel  strong  birds  from  weak  Hatchlings. 
all  I  he  ,  | ,  i  n  ■  | 
chicks  firnyw  1  he  Marvel 
T^Colony  Brooder 
F°r  large  or  small  flocks. 
Price  $15.  An  efficient 
Heavy  Castings  wit li  au- 
tomatic  control  ot  the 
drill  ts.  1HE  I'ULCII  FEED  is  new  ami  distinctive. 
Also 
THE  IDEAL  COLONY  BROODER 
Send  for  our  Free  Itonklet  describing  the  t'P-TO- 
TIIE-MINI.'TK  method  of  liroodiiu'  in  large  flocks  . 
the  merits  of  the  FRESH  A I  It  SVS1  EM.  The  safety . 
convenience,  labor  saving  ami  economy  in  operation, 
l.carti  to  brood  without  lo-x,  makllUj?  THREE  PUO- 
DTCEltS  where  only  one  CHICK  grew  before. 
LIBERTY  STOVE  CO  .  JOfl  Chestnut  St..  Phila.,  Pa. 
How  do  the  big  poultrymen 
make  money? 
They  get  after  every  individual  chick. 
They  look  for  the  feed  that  will  make  the 
chicks  strong — healthy — good  producers. 
Suppose  you  have  only  a  few  chicks.  Well, 
isn’t  it  worth  while  to  keep  them  alive? 
We  have  proof  that  H-O  Steam-Cooked  Chick 
Feed  makes  chicks  live  because  it  prevents 
digestive  troubles.  Don’t  “  take  a  chance  "  on  or¬ 
dinary  uncooked  feed  that  is  hard  to  digest.  Don’t 
work  in  the  dark.  Write  us  today  for  our  facts  on 
Pearl  Grit  is  an  extra  pro- 
I  dno.fr.  Extra  eggs  Increase  egg 
I  money,  Tito  extra,  money  more  then 
I  pay 5  for  Tear l  Grit.  Users  say  so, 
I  and  keep  a  supply  on  hand.  Tho 
'  reason  is,  IT  PAYS.  Wo  want  you  to 
write  os  today  for  detailed  informa* 
tiou.  Booklet  free, 
THE  OHIO  MARBLE  COMPANY 
4tfS.  Oevelnnd  Street,  Piqno,  Ohio 
H-0  Steam-Cooked 
Chick  Feed 
J/tYHROW’\ 
rPtAQL  TO 
POulTPV 
AnO 
.Watch 
\r«  suits / 
Sample  and  descriptive  folder  on  request. 
The  H-0  Company  John  J.  Camp 
Mills:  General  Sales  Ag< 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  HARTFORD,  CO 
will  make  your  hens  produce  thegreat- 
est  possible  egg  yield — develop  them 
into  200  egg  hens  by  supplying  the 
necessary  feed  elements,  protein,  fat 
and  carbohydrates.  Red  Hen  Scratch 
Feed  gets  results.  Used  and  endorsed 
by  thousands  of  poultrymen. 
Red  Hen  is  the  reat  economical  feed 
because  it  is  correctly  mixed,  cheaper 
in  the  long  run  than  home  mixed  feeds. 
It  makes  you  sure  of  results.  Con¬ 
tains  selected  Michigan  grains,  free 
from  chaff,  weed  seed,  or  other  im¬ 
purities.  , 
Send  for  Free  Book 
Our  book  “From  Chick  to  Layer’’ 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every' poultry 
raiser.  Send  for  your  copy.  Free  for 
the  asking.  Write  today. 
Ask  your  dealer  lor  Re.!  Hen  Scratch  Feed.  II 
he  hasn't  it  write  u»  and  we  will  take  cate  of 
you.  Be  sure  to  vet  the  ban  sewed  with  red 
twine  with  the  lull  sired  Red  Hen  on  it.  It's 
your  guarantee  of  honest  poultry  feeds. 
Saginaw  Milling  Co. 
Makers  of  the  Famous  Ogemaw 
A  A  Pigeon  Feed . 
125  Genesee  St.,  Saginaw,  Mich. 
»New  Flats  and  Fillers 
New  Egg  Cases 
ChampionOats  Sprouter 
Catalog  Prsse  on  Request 
H.  K.  BRUNNER,  45  Harrison  Street,  New  York 
BABY  CHICKS 
Barred  Rocks,  R.  I.  Reds,  $14  per  100.  White 
Leghorns,  $12.  White  Rocks  and  Silver  Campincs, 
$20.  Hatching  Eggs.  Orders  booked. 
