MRURAL LI F £ 
though the price we shall obtain will pay for 
harvesting. 
By our last papers received from the Pacific 
side, we learn that the fruit growers of Oregon 
are in great trouble. Only a few years ago—so 
recently that it seeniB hut yesterday—we knew an 
enterprising emigrant to Oregan, who took a few 
very young and small fruit trees across the plains, 
joyed. In oar first extract, from the Londou 
Farmers' Magazine , twenty reasons are given why 
underdraining Bhould receive the attention of 
farmers. Compare your own experience with the 
conclusions of the “ Old World” tillers of the soil. 
Advantages of Underdrawing. 
1. It prevents drouth. 2. It furnishes an in¬ 
creased supply of atmospheric fertilizers. 3. It 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AS ORIGINAL WKSBAT 
RURAL, LITERARY AND F AMIL Y NEWSPAPER 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With am Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. 
Thb Rural Nkw-Yorkbr 1b demined to be unum-passed 
in Value, Purity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and 
unique and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes 
hie personal attention to the supervision of its various de¬ 
partments, iuid earnestly labors to render the Rural an 
eminently Reliable Quids ou all the important Practical, 
Scientific and other Subjects intimately connected with the 
business of those whoso interests it. xealdlUily advocates. 
As a Family Journal it Ia eminently Instructive and En- 
tertaininir—beinn so conducted that it Can be safely taken 
to the Hearts and Homes of people oi intelligence, taste 
and discrimination. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Hcioutific, Educational, Literary and News Matter, 
interspersed with appropriate and beautiful Engravings, 
than any other Journal,— rendering it the most complete 
Agricultural, Litrrabt aad Family N kwhi-ai-kr in 
America. 
THOROUGH FARMING. 
Tnx time-honored maxim, that “What is worth 
doing at all ia worth doing well,” true in almost 
everything, is especially true of farming. In any 
department of industry extra care in doing a 
thing ia always repaid,—bat in farming, this extra 
pains always produces a much greater proportion¬ 
ate benefit It requires a good deal of expense to 
produce even a poor crop. There is the same or 
nearly the same expense in each case, for plowing, 
seed, Bowing, or planting, and the same interest 
on value of the land and wear and tear of ma¬ 
chinery, All these expenses have to be borne, 
even to produce a small crop. Now, then, when 
the farmer has done so much, let him remember 
that every particle of manure applied, and every 
extra attention given to the crops, especially hoed 
crops, adds directly to the product, and conse¬ 
quently to the profits. In fact, you are con¬ 
strained by all that you have already done, to do 
still more, in order to receive the benefit of it If 
you have plowed thoroughly, you ought certainly 
to manure liberally, and tend carefully, so as to 
gut the greatest possible benefit of the plowing, 
seed sown, and labor pf sowing It Every step 
renders it more and more necessary that every¬ 
thing Bhould be done well; for there is more and 
more at stake. In harvesting, especially, yon 
need to be prompt and thorough. Often, indeed, 
a great part of the trouble and expense bestowed 
during a whole season, is lost for want of a little 
thoroughness at the last We have seen hun¬ 
dreds of bushelB of potatoes wasted, merely by 
digging them a week after instead of a week 
before the general "freeze up; 1 " and it cost more 
to dig the few that were left in good order, from 
the wet and mud, than it would to have secured 
the whole crop in good order, earlier in the sea¬ 
son. We have seen fields of corn, half destroyed 
by being left out in the fields most, of the winter, 
and yet costing nearly as much to secure the half 
which the mice and weather had not destroyed, as 
to have secured to the whole crop in the burn or 
crib. And so of many other cropB. It never 
costs more, and generally less, to harvest a crop 
at the right time, than it does after. 
So, too, in regard to fences. The most misera¬ 
ble fence we ever saw, which was really no fence 
at all, generally had three-fourths enough rails, 
and sometimes enough, if well laid up, to make 
an«e vellent fence. With a long heap of rails, 
twiamd and misplaced every way, to serve as a 
fence around a lot, a man may easily -pend more 
time in one season in running to turn out the pigs 
or the cattle, and patching np the holes or putting 
on one more rail on the lowest places, than would 
ho required to take the fence down from one end 
to the other, and lay it np in a substantial manner 
and stake and wire it But if you pursue the 
“ make do ” system, you will have the cattle break¬ 
ing the rails, destroying fifteen or twenty dollars' 
worth of crops, and perhaps injuring themselves; 
and in the fall you will have a poorer fence than 
in the spring, with a pretty fair certainty that if 
you were now to make a good fence it w ould not 
keep in your cattle after they have become so 
enterprising from their summer’s experience. 
