Gfce  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
1053 
RURALISMS 
Spraying  Grapes 
I  have  four  acres  of  grapes  which  have 
ho<ui  bearing  very  well  fill  three  years 
ago.  when  the  grapes  got  black  and  fell 
off.  I  thought  the  lack  of  rains  caused 
it.  This  Spring  I  manured  them  and 
sprayed  them  with  lime-sulphur.  Now  a 
sort  of  growth  (looks  like  wax)  is  ap¬ 
pearing  all  over  the  leaves  and  vines. 
\Vhut  do  you  advise?  Is  this  a  dis¬ 
ease?  Is  Bordeaux  mixture  better  than 
lime-sulphur?  When  shall  I  spray 
again?  S.  M.  A. 
Englishtowu,  N.  .7. 
The  cause  of  these  grapes  dropping  is 
probably  due  to  the  disease  black  rot. 
This  can  be  controlled  by  thorough  ami 
repeated  spraying  with  a  4-4-50  Bor¬ 
deaux  mixture.  The  first  application 
should  be  made  before  blooming,  a  second 
after  the  fruit  is  set.  and  possibly  another 
two  or  three  weeks  later.  Lime-sulphur 
is  not  a  safe  spray  for  the  grape.  It  is 
quite  possible  to  escape  injury  in  certain 
seasons,  but  lime-sulphur  has  burned 
badly  leaf,  shoot  and  fruit  in  others. 
Whether  this  application  has  to  do  with 
the  wax  formations  now  on  the  leaves 
and  wood  is  problematical.  At  a  distance 
it  suggests  an  after  manifestation  of  Win¬ 
ter  injury. 
If  one  has  grape  insects  to  contend 
with  arsenate  of  lead  at  the  rate  of  three 
pounds  to  5 0  gallons  of  the  Bordeaux 
mixture  should  he  added.  This  applica¬ 
tion  should  not  be  made  within  six  weeks 
of  the  maturity  of  the  fruit,  as  it  is  apt 
to  stain  the  berries,  thus  making  them 
unsightly  for  market  put-poses. 
F.  E.  GLADWIN. 
Propagating  Roses  from  Cuttings 
1.  Will  you  explain  how  to  handle  rose 
cuttings?  2.  Where  can  I  get.  Japanese 
chestnut  trees?  L.  b.  b. 
Kingston,  Md. 
1.  Short  cuttings,  usually  with  one  or 
two  eyes,  are  employed ;  these  are  made 
from  nearly  mature  shoots,  and  are  gen¬ 
erally  handled  under  glass,  with  a  mild 
bottom  heat  of  65  to  70  degrees.  Clean 
sand  is  necessary  for  the  successful  prop¬ 
agation  of  the  rose,  as  they  are  quite  sub¬ 
ject  to  fungus  attacks,  when  impurities 
such  as  are  found  in  road  sand,  come  iu 
contact  with  the  cuttings.  For  Summer 
propagation  I  have  found  h.v  experience, 
the  shoots  that  have  borne  the  blooms 
best  for  the  purpose.  The  proper  time  to 
take  them  is  just  as  they  shed  the  bloom. 
These  shoots  are  at  that  time  in  perfect 
condition  for  cuttings,  and  if  given  a 
little  attention  as  to  watering  and  shad¬ 
ing.  will  strike  root  very  readily.  The 
two-eye  cutting  is  best  for  Summer  prop¬ 
agation.  Flats,  four  or  live  inches  deep, 
may  he  employed  as  a  propagating  hod. 
Fill  these  with  about  four  inches  of  clean 
sand,  and  if  a  cold  frame  is  available, 
place  the  box  or  boxes  in  a  section,  when 
a  sash  may  be  left  off  on  each  side  of  the 
one  employed  to  cover  the  cutting  bed. 
