1416 
received  ft  thorough  training  in  agriculture,  and  this 
is  the  real  foundation  principle  uf  the  farm  bureau. 
We  may  not  only  get  suggestions  from  the  agent, 
but  at  meetings  and  demonstrations  we  meet  other 
farmers  and  exchange  ideas,  and  it  is  a  sad  condi¬ 
tion  indeed  for  a  man  to  be  in  when  he  cannot  de¬ 
rive  benefit  from  contact  with  his  fellow  men.  The 
agent  may  not  advise  radical  changes,  but  he  may 
suggest  changes  in  methods  which  if  followed  may 
change  a  losing  proposition  into  one  of  profit.  This 
has  been  proven  in  cases  where  cow-testing  asso¬ 
ciations  have  been  operated  under  the  direction  of 
the  bureau.  But  here  again  the  agent  is  forced  to 
face  another  proposition.  Nine  out  of  ten  farmers 
are  following  a  “fad"  and  eight  of  the  nine  are  rid¬ 
ing  their  hobby  to  the  extent  that  they  are  losing 
financially  to  a  greater  or  less  degree.  The  tenth 
one  does  not  have  interest  enough  in  his  work  even 
to  have  a  hobby.  One  illustration  came  to  my  no¬ 
tice  not  long  since.  A  member  of  a  cow-testing 
association  in  our  county  refused  to  continue  liis 
membership  the  second  year  because  lie  found  by 
actually  .weighing  and  testing  the  milk  from  his 
cows  for  a  year  that  his  favorite  cow  was  not  pay¬ 
ing  for  the  feed  she  ate.  When  an  agent  has  to 
work  among  people  of  so  strong  prejudice  as  this, 
b-  it  any  wonder  that  we  find  plenty  who  are  ready 
to  talk  disparagingly  of  a  farm  •bureau  work? 
One  of  the  functions  of  the  farm  bureau  is  to 
assist  the  farmers  in  employing  such  methods  of 
business  in  tlieir  farm  operations  as  will  make 
them  profitable.  The  central  office  has  found  that 
(he  greatest  lack  of  the  farmer  is  in  farm  manage¬ 
ment.  Mr.  Campbell  cites  his  friend  Nichols  as 
proof  of  the  uselessness  of  farm  bureaus,  and  yet  if 
ho  will  take-  tlie  trouble  to  compare  tlie  methods 
recommended  by  the  bureau  and  those  followed  by 
Mr.  Nichols,  I  venture  a  guess  he  will  find  they 
coincide  very  closely.  Mr.  Nichols  is  one  who  by 
good  judgment  and  hard  work  has  made  farming  a 
success  and  has  little  need  of  the  work  of  the  bu¬ 
reau,  but  there  are  hundreds  of  others  who  really 
need  Its  help  and  ro  whom  it  is  trying  to  be  help¬ 
ful  while  Mr.  Campbell  and  others  who  hold  to  the 
same  opinion  regarding  the  bureau  are  standing  be¬ 
tween  them  and  this  assistance  by  still  farther  pre¬ 
judicing  their  minds  against  it.  lie  speaks  of  those 
who  have  begun  at  the  bottom  and  worked  up  and 
finally  made  good,  but  there  are  many  others  who 
have  not  the  ability,  or  have  failed  to  use  it,  to  work 
out  these  problems  alone  and  it  is  these  very  farm¬ 
ers  which  we  are  trying  to  help. 
It  is  only  as  we  join  forces,  each  with  a  desire 
to  help  the  other,  the  farmer  who  is,  from  years  of 
experience,  familiar  with  the  local  conditions  giv¬ 
ing  the  young  man  from  college  the  benefit  of  his 
knowledge  thus  gained,  and  the  college  student  in 
turn  giviug  the  farmer  (lie  ben* -fit  of  knowledge 
gained  by  study  and  experimental  work  at  school, 
that  the  real  object  of  the  farm  bureau  will  come 
to  the  fullest  realization  of  success. 
Otsego  Co.,  N.  T.  geo.  ir.  ritter. 
Ghe  RURAL  NEW-YORKER  November  11,  1910. 
that  cement  tile  would  prove  good,  but  it  certainly  the  tile  are  only  three-eighths  to  five-eighths  inch 
has  not  here.  I  think  manufacturers  have  quit  thick,  the  large  sizes  being  made  a  little  thicker 
making  cement  tile  here.  than  the  small  ones.  The  tile  is  porous.  Water 
Even  good  clay  tile  will  not  stand  freezing  when  poured  on  top  of  one  will  soak  through  it  quickly, 
1  art  full  of  water.  J  always  put  sewer  tile  (hard-  but  probably  most  of  the  water  goes  iu  at  the 
turned  glazed  tile)  at  the  outlet,  at  least  one  tile  joints,  as  with  clay  tile.  About  3,000  riles  a  day 
(two  or  three  are  better),  also  for  culverts,  etc.  can  be  made  with  a  baud  machine.  a.  n.  f. 
