882 
WORKING  OX  A  SMALL  SCALE.— But  both  corn 
and  pumpkin  are  canned  on  a  small  scale  and  per¬ 
haps  where  a  man  grows  bis  own  crops  for  market 
it  may  be  good  policy  to  can  them  even  though  one 
does  not  make  any  great  profit  in  the  canning,  for 
there  is  a  profit  many  times  derived  from  the  moral 
effect  that  comes  when  the  buyers  of  your  fresh 
goods  see  that  you  have  some  method  of  disposing  of 
your  crops  at  home,  in  case  the  market  drops  to 
what-  the  grower  considers  too  low  a  price.  The 
method  of  canning  on  a  small  scale  is  practically 
the  same  as  I  described  at  first,  with  the  exception 
that  hand  labor  is  used  instead  of  machinery.  The 
cars  are  first  husked,  then  brushed  with  a  whisk 
broom  to  remove  the  silks.  Then  with  a  sharp 
knife,  the  grains  are  removed  from  the  cob.  mak¬ 
ing  two  cuts,  once  very  lightly,  just  slicing  off  the 
outside  of  the  grains,  then  a  little  deeper  just  so 
the  cob  is  missed,  and  then  finishing  with  a  scraping 
to  get  the  “milk”.  Or  if  preferred  the  entire  grain 
may  be  cut  from  the  cob  with  one  stroke  just  as  the 
market  happens  to  demand.  Then  the  corn  is 
placed  in  clean  pails  or  pans  and  sugared  and 
salted  to  taste,  stirring  well.  Then  the  corn 
is  heated  to  ISO  degrees  and  filled  into  cans 
which  are  then  sealed  and  placed  in  the  cooking 
kettle  and  cooked  or  “processed,”  one  hour  at.  21  >0 
degrees.  If  one  does  not.  have  a  closed  top  steam 
process  kettle,  but  has  only  boiling  water,  be  can 
keep  the  goods  by  cooking  them  one  hour  at  a  time 
for  three  days, 
CANDIED  CTTRON. — There  is  a  great  difference 
in  the  candied  citron  ordinarily  found  in  the  gro¬ 
cery  stores  and  that  which  we  grow  in  the  fields. 
The  store  citron  is  really  the  rind  of  the  true  citron 
and  it  is  quite  impossible  to  produce  from  our  vine-  _ 
grown  green  watermelon  style  of  "citron  anything 
that  will  compare  with  the  true  article.  Candying 
is  very  easily  done,  however,  if  one  wishes  to  pre¬ 
pare  our  domestic  article,  hut  it  requires  some  pa¬ 
tience  and  skill.  All  one  needs  is  a  copper  or 
enameled  kettle  or  pan  of  suitable  size.  The  citron 
L  washed,  peeled  and  cut  into  the  required  sized 
slices.  Then  it  is  well  to  soak  in  a  good  salty  brine 
for  12  hours,  then  freshen  in  clear  clean  water. 
Then  make  a  syrup  of  granulated  sugar  and  water, 
one  pound  of  sugar  to  the  gallon  of  water.  Place 
this  in  the  pan  and  bring  almost  hut  not  quite  to  a 
boil,  then  introduce  the  citron  and  keep  just  below 
the  boiling  point  until  tbo  citron  looks  transparent 
and  is  quite  tender.  If  the  operation  has  been  cor¬ 
rectly  managed,  and  it  requires  some  little  experi¬ 
ence  to  do  it  correctly,  the  syrup  will  have  been  ie- 
duced  to  a  point  where  it  will  draw  out  into  a  long 
string  when  poured  from  a  spoon.  If  the  syrup 
evaporates  too  rapidly  the  fruit  will  shrived,  while 
if  evaporation  is  not  rapid  enough  llic  fruit  will  be 
too  soft.  When  done  the  fruit  is  taken  out,  sprin¬ 
kled  with  sugar  and  packed  away  in  suitable  recep¬ 
tacles.  glass  jars  being  best.  If  packed  hot  in  glass 
jars  and  sealed  it  will  keep  indefinitely. 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  c.  o.  warford. 