The  sash  over  the  cuttings  must  be  shaded 
with  whitewash,  to  protect  the  cuttings 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  and  by 
leaving  the  sash  spaces  on  each  side  open, 
a  good  air  current,  is  maintained  at  all 
times,  which  is  absolutely  essential  to 
success.  After  the  cuttings  are  placed 
in  tile  sand  they  should  he  given  a  copious 
watering,  and  he  watered  lightly  once  or 
twice  each  day  thereafter  until  they  have 
struck  root,  and  are  ready  to  pot  otf.  A 
little  experience  will  soon  teach  you  how 
and  when  to  do  the  work  for  best  results. 
If  a  greenhouse  or  cold  frame  is  avail¬ 
able,  place  the  cutting  box  anywhere  that 
it  is  shaded  from  hot  sun,  on  the  north 
side  of  a  building  or  under  a  tree  will  do, 
and  while  you  will  not  get  as  large  per¬ 
centage  of  the  cuttings  to  root,  as  you 
would  under  glass,  you  will  get  enough 
(with  proper  care)  to  pay  you  for  your 
work  and  trouble.  To  withhold  water  too 
long,  or  to  over-water  every  day,  will 
mean  failure. 
2.  Japanese  chestnut,  trees  may  be  pro¬ 
cured  from  any  general  grower  of  or  deal¬ 
er  in  nursery  stock.  K. 
Sweet  Clover  as  Medicine 
I  have  read  with  interest  the  article, 
“'Sweet  Clover  and  Bloat.”  on  page  <S20. 
I  think  that  all  Sweet  clover  people,  at 
least  all  who  have  been  in  the  business  as 
many  years  as  I  have,  thoroughly  under¬ 
stand  that  the  reason  no  animals  so  far 
were  over  known  to  bloat  on  Bweet  clover  1 
( which  'result  is  directly  the  opposite  of 
clover  and  Alfalfa)  is  not  on  account  of 
“the  chemical  on  the  under  side  of  the 
Sweet  clover  leaf,”  but  solely  on  account 
of  the  peculiar  flavor  of  the  leaf  called 
enmarin,  which  has  hoed  used  by  physi¬ 
cians  for  hundreds  of  years  as  a  ctomaeh 
corrective,  and  which  makes  Sweet  clover 
“bloat-proof.”  If  sown  with  Alfalfa  or 
clover  stock  would  not  bloat  as  long  as 
the  Sweet  clover  lasts,  as  they  will  not 
touch  clover  or  Alfalfa  until  the  Sweet 
clover  sterns  are  all  eaten,  after  which  ns 
a  matter  of  course  they  would  bloat  again 
as  usual.  a.  blooming, dale. 
R.  N.-Y. — The  F.  S.  Dispensatory 
states  that  enmarin  is  found  in  the  | 
Tonka  bean  and  also  in  Sweet  clover.  It  I 
is  described  as  a  narcotic  with  an  effect  ] 
upon  the  heart.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
medicine  in  whooping  cough. 
Two  Peruvian  Root  Crops 
Bulletin  11”,  issued  by  the  Offioe  of 
Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction,  in-  1 
eludes  descriptions  of  oca  and  ullucu,  two 
Peruvian  tubers  that  have  not  yet  been 
tested  for  food  in  the  United  States. 
The  ullueu,  botanieally  Fllucus  tuber* 
ostis,  also  called  Papa  lisa,  is  a  root-crop, 
raised  generally  in  the  highlands  of  Peru 
and  Bolivia,  in  the  regions  where  potatoes 
are  grown.  The  tubers  have  a  remark¬ 
ably  dose  resemblance  to  potatoes,  except 
that  the  skijis  are  smoother  and  the  colors 
brighter,  running  from  white  through  va¬ 
rious  intermediate  shades  to  deep  yellows 
and  reds.  There  are  also  spotted  varie¬ 
ties.  white  and  pink  or  light  yellow  and 
pink.  Judging  from  its  representation  in 
the  native  markets,  the  papa  lisa  ranks 
next  to  the  potato  in  popular  favor  in 
Peru,  being  used  largely  in  the  making 
of  soups,  which  is  the  principal  branch  G>f 
the  culinary  art  among  the  Indians.  The 
flavor  of  the  papa  lisa  is  peculiar,  and 
usually  not  attractive  to  the  unaccus¬ 
tomed  palate.  But  being  one  of  the 
plants  that  accompany  the  potato  in 
Peru,  it  may  not  be  without  interest  to 
observe  its  behavior  in  the  United  States. 