Where  exposed  to  air,  water  and  freezing,  clay  tile  Massachusetts, 
will  crumble. 
Michigan. 
Cement  Tile  Not  Durable  ,  , 
At  an  equal  price  per  ton  which  is  tn<>  most  eco¬ 
nomical  to  buy,  burned  lime  or  ground  lime  rock? 
Which  is  quickest  in  showing  results?  Which  is  best 
For  the  following  crops:  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  grass? 
Do  you  advise  lime  on  upland  meadows  spread  broad¬ 
cast,  nr  would  it  he  better  to  plow  this  land  and  apply 
lime  while  cultivating?  If  lime  is  put  into  the  drop 
at  cow  ha  i  n  to  absorb  liquids,  ami  the  manure  is 
drawn  to  field  and  spread  daily,  will  the  manure  be 
injured?  Will  the  lime  lose  its  value  from  the  acids 
iu  manure?  Can  one  economically  mix  lime  with  ma¬ 
nure  on  wagon  in  barn  and  haul  it  to  field?  I  mean 
with  daily  droppings  of  the  cattle  iu  order  to  get  more 
limn  on  field  than  would  he  used  in  the  cow  drop. 
New  York.  «.  m.  p. 
AT  equal  prices  per  ton  the  burnt  linn*  will  be 
more  economical  because  it  gives  move  actual 
lime  to  the  ton.  lame  rock  (as  our  readers  know) 
as  it  comes  from  the  ledge,  contains  lime  and  car¬ 
bonic  acid.  In  burning,  the  carbonic  acid  is  driven 
away — leaving  the  lime.  Then  this  lime  “slakes" 
or -unites  with  water,  but  it  does  not  take  up  as 
much  water  as  there  was  of  the  carbonic  acid. 
Thus  in  a  ton  there  will  be  more  lime  than  in  a 
ton  of  tuiburnt  rock.  We  should  buy  lime  on  the 
basis  of  its  guaranteed  analysis. 
The  burned  lime  is  more  active  than  the  ground 
limestone,  as  its  tendency  is  to  go  back  to  the  orig¬ 
inal  form  in  the  rock.  Therefore  it  "bites”  or  acts 
chemically  sharper  than  the  limestone.  Oats  and 
grass  respond  to  lime  better  than  rye  or  buckwheat. 
Clover  and  Timothy  need  lime  more  rhau  Red-top 
■  a-  other  grasses,  and  in  most  rotations  it  is  a  good 
plan  to  use  tlie  lime  when  seeding. 
We  would  not  use  lime  on  top  of  the  ground  if  the 
plan  could  be  avoided.  The  best  way  to  use  lime 
is  to  spread  on  plowed  ground  and  barrow  thor¬ 
oughly  in.  That  mixes  the  lime  all  through  the 
upper  soil  which  is  necessary  in  order  to  fully 
sweeten  the  land.  You  will  rarely  obtain  satis¬ 
factory  results  by  spreading  the  lime  on  top  of  the 
ground  and  leaving  it  there. 
It  would  be  a  mistake  to  put  burned  lime  in  the 
gutters  or  to  mix  it  with  the  manure.  The  result 
of  this  would  be  a  chemical  action  in  which  am¬ 
monia  would  be  set  free,  while  the  great  object 
in  handling  manure  is  to  hold  this  ammonia.  The 
ground  limestone  would  answer  for  use  in  the  gut¬ 
ter  or  manure  pile*  though  we  prefer  land  plaster. 
The  limestone  would  give  little  if  any  of  the  chem¬ 
ical  action  which  in  the  burned  lime  sets  free  tlie 
ammonia.  We  do  not  like  to  advise  the  use  of  this 
limestone,  because  people  do  uot  always  read  or 
think  carefully.  They  do  uot  realize  that  there 
are  several  forms  of  lime.  Thus,  instead  of  using 
limestone  in  the  stable  they  use  burned  lime,  lose 
1  lie  best  part  of  the  manure  and  then  feel  sure  we 
gave  them  poor  advice.  You  must  remember  that 
manure,  and  the  liquids  iu  particular,  is  not  acid 
lint  quite  alkaline. 
ions  on 
„  NCtlKAOT 
^  l)  JEUV- 
WHITE  PINE 
L  eusreft, 
VtfOST/ 
GOODS 
Found  Guilty.  Fig.  570.  See  next  page 
for  believing  they  were  well  made,  so  I  laid  the 
blame  to  the  soil,  or  soil-water,  and  if  anyone  wants 
to  use  them  because  they  are  cheaper  or  easier  to 
get  than  clay  tile,  I  would  strongly  advise  him 
cither  to  have  some  of  the  soil  in  which  they  are 
to  be  laid,  analyzed  by  a  chemist  or  "ask  the  soil," 
by  placing  a  tile  here  and  there  in  the  soil  where 
the  drain  is  to  be,  for  a  few  months  and  see  what 
effect  it  has  on  them.  This  may  save  doing  the 
jab  over,  as  I  had  to,  which  is  neither  pleasant  nor 
profitable.  f.  e.  d. 
