1J50 
worn,  or  wholly  worn  off,  so  that  mere  rounded 
stubs  of  the  necks  0f  the  teeth  remain.  A  cow  in 
that  condition  is  rarely  a  profitable  investment,  un¬ 
less  she  is  purebred  and  famous  as  a  producer  of 
tine  calves.  The  latter  may  be  hand-raised  or 
"mothered"  on  another  cow.  but  the  toothless  old 
“crummie"  will  be  unlikely  to  live  loner  or  produce 
a  large  flow  of  milk  with  profitable  persistence, 
CAPACITY  OF  BODY. — Leaving  the  head  and 
slim,  thin,  fine-quality  neck,  let.  us  be  sure  that  the 
cow  has  a  very  capacious  middle-piece.  She  must 
have  a  large  belly  if  she  is  to  care  for  lots  of  feed, 
and  so  we  want  it  to  be  wide,  through  the  lower 
third,  deep  from  backbone  to  lower  line,  and  long 
from  elbows  to  flanks.  Then  look  for  pronounced, 
very  wide  ribs  that  are  not  too  close  set.  Tn  a  horse 
the  ribs  are  rounded  like  the  hoops  of  a  barrel  and 
are  not  very  wide  apart.  In  the  cow  the  ribs  are 
much  flatter  and  one  should  be  able  to  place  the 
tips  of  two  or  three  fingers  between  each  pair. 
Standing  opposite  the  left  flank  of  the  cow— the 
side  opposite  that  at  which  milking  is  done — under¬ 
stand  that  two-thirds,  or  so,  of  the  barrel  of  the  cow 
is  occupied  by  the  rumen  or  paunch,  which  cares  for 
the  coarse  feed  consumed  by  the  cow,  and  it  should 
appear  capacious  and  well  filled,  not  restricted  in 
appearance  and  tucked  up  at  the  flank.  The  cow 
that  looks  fit  to  run  fast  and  far  and  jump  a  high 
fence  at  the  other  end  is  the  wrong  type  for  modern 
dairying. 
QUALITY  IN  UDDER 
~  ^  ot-w.ruKR.bK  September  2.  191G. 
is  helping  to  lessen  the  likelihood  of  introducing  the  arsenate  of  lead  to  50  gallons  of  water:  a  third 
disease  into  a  clean  herd.  spraying  with  the  same  formula  a  week  or  10  days 
a.  s.  Alexander,  m.  D.  C.  after  the  second  spraying,  and  a  fourth  spraying 
-  with  the  same  formula  about  the  middle  of  July, 
Non-bearing  Apple  Trees  ?  ra.thp''  T™*!'’6  ,n  «rcta">  Improvement 
. ,  .  an{l  1('J n venation  in  Ohio,  by  our  experiment  sta- 
llas  Spring  we  came  into  possesion  of  a  small  farm,  tion,  we  have  found  it  nneaihio  in 
and  on  it  is  an  apple  orchard,  planted  in  1002.  The  .  ’  ,  ,  10 11Kl  11  1K>sslble’  111  ‘some  ^scs,  to 
spaces  hot  ween  the  apple  trees  were  planted  with  peach-  i(1tuier  Jon  ring  orchards  productive  and  profitable  by 
os.  which  have  borne  well  but  are  now  about  gone,  only  thorough  spraying  alone.  These,  of  course  were 
a  few  trees  remaining.  The  apple  trees  have  been  „  ,  ’  u  ul,e'  "eic 
fairly  well  taken  care  of  and  are  flue  healthy  trees,  but  mi  reasonably  good  land,  hut  suffering  from 
they  have  produced  very  few  apples,  and  this  year  did  insects  find  diseases.  Others  we  have  found,  on 
not.  bloom,  only  a  few  scattering  blossoms.  The  or¬ 
chard  is  now  in  grass.  The  soil  is  heavy  limestone, 
interspersed  with  coarse  open  sand  and  sand  rock. 