The  tubers  are  produced  in  abundance 
and  if  the  plant  should  be  found  to  grow 
readily  the  possibilities  of  utilization 
should  be  carefully  studied.  The  plant  is 
a  relative  of  the  so-called  Madeira  vino, 
familiar  in  cultivation  as  an  ornamental 
climber.  A  wild  Ullucu,  common  in  the 
region  of  Siruaui.  is  very  similar  to  the 
Madeira  vine,  but  the  plants  of  the  culti¬ 
vated  varieties  do  not  attain  a  length  of 
more  than  two  or  three  feet.  The  gen¬ 
eral  appearance  and  habit  of  growth  are 
also  somewhat  like  those  of  the  sweet  po¬ 
tato.  The  descriptions  and  specimens  of 
both  ullucu  and  oca  were  received  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  from  Mr.  O. 
F.  Cook. 
The  oca  is  Oxalis  tuberosa,  a  plant  re¬ 
lated  to  our  common  sheep-sorrel,  widely 
cultivated  in  Peru  ami  Bolivia  for  the 
sake  of  its  fleshy  root-stocks.  which  are 
an  important  article  of  food.  In  some 
districts  ocas  are  second  only  to  pota¬ 
toes,  while  in  others  ullucus  are  more  im¬ 
portant,  or,  at  least,  are  sold  more  gen¬ 
erally  in  the  native  markets.  Ocas  are 
eaten  raw,  as  well  as  cooked,  and  are  also 
frozen  and  dried.  Ocas  prepared  in  this 
way  are  called  ca.va,  a  terra  corresponding 
to  eh u no  (ehnnyo),  the  name  of  the  dried 
potatoes.  Raw  ocas,  when  first  dug,  have 
a  distinctly  acid  taste,  like  sheep-sorrel, 
hut  this  is  lost  after  the  tubers  have  been 
exposed  to  the  sun.  The  plant  attains  a 
height  of  one  foot  or  more  and  lias  the 
general  appea ranee  of  a  large  sheep-sor¬ 
rel.  The  flowers  are  yellow  and  the 
leaflets  are  folded  at  night  or  in  wet 
weather,  the  same  as  in  the  sheep-sorrel. 
The  varieties  are  numerous,  though  much 
fewer  than  in  the  case  of  .  the  potato. 
Some  are  preferred  for  eating  raw  and 
others  for  the  making  of  eaya.  The  tex¬ 
ture  of  the  tubers  is  very  tender  and 
juicy.  In  form  some  are  nearly  cylin¬ 
drical.  while  others  are  slender  at  the 
base  and  strongly  thickened  at  the  end. 
The  colors  vary  from  white  or  light  pink 
through  darker  pinks  or  yellows  to  deep 
purplish  red.  The  range  of  colors  is 
much  the  same  as  in  the  ullucu,  but  no 
deep  yellow  varieties  were  seen,  nor  any 
with  spots,  except  that  some  have  band’s 
of  deeper  color  across  the  eyes.  In  addi¬ 
tion  to  the  pleasing  coloration,  the  sur¬ 
face  of  the  tubers  is  smooth  and  clear,  so 
that  the  general  appearance  is  very  at¬ 
tractive.  The  texture  of  the  flesh  is  also 
very  tender  and  crisp.  If  the  taste  should 
prove  acceptable  ocas  might  become  very 
popular  for  salads  ami  pickles,  if  not  for 
other  purposes.  The  nature  and  habits 
of  the  plant  indicate  that  it  may  be 
adapted  to  acid  soils,  which  would  be  a 
distinct  advantage  iu  some  parts  of  the 
I'uitod  States. 
Win  Against  the  Hessian  Fly 
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THE  Best  Wheat  Yields  come  from  plants 
that  enter  the  winter  strong  and  vigorous. 
Your  own  experience  will  tell  you  this. 
TO  Win  Against  the  Fly,  seed  late,  feed 
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