GEO.  H.  DANLEY  -  FLEMINGTON,  N.  J. 
For  Poultry  is  best,  Co;\*’80  or  flue  gran  u  hit  eel,  also 
powdered.  Buy  direct  from  largest  uuiiuitarturei  8  of 
Charcoal  Products.  A  for  prtd*?s  and  saw  pies.  Est.  18H 
R.  MarKELLAR’S  SONS  CO*,  Peekskill,  N.Y. 
LINCOLN’S  LEGHORNS 
AND  BARRED  ROCKS.  WINNERS 
-Gibson”  Chicks- 
Are  Big  Money  Makers 
VIGO  ROUS,  sturdy,  healthy  chicks 
from  farm-raised  breeding  flocks 
of  pedigreed  heavy  layers.  Safe  arrival 
guaranteed.  Gibson  eggs  from  Utility 
Strains  guaranteed  SO  percent,  fertile. 
White  Leghorns  Barred  Rock 
R.  I.  Reds  White  Wyandottes 
Infuse  Gibson’s  “  Bred  to  Lay  "  bLood  in  your 
flocks.  The  birds  are  large,  hearty  and  vigor¬ 
ous.  and  will  make  your  flocks  more  produc¬ 
tive  and  profitable.  Let  us  stock  your  farm 
or  estate  with  these  heavy  layers.  Order 
early  you  get  better  service. 
Illustrated  folder  on  request 
G.  F.  GIBSON,  Drawer  C,  Galen  Farms,  Clyde,  N.  Y. 
11*13-14  Conn.  International  Egg  Laying  Contest. 
High  records  last  year,  heavy  layers  this  year  : 
see  report.  Hatching  eggs  and  chicks. 
FHANt'lS  F.  LINCOLN,  Mount  Curnicl.  Conn. 
SINGLE  COMB  WHITE  LEGHORNS 
Breeder  and  importer  of  Torn  Barron's  strain  Ex¬ 
clusively.  A  few  pullets  and  cockerels  for  sale  at 
reasonable  prices,  Considering  quality.  Records 
and  price  list  upon  request  Won  third  prize  ribbon 
for  December  and  January  nt  Missouri  Egg  Contest. 
Eggs  for  batching.  M.  J.  QUACKENBUSH,  Nutley,  N.  J 
EGGS  HKD  DAT-OLD  CHICKS 
and  White  Plymouth  Rocks.  We guarantee  alleges 
a  nil  chicks  are  from  on  town  stock.  A  KCHONTON 
l’tll  LTHY  FARM.  Yorktown  Heights,  N.  V. 
S T  0  RRS  I  Hatching  Eggs 
Trapnest  ami  Pedigreed  Stock 
32—  1  S  Egos,  S10— 100 
Circular  f  ree.  No  Siibiiilufion  Stock  or  eggs 
NGTON,  Hammonton,  Ni  J. 
D  A  □DfMU  leghorns  yr; 
D  A  I\  K  U  1 1  WYANDOTTES  >  J 
Chicks  and  eggs  from  pure  Katron  . 
strain  hens  mated  to  cockerels  we 
imported  from  Tom  Harron'e  heav-  'FaAjA' 
lest  layers,  birds  with  records  rang-  i— — — J 
iug  from  372  to  2tKl  DUB*  in  pullet  year.  Chicks 
from  $2U  to  |IU  a  hundred.  Write  fur  mating  list. 
Cr  □  I  ■  D  CT  a  MuOonogb  School  Farm 
■  DUnuCn  McOonoah.  Md. 
BRED  TO  LAY-S.C.  White  Leghorns 
Barron  and  Young  strain.  Baby  chicks.  $12  per 
100.  Hatching  Eggs'.  $.1  tier  100;  $45  per  1,000.  Cir¬ 
cular  free.  PKKKY  BRIGGS,  Pleasant  Valley. N  Y. 
