Evening !8o*a*ion. 
PREPARING GROUND FOR THE PEAR--CULTURE. 
Warder— As in nnr place the soil is largely 
' composed of the detritus of rocks, and is ve/v 
rich, we do not feel the importance of manuring 
as horticulturists do at the East An analysis of 
onr soil shows an abundant supply of all the ma¬ 
terials that are necessary to supply the wants of 
most plants, and the pear among the rest. In pre¬ 
paring a piece of ground, we care not so much for 
foreign substances, ns for the thorough prepara¬ 
tion of the soil. The main question with us, 
where labor is senree and dear is, how this can be 
accomplished in the cheapest manner. In select¬ 
ing a site for an orchard, wo have reference to 
this, and avoid places with stumps and stones, 
where the. labor must baraainly performed by hand. 
On the prairie we use horses or oxen. The double 
Michigan plow is the very best implement, in our 
possession, by which we can thoroughly prepare 
the soil. If we have stiff clay we use throe yoke 
of oxen. The doable Michigan plow is familiar 
to all cultivators. It is two plows to one beam. 
The Orst lifts a part of the soil and the other fol¬ 
lows and (Joisbes and reverses it. For a good 
preparation of the soil, wo run it 15 inches deep, 
and generally at this depth find nothing that, wo 
arc afraid to havo on top of the ground. F6r 
other soils, where we do not wish the subsoil on 
top, or when wo wish to make it deeper, wo use 
the lifting subsoil plow. It loosens the subsoil, 
lifts it oat of its place, and lets it fall back. We 
thus have a thorough stirring of the soil twenty 
or twenty-live inches in depth. I am often asked 
how large to dig holes for trees. I Inquire how 
many acres are to be planted. If ten acies is the 
reply, then 1 tell them to dig the holes ten acreB 
in size. 
Field—M ore preparation than this is necessary 
on the arid soils of Long Island, In preparing 
land for pear trees, I put on the surface three 
inches of solid manure and plow it under. Then 
put on three inches more and spade this under 
from twenty to thirty inches deep. 1 am not sure 
that more than twenty is of any service. Four 
yeant ago I set men at, trenching, ami when I came 
to inspect their work, found they had dug down 
three feet and six Inches. The troes planted on 
this deeply trenched soil grew poor for a long time, 
but now they arc the most healthy trees 1 have, 
the leaves being clean, lustronH and healthy, while 
on the other ground they became spotted and 
have dropped. This plan may be considered very 
laborious and expensive, but, it seems necessary 
for the soil on which I am located. 
Dr. Boynton— I am but tm infant, in the busi¬ 
ness of raising pears, having had but live year's 
experience. 1 commenced on a piece of ground 
that bad never been plowed. Took out the maple 
trees and stumps, and planted pear trees in the 
holes. Dug around the trees and filled the holes 
with the top soil. I never saw trees grow liner. 
The next season, dug drains from three to three 
Mid a half leet deep, and found clay hard enongh 
to make brick, ami plowed the whole surface. 
My object la to get the wafer, when It falls upon 
the ground, into the soil ami out of it as quick as 
twmui hln Tltrt ti Milt* Irnii imnnlitAc. . . r.. .. 
AMERICAN I’OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
(Continued from page 335, last week.) 
Third Day — Afternoon Session. 
DISEASES OF TUB GBAPE. AND CULTURE. 
Tnog. TTaiivbv— Our grapes are nearly an entire 
failure on drained and undrained ground, in bor¬ 
ders and in the natural soil. The disease I allude 
to causes a dry scab on one side of the grape. 
The leaves first show the same scabby appearance. 
Fuller —About thirty years ago several Italians 
started vineyards in 8ontheti> Illinois. But their 
grapes were worthless, although the viuos grew, 
I first thought it was caused by the heavy subsoil 
in that place, but after-experience convinced me 
that this was not the canae, fur the grapes scabbed 
the same on mellow drained ground. I experi¬ 
mented by n.-ing sulphur, nud succeeded well— 
perfectly, I might gay, while I tried it—but in 
other season^ it may fail. I put, the sulphur in 
water and then syringed the vines. 
Ives—I tried sulphur in Salem, but it did no 
good. 
Scott —Snlphnr is of no benefit unless applied 
in sm.h condition and under such circumstances 
as to give oil' the fumes of snlphnr, which com¬ 
bining with the atmosphere form an acid. Unless 
this is the case, snlphnr will neither prevent nor 
cure mildew. 
Fui.i.rr -Alt T can say is, that it,did succeed 
with me for two seasons, when all other preven¬ 
tives failed. 
Sciilky— l think slope and exposuro very im¬ 
portant in the culture of the grape, as well as a 
thorough drainage of the soil. 1 have observed 
that a few days’ exposure to a damp atmosphere 
will produce mildew and blight. If the vine can 
exhale moisture, it will flourish; if not, it will 
blight. 
