ZT/>e  R  U  R  AL  N  E  W-YO  R  K  E  R  1201 
vinegar  or  a  cheaper  product.  Tests  15  and  17  are  fectly  known  no  dead  wood  or  hushes  were  beside  tin* 
principally  to  determine  when  vinegar  is  made  from  1 0 „  ■  ,,  , 
1  •  .  i  ,  ...  _  .  \  succeeded  in  seeing  the  paper  and  making  a  copr 
cores  and  skins  of  apples  dried  with  sulphur,  rest  of  it.  given  by  the  selectmen  to  D.  It  reads  thus:  “We 
number  20  is  used  by  the  manufacturer  to  determine  gi'el».  the  right  to  cut  down  the  trees  beside  the  road 
in  front  of  his  house. '  About  the  second  week  in 
_ . _ _ _  May,  1010,  a  man  from  Now  York  oauie  to  tny  place 
fS*  here  with  a  view  to  opening  a  Summer  school  and  hav,- 
hfc  r  ing  bungalows  built  for  the  accommodation  of  guests. 
<  4  When  he  saw  the  row  of  beautiful  butternut  trees  that 
had  been  cut.  learning  the  circumstances  and  seeing  the 
frlglsj  reckless  damage  to  my  property,  he  decided  that  it  was 
jr  f  i  not  a  community  where  lie  would  c-are  to  begin  his 
w  work  or  bring  other  people  whose  rights  would  not 
_ v'nfc  be  respected,  so  I  lost  heavily  in  a  financial  way.  as  is 
./  plainly  seen,  as  well  as  the  loss  of  my  nut  trees,  shade 
poet,  to  keep  up  the  yield  you  should  use  fertilizer  to 
supply  wliat,  the  corn  takes  away.  Handled  in  this 
way.  we  have  found  that  corn  can  he  grown  year 
after  year  on  the  same  ground  until  corn  worms 
and  corn  smut  become  so  bad  that  clean  soil  must 
he  taken. 
The  Tests  for  Cider  Vinegar 
Could  you  give  me  some  plain  directions  how  to  test 
vinegar  so  I  can  sell  it?  Two  years  ago  I  made  nine 
barrels  of  cider  and  let  it  turn  to  vinegar.  It  is  good 
sharp  vinegar  to  my  taste,  but  my  local  grocer  will  not 
buy  it  unless  it  is  guaranteed  of  a  legal  standard  of 
acidity.  I  want  to  get  rid  of  it.  How  can  I? 
Rhineheck,  N.  T.  c.  r.  T. 
IN  plain  terms,  vinegar  made  from  apples  must  test 
four  per  cent,  acetic  acid  to  be  sold  in  New 
York  State.  This  test  can  be  made  by  any  chem¬ 
ist.  and  I  think  any  farmer  in  the  State  can  prob¬ 
ably  have  a  test  made  by  sending  a  sample  with  his 
request  to  the  Geneva  Station,  or  possibly  the  De¬ 
partment  of  Agriculture  at  Albany. 
To  make  the  test  at  home  there  are  several  meth¬ 
ods.  but  the  best  and  easiest,  is  to  get  from  the  Gen¬ 
eva  Station,  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Al¬ 
bany  or  from  some  chemist,  a  little  standard  four 
per  cent,  acetic  acid  and  a  ‘'color  solution,"  of  which 
there  are  several.  15 y  adding  equal  parts  of  the 
standard  four  per  cent,  acetic  acid  and  the  vine¬ 
gar  to  two  glasses  of  the  color  solution,  one  can 
tell  from  the  change  of  color  whether  the  vinegar  is 
stronger  or  weaker  than  the  standard  solution.  If 
it  is  stronger,  water  may  'be  added  in  the  proper 
amount  to  bring  it  down;  if  weaker  some  stronger 
vinegar  must  be  added  to  bring  it  up  to  the  State 
standard.  That  is  the  meat  of  the  law  as  regards 
farmers  and  pure  vinegar,  but  its  effect  is  more 
complicated  and  fa r- reaching. 