Serum  Treatment  for  Roup 
I  recently  saw  in  The  R.  N.-Y.  an  in¬ 
quiry  concerning  the  serum  treatment  for 
roup  in  chickens.  As  we  have  used  this 
treatment,  very  successfully  I  would  be 
glad  to  give  the  readers  of  TllE  R.  N.-Y, 
our  experience.  For  a  period  of  about 
six  years  we  had  Occasional  outbreaks  of 
roup.  Nearly  every  poultry-keeper  is  fa¬ 
miliar  with  the  symptoms  which  are  often 
mistaken  for  simple  cold.  However,  true 
roup  is  a  great  loss  to  the  poultrymen  of 
this  country.  I  have  seen  the  same  dis¬ 
ease  in  the  far  northern  part  of  Mon¬ 
tana.  The  symptoms  are  swelled  head,  a 
slight  foamy  substance  in  the  eye.  It 
may  affect  one  or  both  eyes.  It  later 
often  develops  cankers  in  the  mouth ; 
these  are  very  offensive  and  only  the 
strongest  of  heart  would  use  other  treat¬ 
ment  than  the  ax.  We  had  even  had  our 
little  chickens  affected  and  the  attacks 
were  often  in  the  hot  dry  weather  when 
the  poultry-houses  were  whitewashed, 
dry,  and  open  night  and  day.  Our  poultry 
was  purebred  Drown  Leghorns,  and  we 
had  taken  the  greatest  pains  to  secure 
fresh  blood  each  year,  using  two-year-old 
liens  and  the  best  of  early-hatched  cock¬ 
erels.  This  with  the  care  we  had  given 
led  us  to  believe  our  safety  lay  in  serum 
treatment.  We  wrote  to  the  Ohio  State 
University’.  They  sent  us  the  necessary 
instructions  as  to  obtaining  and  using 
the  treatment. 
The  treatment  for  SO  hens,  including 
the  hypodermal  syringe  for  using  cost  us 
about  $5.  This  seemed  rather  high,  but 
it  only  takes  a  few  hens  to  pay  for  it, 
that  would  ho  little  beside  the  constant 
loss  with  roup.  We  took  the  syringe 
which  is  graduated  holding  three  doses, 
and  a  glass  containing  one  teaspoon  car¬ 
bolic  acid  to  10  teaspoons  of  water.  After 
each  vaccination  the  syringe  was  dipped 
iu  the  carbolic  acid  water.  We  caught 
the  fowls,  raised  one  wing  holding  firmly 
while  the  other  operator  pushed  the 
syringe  under  the  skin,  pressing  it  down¬ 
ward,  then  carefully  withdrew  it  letting 
the  serum  from  the  syringe  into  the  cavity 
as  it  was  withdrawn.  We  did  not  have 
any  trouble  wbeu  we  were  started,  and  it 
did  not  take  very  long.  We  did  not  know 
of  a  fowl  being  off’  its  feed,  nor  did  we 
have  any  loss  of  eggs.  We  were  very 
careful  to  breed  only  from  the  treated 
stock,  and  raised  enough  chickens,  so  we 
sold  all  untreated  stock  and  in  the  past 
three  years  have  had  only  two  or  three 
cases  of  roup.  This  has  led  us  to  believe 
the  serum  treatment  is  the  best  treatment 
for  roup,  and  does  not  require  the  service 
of  an  expert,  mbs.  James  i.ampman. 
Leghorns— B  A  R  R  0  N— W  y  andottes 
Egg*  from  imported  pens.  Records:  263,  £65  268, 
268 .  2611,  271,  273;  283  cockerel*. 
THE  BARRON  FARM,  •  Connollsville.  Pa. 
_  Think  of  it!  These 
"two  UNBEATABLE 
■  Wisconsin  Ma¬ 
chines —  Warners  m  live 
■  fires I  Hslisng  Hildwig 
Contests,  both  for  only 
■  ?  1 0,  fre  ifeht  paul  «s» f. 
of  Rockies.  Guaran- 
_  teed  10  years  and 
■  sold  on  20  0s, s'  Iri»|— 
nv  C  BROWN  AN0  WHITE  IEGH0RNS.  ROCKS. 
L  IV  O  H  I  RL0S.  PARTRIDGE  COCHINS,  WHITE 
ORPINGTONS.  Catalogue  free. 
HI  I,  I,  POT,  Box  l,  Frenehtown,  X,  J. 