Michigan. 
Cement  Drain  Tile  in  New  England 
If  H.  s.  R.  (page  1332)  has  suitable  clean,  sharp 
sand  and  gravel  and  will  invest  about  .$40  in  a 
lmnd-power  tile  machine  and  extras,  he  can  make 
several  sizes  of  cement  tile  to  good  advantage. 
Thousands  are  being  used  iu  this  vicinity,  and  with 
satisfaction,  if  well  made.  The  common  sources  of 
trouble  are  careless,  loose  packing  of  the  mixture 
iu  the  molds,  or  use  of  poor  sand  or  too  much  sand, 
or  failure  to  let  the  tile  dry  and  cure  properly  be¬ 
fore  using.  Farmers  here  buy  them  from  a  local 
I  HATE  had  considerable  experience  in  tiling; 
tiled  50  acres  of  my  own  ha  Ohio.  I  used  hard 
burned  (reasonably  hard)  clay  tile;  have  taken  up 
many  and  found  them  very  satisfactory.  Nine  years 
ago  I  moved  near  Coldwater,  Mich.,  have  tiled  15 
acres  here,  about  10  of  it  muck.  I  used  three  dif¬ 
ferent  lots  of  cement  tile  here,  guaranteed  to  be  all 
right.  Two  years  after  putting  in  the  first  lot  I 
noticed  water  standing  over  the  -tile,  dug  down,  and 
found  a  number  of  them  crushed  in  and  entirely 
stopping  the  water.  We  dug  them  out;  not  a  good 
Tile  in  tlie  lot.  Then  we  went  to  the  second  lot,  manufacturer,  using  mostly  4-iu.  and  larger  sizes 
found  tliem.no  better.  I  went  to  the  manufacturer,  which  are  sold  at  about  two-thirds  the  price  of 
He  said:  "Our  first  tile  was  not  good,  but  we  have  clay  tile,  and  show  him  a  good  profit  at  that.  The 
now  got  an  expert,  and  our  tile  is  genuine.  You  can  cement  in  a  foot  of  4-in.  tile  costs  about  one-half 
drive  a  wagon  over  five-inch  tile  (that  being  the  cent.  The  rest  is  for  labor,  sand  and  gravel.  The 
size  I  then  needed)  and  not  break  them.  Come  manufacturers’  estimate  is  about  one  cent  a  foot 
down  and  get.  them;  they  are  No.  1.”  I  went  and  complete  for  this  size  made -with  a  hand  machine 
thought  they  were  splendid;  they  would  riug  like  with  labor  at  $2  a  day  and  sand  75  cents  per  solid 
metal  and  were  very  hard  to  break.  I  got  yard.  Small  sizes  are  not  much  cheaper  than  clay 
100.  About  two  years  after  we  needed  to  attach  tile,  but  nobody  around  here  is  using  smaller  than 
a  lateral  to  the  cement  tile,  which  were  three  4-in.  and  some  are  using  G-in.  There  are  occasional 
foot  deep.  In  digging  I  ran  my  spade  right  rocks  below  the  surface  of  most  of  our  New  Eng- 
through  the  tile  without  knowing  it.  We  dug  them  land  fields  and  in  practice  the  trenches  are  not 
all  out;  they  would  crush  under  one’s  weight,  and  very  straight,  making  it  necessary  to  spread  the 
one  could  easily  break  them  wirli  the  fingers.  tde  a  little  at  the  joints  in  getting  around  curves. 
The  first  two  lots  were  in  muck,  the  last  was  an  Earth  may  gradually  work  in  at  these  joints  but 
aid  soil,  seemed  to  be  a  mixture  of  sand,  gravel  less  trouble  Is  claimed  to  result  if  the  tile  is  large, 
and  clay.  The  great  mystery  to  me  is  why  cement  One  part  of  cement  Is  used  to  two  or  three  parts  of 
will  stand  in  other  works,  bridges,  bridge  founda-  coarse,  sharp  sand.  The  material  must  not  contain 
tions.  etc.,  and  not  in  tile.  I  was  quite  hopeful  stones  over  one-half  inch  through,  ns  the  walls  of 
Feeding  a  Pumpkin  on  Sugar.  Fig.  571 