The  location  is  very  high,  sloping  to  the  southeast.  This 
soil  is  very  rich,  and  wu  think  has  not  been  manured 
to  any  extent.  ^ 
IN  the  hilly  section  of  Ohio,  not  so  distant  from  the 
correspondent,  it  is  rather  unusual  to  find  such 
elevated  areas,  especially  if  the  land  has  been 
cleared  and  used  for  a  considerable  period  of  time 
— that  is  “very  rich"  as  is  stated  in  the  finery.  On 
the  other  hand  we  almost  invariably  find  such  hill¬ 
tops  or  elevated  slopes  quite  deficient  in  plant  food, 
especially  in  organic  or 
gradual  decay  within  or  upon  the  soil 
trogon  for  the  trees 
Crates  for  Celery 
*  I  'TIE  standard  crate  for  shipping  bunched  celery 
J.  to  market  all  through  (lie  chief  celery-produc¬ 
ing  sections  of  the  Northern  States  is  the  open  slat 
crate,  24x24  inches  in  size,  and  20  inches  deep.  This 
crate  holds  from  four  to  nine  dozen  stalks  of  celery, 
depending  upon  the  size  of  the  eelerv.  This  in  turn 
vegetable  matter  which,  by 
inpplies  ni- 
or  other  crops.  Apple  or  other 
hinds  of  fruit  trees  that  are  making  moderate  or 
less  than  normal  growth  of  wood ;  whose  foliage  is 
scant,  undersized  and  light  green  in  color;  whose 
blossoms  are  but  scattering,  weak  and  inclined  to 
drop  without  setting  fruit;  and  the  fruit  of  which 
Then  let  us  have  a  look  — even  should  there  be  a  fairly  liberal  setting — soon 
at  that  “poke,”  or  "bag,”  or  “vessel,”  or  udder.  Call  turns  yellow  and  falls  from  the  trees,  suggests  to 
it  what  you  may  it  must  be  in  keeping  with  the  right  ’is,  usually 
type  of  head  and  “bread  basket”  if  the  cojv  is  to  do  in  the  soil, 
well  “at  the  pail.”  Remember  that  the  udder  is 
carried  high  in  the  heifer  and  gradually  descends 
in  the  older  cow,  so  that  it  then  becomes  more  ap¬ 
parent  and  seemingly  large.  Bear  in  mind,  too,  that 
the  abdominal  milk  veins — which  carry  blood  away 
from  the  udder— develop  with  age,  calf-bearing  and 
milk-giving.  A  heifer  is  not,  then,  to  he  condemned 
if  she  has  not  a  great,  tortuous  set  <>f  milk  veins. 
Those  will  come  later,  if  she  has  the  right  kind  of 
udder  and  the  natural  capacity  for  milk  production 
Indicated  by  other  signs  already  mentioned,  together 
with  wedge  shape  of  the  hind  quarters  and  thin.  It  IffsHgj 
long  thighs  and  long,  fine-boned  tail.  Very  prom-  fegfflttray 
inent  milk  veins  are  varicose  veins,  and  depend 
upon  it  that  they  cannot  be  there  without  snfiiciently 
capacious  "milk  wells”  or  orifices  of  the  abdominal 
wall  for  passage  inward  of  the  veins.  The  big  veins 
and  the  big  wells  are  associated  naturally  and  ne¬ 
cessarily  and  develop  jointly,  Do  not  condemn  an 
undeveloped  heifer  that  has  small  milk  wells. 
MILK  REQUIREMENTS. — Prefer  the  cow  that 
has  a  large  udder,  well  carried  forward  without 
hanging  in  four  prominent  pouches,  and  that  is  MMiffisffih 
covered  with  fine  silky  skin  and  characterized  by 
four  sufficiently  large  and  long  teats  that  are  proper¬ 
ly  placed  to  balance  the  udder  nicely.  Extra  large 
teats  and  those  that  are  close  together  are  objec¬ 
tionable,  while  the  presence  of  several  additional 
or  supernumerary  teats  also  is  objectionable. 