I he same in regard to noxious weeds, The 
best way is, by all means, to have no half-way 
work, but to thoroughly destroy them in one 
ear. For instance, as much labor is often ex¬ 
pended on Canada thistles in three years, merely growing in a box. OtherB, by way of experiment, 
to keep them from spreading, and not half doing packed young trees in charcoal dust, and sent 
that, as, if well applied, would, in one year, de- them around Cape Horn, at great expense and no 
stroy them root and branch, and obviate further small riBk. But Oregon is a glorious Country, 
trouble with them. Really, the cheapest plan and Providence Binilcd upon the efforts of the 
would he for the people of a whole State to unite bold and energetic ploueors to introduce and 
on some one year to thoroughly exterminate this cultivate line fruits upon the shores of the Pacific, 
and other posts; and if more came up in succeed- It is peculiarly adapted to the culture of fruit, 
ing years, from seeds dormant in the ground, they Everything seems to grow luxuriantly, and bear 
could easily be got rid of. But we reckon it early and abundantly. In fact, it appears to be 
wont be done, just yet, at least. too good, ijnd the people are being troubled with 
The above views are so self-evidently true, that their blessings. The State is overstocked with 
it ia a wonder that all are not more thorough In fruit; the California market has been glutted; 
their farming. (We wonder that we onreelvos and now the melancholy cry is, “ What shall we 
are not, whou we Bee the beauty of it so clearly!) do with our fruit?” Other markets have been 
But then, It requires an Immense amount of labor, found, and some have shipped to Victoria, Cres- 
There are so many things to he seen to, that if a cent City, and other porta along the coast and on 
man resolves to pursue an improved course of Puget Round. But still the supply ia too great, 
farming, it seems as if nature, and every thing and an attempt Is to be made to ship to Australia, 
else, was conspiring to trip him up at Borne point Tho editor of the Oregon Farmer declares that 
If he begins to nnderdrain, the first thing ho "the truth Is forced upon ns, that for a large por- 
knows his fences are rotting down and the cattle tion of this great staple of Oregon, we must seek 
are in the corn field. When he Btops to make another market; or we must make np our minds 
fence, besides not getting his ditching done, tho to work up our fruit either into cider or dried 
weeds get the Btart of him. The thistles get Into fruit” This is melancholy. The people are 
blow, or at least are spreading vigorously at the sorely perplexed by their great blessings, 
root The daisy gets into his meadow and the It may be some consolation to those who are 
charlock into his oata; and when he stops to ut- troubled about our largo crops, to learn that there 
tend to these, as lie should, whatever else ho may ia likely to bo a good demand in Europe, for all 
leave undone, the chances are that his potatoes we can spare. Tho editor of the Philadelphia 
don’t get hoed that year, beside a multitude of Press thus sums up the Btate of things abroad, 
other things which claim his attention, but which and arrives at the conclusion that Europe will be 
he has to neglect. Altogether too many farmers in want of food which America alone cun supply: 
are almost beginning to despair of tho possibility In England, Ireland, and Scotland, bad weather 
or practicability of being thorough Jd more than continued up to the end of July. Tho wet and 
one or two points at ouce. At any rate, it Is cold had nearly destroyed a.i the summer fruits, 
pretty certain that most who try to be thorough France and Italy were in .he same disastrous 
are bo only in streaks — which we must say is apt Btate. In Germany, on the 27th .Tune, the fine 
to give their farms a rather streaked appearance, weather which had there prevailed for a few days, 
beside making the farmer feel rather streaked was broken by violent torrents of rain and hail, 
withal! But even this ia better than being slov- In Spain and Portugal the complaint is the same, 
enly throughout. Russia had suffered very little, and the Bteppes of 
The trouble is, most farmers try to get through Poland and the vast plains of the Ukraine will 
the seasou with too little help. Hardly any ex- probably supply a good deal of wheat. From 
pend nearly as much labor upon their land as they Hamburg, the port for the wheat produce in tho 
should, even for immediate profit The increased countries watered by tiie Elbe, scarcely any grain 
value of large cropH, instead of Bmall ones, will is to be expected. As we have already stated, 
pay for a good deal of manure and labor, beside the main supply (not of Indian corn, whioh is lit- 
leaving the land in so much better order for fu- tie used in Europe, but) of wheat, rye, barley, and 
ture service. In regard to noxious weeds, the oats, on which Europe will mainly depend for the 
higher market value of a clean farm will pay for next twelve months, will chielly come from the 
a good deal of care in k-eepingthem out; and, as UnitedStates. This is the golden time for Ameri 
we remarked at first, largo as the expense of can agriculture. Our farmers ought to make 
thorough tillage may seem, in the aggregate of much money this year, and they deserve it all, for 
the whole farm, the additional expense over or- they labor " with a wilh” 
dinary cultivation is proportionably but a small Nor is it from the cereal productions of the soil 
part of the whole. alone, that American farmers may expect to make 
-**♦- large profits. The scarcity of fodder in Europe 
OUR TROUBLES AND BLESSINGS. haB ma<io cattle 8carce and dear. Great discon- 
- tent prevails among the working classes 6f Eng- 
It does seem as though the great family of l and on account of the dearness of flesh meat. 