A  Monument  to  “Johnny  Appleseed” 
A  LITTLE  over  a  year  ago  the  Hope  Farm  man 
had  an  article  about  .Johnny  Appleseed,  in  re¬ 
viewing  an  excellent  hook  which  discussed  that, 
strange  and  romantic  character.  John  Chapman 
was  a  real  man.  there  can  he  no  doubt  about  it.  and 
the  work  lie  did  in  planting  apple  trees  throughout 
the  Ohio  Valley,  and  in  cultivating  an  interest  in 
fruit,  had  a  great  effect  upon  rhe  history  of  that 
section.  Such  men  should  not  he  permitted  to  go  to 
their  grave  unhonorod  and  unsung,  and  we  are  \ci,\ 
glad  to  know  that  Johnny  Appleseed  and  the  work 
he  did  will  ever  remain  a  pleasant  memory.  On 
Friday,  May  5th,  the  Indiana  Horticultural  Society 
unveiled  a  monument  at  Fort  Wayne  to  the  mem¬ 
ory  of  Johnny  Appleseed.  We  are  very  glad  to 
show  a  picture  of  this  monument  at  Fig.  814,  and 
also  a  copy  of  the  parchment  scroll  which  was 
placed  in  the  monument  crypt.  It  was  a  remarkable 
occasion.  About  500  representative  fruit  growers 
of  the  Middle  West  were  present,  and  800  school 
children  from  Fort  Wayne  sang  several  appropriate 
songs.  The  mayor  of  Fort  Wayne,  Hon.  Win.  F. 
Hosey,  accepted  the  monument  for  the  city,  and  the 
memorial  address  was  delivered  by  Dean  Alfred 
Vivian  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  College.  It  was  a 
great  occasion,  and  we  are  very  glad  that  so  many 
fmit.  growers  and  their  friends  could  take  the  time 
out  of  their  busy  lives  to  come  and  pay  this  tribute 
to  a  character  who  long  ago  passed  off  the  stage 
of  life,  and  yet  whose  work  was  so  endoiing  and 
tine  that  it  will  ever  remain  with  ns.  This  is  a 
great  big  busy  world,  and  a  selfish  world,  if  we  will 
permit  it  to  be  so.  Too  many  of  us  live  for  the  pres¬ 
ent  alone,  or  look  forward  to  the  future  for  our 
RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
June  3,  191(3. 
own  personal  gain.  We  are  not  inclined  to  spend 
the  time  going  back  to  honor  the  old  pioneers  who 
stood  at  the  beginning  of  history;  and  yet  it  is  only 
by  doing  so,  and  giving  out  of  our  present  prosperity 
and  hope  to  the  memory  of  these  old  pioneers,  that 
the  future  can  ever  be  made  secure.  All  honor  to 
Johnny  Appleseed.  lie  passed  as  a  sort  of  wild  man 
in  his  day.  He  was  eccentric  and  “queer,”  and  had 
little  idea  of  the  polite  usages  of  society,  and  yet  in 
bis  strange  and  crude  way  be  probably  did  more  for 
the  fruit  growing  business  of  the  Central  West  than 
being  bestrems  to  a  just  tribute  u.' 
and  to  e.cUnwrlttfac  Rvitj  srofjwitb  gratitude  tps 
u*arU  as  a  bertiv  aUartsI:,  l) at? c  tuf t tteix  rtjdr-®* 
name*  on  bis  yatvijrartiti'oii  an5tw  \*p«5tt 
itmifyis  ii  in  ill  remain  as  an  avr- 
lasting  testimonial  to  ttjc  memory  of  tljctuan 
tube  brought  to  ibis  country  Uk  apple  and  ^ 
laugh  IT  tb<  cari\>  settlers  bom  to  groni  if. 
-4*)c  did  more,  iije  brought  mith  ttj<  apple 
f  eeds  a  religion  or  lowf.aud  scattered  that 
as  broadlp  and  as  thoroughly  as  ho  did 
apple  seeds.  3ttr»as  tps  Ihottbe  turn 
mouldgrotu  together.  2**tis  truth  due  reference 
and  deep  gratitude  tbattne  subscribe  our  names. 