The  udder  should  be  of  normal  color  and 
one  quarter  should  correspond  wirh  its  mate  in 
shape,  size  and  color.  Beware  of  the  udder  that  is 
dark  red.  or  that  has  a  purplish  hue,  in  part  or 
whole,  or  that  shows  one  quarter,  or  more,  greatly 
enlarged.  Be  most  afraid  of  the  udder  that  is  found 
to  be  “hard  as  a  stoue  and  cold.”  That  is  a  com¬ 
bination  which  generally  spells  tuberculosis,  and  so 
does  the  presence  of  a  large  hard  mass  high  up  at 
the  back  of  the  udder.  But  do  not  be  satisfied  with 
a  visual  examination  of  the  udder.  Sit  down  and 
handle  every  part  of  the  udder  carefully,  for  hard¬ 
ened  masses  mean  that,  garget  has  been  present,  that 
milking  abilities  have  been  injured,  that  other  at¬ 
tacks  may  be  expected,  or  that  a  quarter  has  been 
“lost”  through  disease.  Strip  away  some  milk  from 
each  teat  in  turn.  Look  at  the  milk,  smell  it.  taste 
it,  and  so  make  sure  that  it  is  normally  rich  in  but- 
terfat,  correct  in  consistency  and  free  from  all  evi¬ 
dences  of  disease.  It  would  also  be  well  to  see 
the  cow  milked  dean  and  the  milk  weighed,  and  to 
have  a  butterfat  test  made,  if  the  cow  is  held  at  a 
high  figure, 
HEALTH  TESTS. — Lastly  the  cow  should  not  he 
bought  unless  die  has  been  tested  with  tuberculin 
and  found  free  from  tuberculosis  and  also  is  found, 
by  examination,  to  be  free  from  disease  affecting  her 
generative  organs,  and  we  should  also  like  to  know 
whether  she  has  produced  a  live  calf,  carried  the 
full  time.  So  far  as  contagious  abortion  is  con¬ 
cerned  it  also  is  possible  to  make  sure  of  the  health 
of  the  cow  by  having  a  sample  of  her  blood  tested 
by  the  “complement  fixation”  method.  That  useful 
work  is  undertaken  by  the  veterinary  departments 
of  our  State  agricultural  experiment  stations,  and 
Sorrel  Makes  Its  Own  Lime 
O.\I0  of  our  readers  sends  us  the  following  clip¬ 
ping,  which  states  a  matter  that  has  often  puz¬ 
zled  fa  rmers : 
The  growth  of  sorrel,  or  “sour  dock,”  on  land  is  gou- 
4  rally  regarded  as  conclusive  evidence  of  soil  acidity. 
H  may  be,  however,  that  this  idea  will  have  to  be  re¬ 
vised.  On  an  old  hill  field  there  was  an  unusual  stand 
nt  sorrel.  W  hen  the  field  was  broken  for  grass  the 
owner  believed  so  strongly  iti  its  acidity  that  he  did 
not  sow  Red  clover  at  all,  but  substituted  A lsiko.  But 
he  had  some  grass  seed  iu  the  drill  from  the.  seeding  of 
another  fi<  Id,  and  in  this  seed  there  was  some  Red  clo¬ 
ver.  Wherever  one  of  those  seeds  fell  it  not  only  grew, 
but  thrived.  One  would  not  ask  for  finer,  lustier  bunch¬ 
es  of  Red  clover  than  are  scattered  about  on  that  sup¬ 
posedly  acid  hill  field.  More  than  that,  where  a  few 
Altai  fa  stills  wore  gccideii  billy  scattered  they  grew.  A 
bunch  left  to  ripen  seed  last.  Fall  was  more ‘than  three 
Pet  high  and  the  young  plants  are  strong  and  vigor¬ 
ous  looking  this  Spring.  Where  Red  clover  and  Alfalfa 
grow  the  need  of  lime  cannot  be  so  great,  and  if  sorrel 
grows  there  too,  it  is  evidently  not  so  particular  as 
many  suppose  to  confine  its  activities  to  acid  land. 
In  his  excellent  book  on  “Manures  and  Fertiliz¬ 
ers,”  Dr.  II.  J.  Wheeler  points  out  an  interesting 
function  which  plants  like  sorrel  may  work  out. 
They  change  one  form. or  compound  of  lime  into  an¬ 
other.  The  common  sorrel  will  take  lime  from  soils 
in  which  carbonate  of  lime  Is  practically  absent.  In 
the  sorrel  lime  unites  with  oxalic  acid  to  form  an 
oxalate  of  lime.  Then  when  the  sorrel  is  plowed 
under  or  decays  in  the  soil  this  oxalate  of  lime  is 
broken  up  to  form  carbonate  of  lime,  or  the  form  of 
lime  which  we  use  to  sweeten  the  soil.  This  will 
explain  what  many  farmers  have  noticed  about  sor¬ 
rel.  They  have  seen  their  fields  red  with  it  and 
accepted  this  as  a  sure  indication  of  a  sour  soil. 
They  plowed  the  sorrel  under,  and  naturally  ex¬ 
pected  that  unless  it  wore  limed  it  would  become 
as  sour  as  a  pickle.  Yet  to  their  surprise,  as  the 
sorrel  decayed  in  the  soil,  Red  clover  came  in 
thicker  than  before,  and  the  soil  was  evidently 
helped  by  the  sorrel.  We  now  see  why  this  was 
so.  The  sorrel  took  up  forms  •*£  lime  which  could 
Standard  Celery  Crates.  Fig.  464 