The  law  was  enacted  to  protect  the  public  from 
dangerous  imitations  of  vinegar  and  protect  the 
honest  manufacturer  from  the  competition  of  men 
who  made  good  imitation  vinegar  from  commercial 
acetic  acid,  which  is  poison,  and  a  little  boiled  cider, 
coloring  matter,  and  lots  of  water.  The  standards 
differ  in  the  different  States,  but.  in  New  York  the 
different,  requirements  under  the  law  are  about  as 
follows : 
1.  Specific  gravity  at  20  dog.  centigrade  one  per  cent. 
2.  Acetic  acid — not  less  than  four  per  cent. 
i>.  Total  solids  one  per  cent. 
4.  Non-sugar  solids  1.25  per  cent. 
5.  Ash  in  non-sugar  solids  .17  per  cent,. 
6.  Reducing  sugars  before  inversion  .50  grins,  per 
100  C.  O. 
7.  Reducing  sugars  in  total  solids  27.1  grins,  per  100 
c.  c. 
S.  Total  ash  .25  gnus,  per  100  C.  C. 
0.  Alkalinity  of  soluble  ash  25.5  <\  G.  N-10  acid. 
10.  Phosphoric  acid — soluble  in  water  0.0  mgus.  per 
c.  o. 
11.  Phosphoric  acid — iusoluble  in  water  7.5  grins,  per 
c.  o. 
12.  Glycerin, 
lb.  Formic  acid. 
14.  Volatile  reducing  substance. 
15,  Polarization  (for  sulphur). 
10.  Lead  acetate  test — 1.5  per  cent. 
17.  Sulphates. 
IS.  Calcium. 
10.  Artificial  color. 
20.  Alcohol. 
The  first  11  of  these  requirements  and  tests  are 
hardly  necessary  where  the  vinegar  is  made  from 
pure  apple  cider,  except  the  test  for  acetic  acid. 
The  tests  from  12  to  10  are  to  discover  any  impur¬ 
ities  or  artificial  means  employed  to  make  imitation 
longing  to  another,  nor  does  the  fact  that  D  pro¬ 
cured  the  assistance  of  your  employe  preclude  you 
from  recovering.  Fine,  full-grown  shade  trees  might 
be  considered  worth  $100  each.  D.  is  responsible. 
The  hired  man  might  also  he  responsible  for  the 
trees  that  he  actually  cut.  To  recover  damages, 
hire  a  lawyer  and  bring  an  action  of  tort  against 
D.  It  is  probable  that  the  offense  would  also  be 
subject  to  a  considerable  flue  or  imprisonment,  under 
the  trespass  law.  under  which  it  would  he  necessary 
to  notify  the  deputy  sheriff  of  your  district,  but  you 
would  get  no  damages  from  criminal  proceedings, 
but  only  from  civil  suit.  The  selectmen  have  not 
committed  perjury,  which  in  law  means  to  testify 
falsely  under  oath  in  a  judicial  proceeding.  All 
this  assumes  that  the  trees  were  on  your  land.  The 
phrase  “along  the  highway  inside  the  fence"  would 
suggest  an  opinion  that  the  trees  were  on  your  land. 
But  the  trees  might  possibly  have  been  inside  your 
fence  and  still  on  land  owned  by  the  town  or  State 
for  highway  purposes.  Sometimes  a  wide  strip  is 
taken  and  the  part  not  actually  used  left  in  posses¬ 
sion  of  the  abutting  property  owners.  In  such  cases, 
trees  inside  the  fence  might  he  on  public  land,  in 
which  event  no  damages  could  be  claimed  with  much 
chance  of  success,  nor  any  criminal  proceedings 
brought.  G.  b.  f. 
A  Farm  Woman  Heroine.  Fig.  487. 
whether  he  lias  converted  all  of  the  aicouoi  into 
acetic  acid. 