Parchment  Scroll  Enclosed  in  Monument.  Fig.  313 
any  scientist  who  has  worked  out  great  problems  of 
nature  and  received  high  honors  from  his  fellow  men. 
Advertising  a  Yankee  Town 
I  Last  week  notice  was  given  of  the  celebration  of 
“Blossom  Day”  at  Littleton,  Mass.  The  object  was  to 
interest  people  in  the  town,  and  in  the  fine  orchards 
which  are  coining  into  hearing.  This  shows  the  spirit 
which  will  put  towns  on  the  industrial  map.  and  make 
town  life  better  worth  living.  The  following  letter 
gives  more  of  an  idea  of  it.J 
A 8  to  our  celebration  of  "Apple  Blossom  Day,” 
the  Board  of  Trade  here  was  of  the  opinion 
that  it  would  give  outside  people  a  chance  to  see 
our  town  when  it  certainly  looks  its  best,  and  every 
Monument  to  “  Johnny  Appleseed,”  Fort  Wayne.  Ind.  Fig.  314 
year  we  are  more  or  less  blamed  for  not  letting 
people  know  when  to  come  to  see  the  fruit  trees  in 
bloom.  The  right  kind  of  advertising  should  help 
in  any  line,  and  I  know  for  a  fact  that  there  is  no 
town  in  New  England  where  the  growers  as  a  body, 
and  even  those  who  only  own  two  or  three  trees,  take 
as  much  care  of  them  as  we  do  here.  Another 
fact  is  that  we  are  away  ahead  of  everyone  else 
cn  our  young  trees,  as  there  are  quantities  of 
plantings  here  just  beginning  to  bear  tlieir  best 
crops,  and  orchards  from  seven  to  10  years 
bringing  returns.  The  question  was  asked  me  a 
few  weeks  ago  as  to  the  number  of  fruit  trees 
in  our  district,  and  I  estimated  between  sixty  and 
seventy-five  thousand.  Three  years  ago,  when  ap¬ 
ples  were  very  scarce,  we  sent  out  between  thirty 
and  forty  thousand  barrels.  We  are  particularly 
well  situated  in  tlie  center  of  the  real  Baldwin 
belt,  30  miles  from  Boston,  and  can  land  a  truck¬ 
load  of  fruit  there  in  about,  two  hours,  also  one 
hour  by  train  and  can  load  a  car  of  apples  one  day 
and  have  it  ou  the  Liverpool  boat  the  next.  The 
Boston  market  being  so  near  it.  is  easy  to  telephone 
and  find  out  when  produce  of  all  kinds  is  short, 
which  helps  a  lot.  A  man  who  is  one  of  the  Gov¬ 
ernment  Field  Agents  was  here  May  14th,  and  said 
as  far  as  fruit  growing  was  concerned  that  he  would 
rather  own  10  acres  of  land  in  Littleton  than  1.000 
anywhere  else  in  the  country.  joiin  ir.  hardy,  jr. 
The  Care  of  Late  Planted  Potatoes 
Planting,  Cultivating  and  Handling 
Part  IV. 
WHEELED  TOOLS.— Wheel  cultivators  are 
much  better  than  walking  cultivators  in  that 
the  depth  to  which  the  teeth  cut.  can  be  better  con¬ 
trolled.  The  latter  must  he  set  to  go  deep  enough 
lor  the  hard,  stony  and  weedy  spots.  When  a  walk¬ 
ing  cultivator  clogs  its  teeth  on  quack  grass  roots 
it  skates  on  the  surface  when  it  should  be  going 
deepest.  As  soon  as  the  quacky  spot  is  passed  it 
digs  deep  into  the  mellow  soil  and  injures  the  pota¬ 
to  roots.  The  teeth  of  the  wheel  cultivator  are  held 
into  the  soil  by  the  weight  of  the  machine  in  bad 
places,  and  then  are  held  up  from  going  too  deep  in 
t. tliers.  T  believe  that  tlie  perennial  weeds  with 
underground  root  stocks,  like  quack  grass  morn¬ 
ing-glory,  Canada  thistle  and  hairy  smartweed 
should  be  damaged  as  much  as  possible  by  the  pre¬ 
paration  before  planting  the  potatoes.  Fall  plow¬ 
ing  and  thorough  early  Spring  fitting  injures  all 
of  these.  In  the  ease  of  quack  this  previous  fitting 
with  the  Summer  cultivation  is  enough  to  destroy 
it  completely.  With  the  others  it  is  necessary  to 
hoe  frequently  to  prevent  top  growth,  and  so  con¬ 
stantly  weaken  the  weed.  Shallow  working  wide  teeth, 
called  sweeps,  are  also  easy  to  get.  for  cultivators. 