farmers were destined to be in trouble of one It is yet dearer in prance. The prices run thus in 
kind or another. If we get out of the fiying. P*™ 8 —fillet of k®*fi 48 cents the pound; tough 
pan, it is only to get into the fire. We fail in ramp steaks, 28 cents; Inferior beef for maklug 
our crops—one year the midge eats the wheat so 90Q P> ^' oae landed, 20 cents; ordinary joints of 
that it is hardly worth threshing—the oats are veal and mutton, 25 cents the pound. Now, Amer- 
short and light, all used up by the drouth_ * can ^eef and P 0,, k can he sold in Englaud and 
barley and potatoes suffer from the Bame cause, franco for prices much lower than this, and al¬ 
and we feel sorely afflicted. Our troubles are ready the English newspapers are mentioning tho 
almost greater than we can bear, and we begin to and giving recipes how to treat these salted 
doubt the promise made so many thousands of provisions, and cook them so as to form palatable, 
years ago, that seed-time and harvest shall not nutritions, and comparatively low-priced food, 
fail. We obtain good prices for what little we course, if the cows cannot be fed, cheese and 
have, but this is only an aggravation, to Bee such hatter will also be scarce, and abundance of these 
fine prices offered when we have so little to dis- cun he shipped hence to Europe. For what we 
pose of. may thus send abroad, the greater portion of the 
The present year there is promise of moat payment will be made in gold, for there is no use 
abundant crops. The fields everywhere smile in in glutting the American markets with English 
beauty and luxuriance. All nature rejoices,_ and French manufactures. 
from the feathered tribes—from the humbler -•-**- 
objects of creative power—from the teeming EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE. 
earth—one grand chorus of praise arises to the - 
Giver or all Good. But with man there is very In our Foreign Exchanges we find many good 
little rejoicing, very little thankfulness. Even things, and would more frequently share their 
our blessings cause us grief. It “never rains perusal with Rural friends did our space permit, 
but it pours.” The wheat is good, what we have Contributors,— and these are entitled to first 
of it, but the fear of the midge prevented our claims npou our columns,— furnish us so gener- 
warms the lower portions of the soil. 4. It 
hastens the decomposition of roots and other or¬ 
ganic matter. 5. It acceleratc'8 tho disintegration 
of the mineral matters in the soil. 6. It causes a 
more even distribution of nutritious matters 
among those parts of the soil traversed by roots. 
7. It Improves the mechanical texture of the soil. 
ganic matter, instead of 50 per cent, and only 9.41 
of ammonia, instead of 1G per cent The sand 
amounted to 13.8, instead of 2 per cent, thus 
showing an enormous quantity of sllicious matter 
to be contained in the stuff; he found also alumi¬ 
na, peroxide of iron, and carbonate of lime. The 
carbonate of lime amounted to 7.45 per cent; 
8. It causes the poisonous excreinentitlons matter there was also 11 per cent of alkaline salts; the 
of plants to be carried out of reach of their roots. 
9. It prevents grasses from running out 10. It 
enables us to deepen the surface soil by removing 
excess of water. 11. It renders soils earlier in 
tho spring. 12. It prevents the throwing out of 
grain in winter. 13. It allows us to work sooner 
after rains. 14. It keeps off tho effects of cold 
sample appeared to be altogether deficient in am¬ 
monia and organic matter; pure Peruvian guano, 
whose properties he had stated already, was worth 
more than £14 per tun. A sample of pure guano 
which he had lately analysed was worth £14 12s. 