Eggs  for  Hatching- st /aim’  ^“rnd^faw 
V  itality  excellent.  Fertility  &UArant66<L  Price.  $,r 
a  hundred,  O.  S.  MlJLLKK,  Hriilge water*  \ra 
White  &  Rice  Strain  S.  G.White  Leghorns 
Made  in  America.  Bred  for  over  20  yeat  s  for  vigor 
and  production.  Write  for  prices.  FLOYD  <>. 
WHITE,  successor  lo  White  5  Rice,  Yorktown,  N.Y, 
S.  C.  W.  LEGHORN— a  large  and  heavy-laying  strain 
Large  white  Eggs  and  many  of  them  $1  per  15; 
$1.75  per  3U;  $5pevl00.  J.  51.  CASK,  Gllboa,  N.Yr, 
A.  B.  HALL’S 
WHITE  LEGHORN  CHICKS  15  CENTS 
Barron  Strain  S.  C.  W.  Leghorns  STUS 
and  farm  bred  fowls.  Spruce  Grove  Farm  Jefferson,  N.Y. 
Good  As  The  Be*t.*’  2-yewrold  ben*  touted  free  from  White 
Diurrrom  by  Storrs  Station,  msiLui  with  cockerel*  with  records  248- 
UCtf.  Loaders  in  Lnyin*  Cun  teat.  2,000  chick  tf  per  week.  Ulus.  Cir. 
A.  HALL  -  Wallingford,  Conn. 
S.C.  White  Leghorn  Hatching  Eggs 
Nested  liens  mated  to  high  pedigreed  cockerels. 
Write  for  Catalogue. 
MILLBROOK  FARM,  M.  1.  Palmer.  Prop.,  Alfred  Station  N.Y. 
S.  C.  WHITE  LEGHORNS 
Torn  Barron  and  Danish  Strains.  Hatch¬ 
ing  eggs  and  Baby  Chicks  from  healthy, 
vigorous  stock.  W rite  for  p  r  i  e  e  s. 
PHILIP  DAWSON,  It.  No.  3,  Alexandria,  Virginia 
Chix  from  S.  C.  W.  Leghorns 
mated  to  Eglantine  cockerels,  the  strain  that  pro¬ 
duced  the  World's  champion,  Lady  Eglantine.  S.C. 
Reds.  Heavy  layers.  WY-HAR  FARM,  Denton  Maryland 
Hatching  Eggs 
TOM  BARRON  LEGHORNS 
Big  Cash  Profits 
S' 'JS’tSJtfi  S.C.  While  Leghorn  Chicks 
412  [n  t  100;  3 10<>  per  1,600.  Eggs.  41  per  lf>;  fii  per  lOn,  I'M-' 
torn  hatching,  41.30  per 73  eggs.  J.Gu|rLesher.Norlhmntiefland,Pi) 
Every  Week  on  Chicks.  Write  me  for  details 
showing  how  beginners  with  Belle  City  outfits 
make  $10  to  $ 25  a  week  on  day-old  chicks. 
Get  the  facts!  Any  man,  woman ,  boy  or  girl 
can  do  it  by  following  my  plan  and  using  my 
Eggs  from  $12  per  100  to  $1  each .  Price  list  on  request 
E.  V.  Watson,  The  Magnolias,  Beacon,  N.  Y  . 
RARY  TOM  BAKKON 
DrtDI  V,niGNOWHITELE(lHOKN8 
$11  per  hundred.  Reduction  on  thousand  order. 
L.  E.INMILD.SBY,  llurtwick  Seminary,  N.Y. 
HATCHING  EGGS  iflc^0LNEGsHffi 
bred  to  lay,  $5  per  100.  A.  SCHUBERT, Clinton  Corners, N.Y. 
BARRON  LEGHORNS 
Whit©  Leghorns  oaycold checks 
Circular.  Warnken  Poultry  Inrnt.Sall  Point,  N.Y 
•lil  Get  all  facts, 
proofs,  particu¬ 
lars— my  low  prices— mc-ney- 
[back  guaranty— also  my 
$1300.00  Gold  Offers  - 
alt  come  with  my  big  illus¬ 
trated  Free  Hook' 'Hatching 
Facts,"  in  colors.  Write 
me  today.  Jim  Kohar.,  I'res. 
freight 
248-200-284-ogg  strain.  Imported  stock.  Baby  chicks 
aud  hatching  eggs  from  free-range  stock.  Safe  de¬ 
livery  and  satisfaction  guaranteed.  Prices  right 
Circular  free.  PATTERSON  POULTRY  FARM.  Clayton.  N.  Y. 