To  manufacture  good  vinegar  economically  is  not 
a  simple  matter.  Large  hydraulic  presses  are  ne¬ 
cessary  to  get  all  the  juice  from  the  fruit.  Belt 
convey* irs  and  convenient  reservoirs  reduce  the  cost 
of  handling  and  when  the  cider  is  placed  in  the  gen¬ 
erator  or  vat  to  be  converted  into  vinegar,  it  re¬ 
quires  an  experienced  man  with  the  means  at  hand 
for  making  chemical  tests  to  feed  air  into  the  eider, 
watch  the  development  of  the  “mother"  and  con¬ 
vert  all  of  the  alcohol  into  acetic  acid.  It  is  the 
aim  of  the  manufacture  to  secure  about  nine  grains 
of  vinegar  for  every  one  per  cent,  in  the  cider.  As 
a  rule  it  is  better  for  the  farmer  and  the  consumer 
to  sell  the  cider  apples  to  a  manufacturer  and  n*»t 
attempt  to  make  vinegar  at  home.  Any  vinegar 
made  at  home  may  be  sold  as  “vinegar  stock”  with¬ 
out  any  test  or  guarantee.  About  the  only  outlet  for 
“vinegar  stock”  is  to  sell  it  to  some  manufacturer,  as 
few  grocers  will  handle  it.  When  vinegar  is  sold  it 
must  be  labeled  by  the  manufacturer — “Cider  vine¬ 
gar  made  from  apple  juice.  State  standard — guar¬ 
anteed.”  and  the  maker’s  name  on  every  package. 
This  guarantee  and  the  name  on  the  package  pro¬ 
tect  tlic  grocer,  who  in  turn  must  label  any  vinegar 
he  sells  in  the  same  way.  For  this  purpose  the  man¬ 
ufacturers  furnish  small  pasters  to  the  wholesaler 
or  grocer,  and  with  a  convenient  supply  of  a  guar- 
anteed  product  furnished  at  the  low  price  now  paid 
for  vinegar,  few  grocers  will  bother  with  a  small  lot 
of  homemade  goods.  e.  w.  mitch  eel. 
Propping  Peach  Trees 
PEACH  trees  often  break  with  heavy  loads  of 
fruit.  A.  system  of  supporting  the  branches  ef¬ 
fectively,  less  in  the  way  than  the  props  commonly 
used  is  shown  at  Fig.  48S.  This  tree  is  in  the  or¬ 
chard  of  Dudley  Watson,  of  Western  New  York. 
Screw  eyes  are  put  in  wood  blocks,  and  No.  IS  wire 
is  used  to  make  the  connections,  so  that  opposite 
branches  support  each  other,  the  wood  blocks  being 
put  outside  the  forks  of  limbs. 
A  Woman  Farmer  and  Shade  Trees 
In  this  township  in  New  Hampshire,  on  the  west 
shore  of  Newfound  Lake  a  property  was  purchased  by 
another  person.  D.  This  property  stands  on  a  knoll 
on  the  upper. --gl e  of  the  public  highway,  with,  an  «*x- 
tentied  view  across  meadowlands  ( owned  by  myself  I 
to  the  lake.  Along  the  highway  inside  the  fence — hut 
very  dost*  to  the  line — stood  a  row  of  beautiful  butter¬ 
nut  trees,  valuable  to  me  for  the  nuts,  shade  for  stock 
and  beautifying  my  own  property.  The  newcomer. 
D.,  wished  these  trees  removed.  Without  asking  my 
permission,  or  notice  of  any  kind,  the  selectmen  of  the 
town  gave  him  permission  in  writing  to  cut  these 
trees  down.  I  was  not  on  the  place,  hut  in  my  city 
home,  with  a  man  only  on  the  place  in  charge  .if  my 
stable.  To  this  man  D.  went  and  said  be  had  permis¬ 
sion  to  cut  the  trees,  putting  up  a  wager  with  the 
man  to  see  who  could  cut  the  most  trees.  <  >n  these 
grounds  D.  claims  he  cannot  he  held  responsible  for 
the  cutting  of  the  trees. 
I  attended  the  town  meeting  and  the  select mmi  made 
this  statement  to  mo  which  I  took  in  writing  in  an¬ 
swer  to  my  inquiry,  “Why  permission  had  been  given 
to  have  my  trees  cut  which  had  greatly  damaged  my 
business  and  property.”  “We  gave  D.  permission  to  cut 
dead  wood  and  bushes  beside  the  road.”  Now  the  bash¬ 
es  and  all  dead  wood  and  many  live  limbs  to  these 
butternut  tree-  had  been  trimmed  in  October,  Ibid, 
by  u  brother  to  one  of  the.  selectmen,  and  it.  was  per- 
The  Man  Who  Developed  the  Electric  Thrashing  Plan.  Fig.  486 
See  page  1199 
A  Peach  Tree  Propoed  from  Opposite  Branches.  Fig.  488 