Id.; compared with it, tho value of the stuff ho 
had obtained from Craven was only £7 19 b. 2d., 
weather longer In tho fall. 15. It prevents the being about four-sevenths of the value of pure 
formation of acetic and other acidB, which induce guano. Witness also got a specimen of some 
the growth of sorrel and similar weeds. 1G. It similar stuff from Sub-Inspector Lockk, upon tho 
hastens tho decay of vegetable matter, and the 28tU of June; ho found that it contained even less 
finer comminution of the earthy parts of the soil, organic matter than tho sample given him by 
17. It prevents, in a great measure, the evapora- Craven; the organic matter amounted to only 
tion of water, and the consequent abstraction of 30.4 per cent., and when he burnt some of the 
heat from the soil. 18. It admits fresh quantities 
of water from rains, Ac., which are always more 
or less imbued with the fertilizing gases of the 
atmosphere, to be deposited among tho absorbent 
stuff he perceived that the residue wub red, instead 
of being white, as was always the case with pure 
guano; tho ammonia contained in tho sample was 
only C.55, instead of 16 per cent. The stuff was, 
parts of Boil, and given up to the necessities of therefore, very much inferior to that which ho 
plants. 19. It prevents the formation of so hard spoko of last, being only worth about £5 per tun. 
a crust on the surface of tho soil as is customary There were apparently gypsum and marl present 
on heavy lands. 20. It prevents, in a great meas- in the manure, which he did not believe could bo 
urc, grass and winter grains from being winter obtained by a mixture of Peruvian and Ichahoe 
killed. guano. The process of making the manure which 
Adulteration of Manures. he had heard described by some of the witnesses 
Notwithstanding- the reputation which the would, In bis opinion, produce stuff very similar 
inhabitants of Great Britain possess for straight- t0 which bo had analysed; bad also analysed 
forward honesty, it would seem that a few rogues t ^ ie B P l,c ’ mcri which Craven had obtained from 
have crept in among them. Borne of these con- ,,bo witnesa Connor. It was a very inferior arti- 
sciencelcss gentry have made it their specialty to °^ e ’ money value being only £G per ton; the 
bleed the farmers, and the Irish Farmers' Ornette 8ftnd iu u Wtta abundant, and the organic matter 
of July 7th, relates the manner iu which three, deficient.” 
who were waxing fat on the Bale of comparatively Breed* of Sheep. 
worthless guano, were suddenly checked In their The amount of wool produced by different 
career. One of the cheering features in the case breeds of sheep was some little time since ascer- 
oonsisla in the fact, that it was not a civil prose- tained by Mr. J. B. Lawks. Tho average weight 
cution for damages, but the government has as- of the wool per head, produced from 50 wether 
gamed the responsibility of protecting agriculta- Cotswolds, 40 Sussex, 43 Leicestcrs, 40 Hamp- 
ralinterests, and seems determined to punish such shire Downs, and 41 cross-bred wethers, was as 
frauds as severely as the law will allow. The follows: 
Gazette remarks:—“A great blow has been struck ^ 
against frauds, not only in the guano trade, but Cotswolds. 9 
also in other branches of business; and the pros¬ 
ecution of this case will have caused dismay fn 
the minds of more than the mere dealers ‘in yel¬ 
low clay and oj ster shells.’ ” 
The particulars of the case give us the entire 
Hampshire.. g 4 
Sussex. . 10 
Leicesters.. 8 % 
Cross-breds. g - * 
The proportion of wool to 100 lbs. of tho live 
Becreta of the trade. We have the parties engaged weight of the sheep, at the time of its being 
in it as agents, stating the prices at which they B b° rn in March, was, 
sold "tho Btnff” namely, £14 10s. per ton; altho’ Cotswolds... 544 
it would appear from tho evidence of one witness, Hampshire.. 
that even this sum was not sufficient at lirBt to SuBHOX -. .4 57 
satisfy the rapacity of the compounders. Then .. 
we have a graphic description given by morethan . 
one witness of the different marls UBed, with the ^ r ' of Ensham, considers the average 
seasoning of “gypsum, salt, and hurried shells;” we 'Rbt of the fleeces of different breeds of sheep 
again, we have the evidence of the parties em- 10 ^ as follows: 
ployed in the actual work, and what they did Ewe. Teg. 
“when they wanted to rise u smellnext appear Cotawol<3a .5 to 7 lbs. 7 to 10 lbs. 
ou the stage the very Individuals who have been |' <,lce8t f r ---. 4 6 5 8 
fortunute enough to find the Chlncha Islands on p*^ P soati»down.!!!!'”“. 2 4 3 7 
their own laruis; then, again, the active police Cross Cotswoldand Southdown 4 6 5 g 
officers describe how they watched the progress _. . t _ 
of what one witness innocently terms “trying A QUESTION IN MEtIpHYSICS -CALVES 
experiments for making manure;” and finally we _ ' v,AX,v - fc ‘ 8 - 
have the evidence of Dr. Apjoitn, who proves Meeting a busy, driving, thorough - coin* 
that this very satisfactory 4< manure,”sold as Peru* farmer, who not rich w,i l g 
Cotswolds.5 to 7 lbs. 