Prepaid.  1, 
2  or  3  Maolht’ 
WHITE  LEGHORN  CHICKS 
Healthy,  business  kind;  great  Winter  layers,  trap- 
Dented,  including  Barron  strain ;  it-we**k  pullets.  Booking 
orders;  circular  free.  Hamilton'  Faioi  Huntington,  N.Y, 
,S.  C.  WHITE  LEGHORNSONLY.  The  World's 
Official  Record  Laying  Strains  of  America,  Eng¬ 
land,  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Egg  and  Chick 
Circular,  25  Lay.  Cont.  Reports  and  f  the  meet 
practical  catalog  written.  “Utility  Facts”  Free. 
J.  R.  PARKS,  Box  V.  ALTOONA.  PA. 
Baby  Chicks  and  Hatching  Eggs 
Success  strain  Barred  Rocks  and  Young's  White 
Let* horns,  f  nrm  raised.  strong*  vigorous  stoolc. 
50,000  CHICKS4KfbfT 
HORNS.  ROCKS  AND  BROILERS  $6  9.1  to  $9.95  per  10n  for 
May.  Let  n<  honk  your  order  now.  Circular  free. 
Keystone  Hatchery,  Box  50,  Richfield,  Pa. 
SfirL  Both  are  made  of  IlfTTini  I  fr 
*  r  Calif.  Kedwood.  jnwA^ 
d  Incubator  is  cov- 
ered  with  asbestos  and  gaivamzeu 
Iron;  has  triple  walls,  -^r  ~  — . 
_  copper  tank,  nursery, 
egg  tester,  thermometer,  ready  to 
Ha.-.  3ii  DAYS'  '1'KIAL-iiiiiiiw  Iwcil 
aotO.K.  Wntaforh'KKgrVttaloffNow.  ^ 
HIOWCUO  INCUBATOR  l'O  ,  0«pt.t  >  j  Bat ,se. Wit.  Ffc'  jk’  (2) 
FrelghfPald 
I  _  La*tof 
the  Rodder 
“Wichmoss  Farm  Efficiency  Chicks” 
All  from  good,  vigorous  Egg  type  Breeders.  S. 
W.  Leghorns,  White  Wyandottes,  S-  C.  R-  1.  Beds. 
Barred  Rocks.  -Send  for  Booklet  and  prices. 
WICHMOSS  FARM,  •  Box  137,  Demurest,  N.  J. 
Barron-Wyckoff  Chicks  and  Eggs 
EOlt  HATCHING  from  a  farm-raised  dock  of 
1,000  layers.  Write  me  your  wants.  BEST  UTILITY 
STOCK.  S.  C.  W.  LEGHORNS  ONLY.  F.  JYI.  I)  A  VIS 
Chase  Poultry  Farm,  R  0.  Nn.  1,  Cincinnalus.  N.  Y. 
B  ARRONfcis 
248-260-284  egg  S.  <’.  W.  Leghorns.  6  pullets  and  1 
cockerel,  $15.  Eggs,  $7  tier  Jut):  $60  per  1,000.  Baby 
chix.  $8  per 50:  $15  per  100.  Mating  list. 
E.  CLAUDE  JONES  -  Hillsdale,  N.  Y. 
FIUF  RRFFVK  YOU  cannot  bi 
riwc  Dnccua  stronger  vita 
On  45  ACRES  |ty.  e®  for  haichi 
rnCF  n  mi  A  P  Day  old  chicks. 
Srlnir ary. coxy, portable*, 
~  durable.  Optn-iir  rroaT.fcinovable.adjust- 
able  sloor.  Oth<-kiy  con vertod  into  Breeding 
Pen,  Brooder  .Colony  orLaying  House.  Lignt 
anil  sunny  Cheaper  and  better  than  honie- 
biillt.  Lasts  a  lifetime.  Same  material]  as  our 
kfajnous  silos.  Cold,  heat, rodent  and  lice  i 
^^proot.  Send  tor  illustrated  literature 
ami  price  list-  ,  — 
.  .  Shohola  Fruit  and  Poultry  Farm 
lrculars.  Shohola,  „  Pennsylvania 
Unadilla  Silo  Cow 
Box  C.  Una  a  til  a,  N.  Yt 