BEST  TIME  TO  KILL  WEEDS.— The  surest  and 
cheapest  way  to  kill  weeds  is  by  stirring  the  soil 
in  the  Fall  and  in  the  Spring  before  planting, 
ltight  after  planting  is  the  next  best.  It  would 
seem  that  no  matter  how  many  have  been  killed 
there  will  always  be  more  until  the  tops  shade 
the  ground.  Weeds  from  seeds  are  easiest  killed 
after  the  sprouts  start  and  before  they  reach  the 
surface.  At  this  stage  they  are  only  long  and  ten¬ 
der  white  threads  in  the  soil.  A  touch  kills  them, 
.lust  as  soon  as  the  air  is  reached  green  leaves  form 
and  the  feeding  roots  start  below.  Every  day  after 
that  multiplies  their  power  to  stand  punishment  and 
recover.  A  limn  with  a  horse  and  a  leveler  or  weed- 
pi’  pan  cover  10  to  15  acres  in  a  day,  and  kill  many 
millions  of  these  sprouting  weeds  near  the  hills  that 
a  few  weeks  later  would  take  days  of  hand  hoeing 
and  pulling  to  got  out.  with  a  total  loss  to  the  pota¬ 
to  crop  of  the  plant  food  and  water  they  had  used. 
In  i‘)13  I  planted  the  first  acre  on  May  2(lth.  Rain 
fell  the  next  two  days.  Tlie 'rest  of  the  field  was 
planted  May  20tli  to  June  loth.  The  cultivator  was 
started  June  13th  and  the  weeder  June  1211i.  The 
two  days'  rain  germinated  the  usual  crop  of  weeds, 
which  were  mostly  killed  by  the  harrow  and  the 
planter  on  the  later  plantings.  When  first  worked 
the  young  weeds  on  the  first  acre  were  just  up  and 
starting  their  first  green  leaves.  This  gave  them 
such  a  start  that  neither  the  weeder,  cultivator  nor 
horse  hoe  were  able  to  subdue  all  ol  them,  and  it 
took  more  hoeing  and  pulling  to  clean  this  acre  than 
any  other  five  acres  in  the  field. 
TILLAGE  FOR  MOISTURE  AND  PLANT  FOOD. 
— Weed  killing  is  now  regarded  as  the  most  im¬ 
portant  thing  for  which  we  till  the  soil.  By  main¬ 
taining  a  surface  mulch  of  loose  soil  after  every 
rain  the  soil  is  prevented  from  drying  out.  This 
is  most  important  early  in  the  season,  and  its  value 
diminishes  as  the  season  goes  on,  and  the  roots  be¬ 
gin  so  to  fill  the  soil  that  they  can  take  up  the 
water  as  it  falls.  Tillage  grinds  Ihe  soil  particles 
together,  and  so  helps  to  set  the  contained  plant 
food  free  for  the  use  of  the  plants.  This  is  just 
what  we  want,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  every 
tillage  operation  uses  up  part  of  the  organic  mat¬ 
ter  in  the  soil.  This  must,  be  replaced  in  some  way. 
Tests  on  a  very  large  scale  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  are  showing  that  tlie  value  of  tillage  is 
less  in  the  saving  of  moisture  than  in  weed  killing 
and  setting  free  plant  food.  Practically  this  does 
not  much  affect  our  tillage  plans,  except  that  less 
is  needed  in  dry  weather  than  was  formerly  sup¬ 
ped.  DANIEL  DEAN. 