Lnicester.. ...4 0 
naropxhire Down. 3 5 
Pure Southdown...2 4 
Cross Cotswold and Southdown 4 6 
Teg. 
7 to 10 lbs. 
5 8 
o. wurl one witness innocent.y terms "trying A QUESTION IN METAPHYSICS -CALVES 
experiments for making manure;” and finally we _ v,AX,v - fc ‘ 8 - 
have the evidence of Dr. Afjohn, who proves Meeting a busy, driving, thorough - coin* 
that this very tteOfactoir “ manure,” sold w Peru- (tenter, who got rich by herd work end 
vmu guano, and at the price of Peruvian guano, calculation on points that could be reached bv a 
winch gave good crops, "magnificent crops,” was vigorou8 common sense, but who, nevertheless 
worth only il lea., instead of theXIi 10s. which left Borne gang onen that reading and 
was so very modestly charged for it. We append 
a portion of Dr. apjoun’s testimony: 
“ Dr A. was called and examined. He deposed 
that he wuu Professor of Chemistry, and had many 
years’experience <u the making of analyses; he 
had made a careful analysis of a sample of manure 
left Borne gapg open that reading and science 
might have put up with great profit and advan¬ 
tage to him and his family and farm, I asked him 
ir he took the Rural. “No,” said he, with em¬ 
phasis, “I don’t believe in your book-farming,— 
experience is the best Bchool-master.” 
“Yes,” said I, “but the experience of a thon- 
planting as extensively as we should have done, 
so that won’t help nB a great deal. Then we have 
spring crops ou the land, and can’t put in as ranch 
as we would like to this autumn. And, if it so 
abundant all over the country, the price will be 
low. Oats, potatoes, and, in fact, almost every 
Bpring crop, promises an extraordinary yield; 
but what are we to do with it? It don’t seem as 
ous a supply of mental pabulum, the drafts we 
make upon co-laborers in the field of Agricultural 
Literature are light from necessity. But as the 
period has arrived when the farming community 
are full of work,—physical toil,—we may, per¬ 
chance, segregate some matters of interest for 
their reflection when the "tug of war” is over, 
and the respite they so richly deser ve 13 being en- 
handedhim by officer Craven upon the 12th of sand men iB fuller, and quite as reliable as the 
May last; he found that It contained about 9-lGths experience of one man. The Uitral ia mainl 
of pure Peruvian guano; ir should contain a large the recorded experience of its thousands of sole/ 
quantity of water, and about 50 per cent, of char- title and practical contributors “ Well after all ” 
acteristic organic matter; a small portion of sand, said my friend, “ what a man finds out himself lie 
not exceeding two per cent., was to bo found in knows.” “A while ago,” said I “I aaw j a th . 
it; and about Tl\ per cent, of phosphate of lime. Rural a suggestion in reference* tn ___ 
acteristic organic matter; a small portion of sand, said my friend, “ what a man finds out himself he 
not exceeding two per cent., was to bo found in knows.” “A while ago,” said I “I aaw j a th . 
it; and about 224 per cent, of phosphate of lime. Rural a suggestion in reference* to the cause of 
The most important ingredient, however, was am- scours in calves which I had never thought f r 
monia, which existed in two forms in pure guano; and which paid me for taking the Ru kal several 
first, in the amnroniacal sijlts contained in the or- yearn” v 
ganic matter, and, secondly, as nitrogen, which « T could have told you,” said my friend with an 
was convertible into ammonia. Of the 50 ner expression of the eye that proved he considered 
cent, of organic matter, about eight parts were the anti-reading men ahead yet, “ what would cure 
ammonium salts and eight parts nitrogen, ma- the calves of the scours -feed them wheat bran " 
king a total of sixteen per cent of what might be “Now,” said I, very seriously, and rather' sol- 
spoken of as ammonia. The sample of manure emnly, “I would like to publish that iu the 
obtained from Craven was by no means pure Rural, and will do so unless you think the bran 
guano; it contained a quantity of matters foreign would never operate afterward.” He left imm7 
to Peruvian guano; it contained only 32.8 of or- diately.— h. t. b. 
YOL. XL NO. 31.1 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-F0R THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUGUST 4, 1860. 
{WHOLE NO. 551. 
{PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
[SINGLE NO. FOUR CENTS. 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
K Evans 
IRVING. N Y 