Cornelius, of Pa.—I have had six years’ expe¬ 
rience in the culture of the grape indoors. My 
house is 120 feet long with well drained border. 
The first three years my vines did pretty well, but 
I had some mildew, and for some yeatg after that 
did not get a pound of grapes. I opened the. 
house in the morning and closed it at four o’clock 
in the afternoon. The year before Ins’, covered 
the bottom of the house with leaves, thinking this 
might arrest the mildew, but without, effect 1 
then grew desperate, obtained 50 pounds of sul¬ 
phur and placed It on the floor, closed the house, 
and fastened up every crack, kept it very hot, 
watered freely on the floor once or twice i dsy, 
and the frnit ripened beautifully, and the vines 
were in good condition. They were the Black 
Hamburg, White Mugcat, and the Muscat of Alex¬ 
andria, I think currents of air of different tern- 
peratures, passing through the house, checks the 
flow of sap and causes disease. 
Saunders —I have been giving the mildew 
some attention, and am satisfied that cuirents of 
cold air passing through a house causi-s mildew. 
For several years past I have kept all the lower 
holto/v 
CUYAHOGA GltAPF 
Tng present excitement on the subject of 
grapes, has brought to light a great number of 
seedlings that have been for a long time hidden. 
From almost every State and County we hear of 
a seedling grape. A few days since Dr. Taylor 
of Cleveland, Ohio, presentod us with a bunch of 
the Cuyahoga drape, a seedling raised in Cuya¬ 
hoga County, Ohio. It is of a light transparent, 
green, skin and pulp about like the Isabella, but 
much sweeter, and of an agreeable vinous flavor. 
The engraving shows the form of the bunch and 
berry. 
The vine with which this grape originate d was 
found growing near tbo steps of a store, In tho vil¬ 
lage of Undid, Ohio,by a Mr. Wemfkll, who took 
It homo and planted it. The original vine, wo 
believe, has borne fruit for ten or twelve years. It 
has been called by soma H'rmprlLs S'renting, but 
the Horticultural Society of Cleveland named it 
the Cuyahoga, it having originated in that County. 
possible. The pear tree requires no more water 
than it eau obtain by capillary fttlraciion. In 
rain water there Is ammonia, and we want to get 
thisammoniafromthe water. In passing through 
the earth, tho water imparts ammonia to the soil 
ami the tree. Air also passes down with the 
water, and thus the tree is nourished without 
stirring tho soil. The ammonia and air are thus 
carried ns far and wherever the water penetrates. 
1 do not believe in plowing after trees get. estab¬ 
lished and send out their roots. I have known 
good orchards destroyed by this course. Tho 
principal manure I use, and what I consider alto¬ 
gether the most valuable, is the phosphates. The 
beauty and remarkably high color of my fruit 
demonstrates the value of this manure for tho 
pear. 
Field—I n planting trees on tho quince stock, 
great difficulty has been found when the budding 
has been done too high on the stuck. In auch 
cases, to get all tho quince below ground, we 
have to thrust the tree down to an unnatural 
depth, and then a new layer of roots has to be 
formed above the old ones, and near the surface, 
and the lower ones often become diseased and 
die, and the tree shows disease. I find such 
trees cun be restored by taking them up and cut¬ 
ting off the lower Btrata of roots. 
President —I was among the earliest cultiva¬ 
tors of the pear on the quince root in this coun 
try. Many trees that first came from Europe had 
shanks of quince eighteen inches lu length. I 
hail never heard of planting tho whole of this 
quince stock below the anrtace, but commenced 
the practice, and I am pretty well convinced that 
it the soil is well drained, no evil will result from 
this deep planting, hut that there may be several 
courses of healthy roots, lu taking up trees that 
have been long planted, I find them in this condi¬ 
tion unless they have stood in a cold, uncon¬ 
genial soil. Some thirty years ago I purchased 
large pear trees of Mad. i’luntier.of Brooklyn, and 
lately had occasion to take up one of them, and 
the roots were as sound as when first planted. 
It must be about 40 years old, and had never 
rooted from the pear stock. Louis.- Bonne de Jer¬ 
sey seldom routs from tho pear; lleurre d’ Anjon 
does not readily give oat pear roots. The Bart¬ 
lett with me never dot-B well until it has formed 
pear roots. 
Warder—A t what age of tho tree does pear 
above the quince thiow out roots moat freely ? 
President—I f a dwarf pear tree ever throws 
out pear roots, it is when the tree is young- 
Saunders —A few years ago I tried some exper¬ 
iments at rooting pear outtiugs of different varie- 
whitu, and then gave a thorough washing with the lye, 
top and nil. 1 repeated tho washing lust spring with lye 
stronger, and now the true in loaded with as handsome 
fruit as oVer grew in Rochester.—E. Bmir, Mu,fjord, N. 
r, iseo! 
sash closed to prevent this, and ventilate entirely 
from the top. The mildew I think is generally 
caused by aridity. It may be thought strange by 
some that dryness should cause mildew, us wo 
always associate itwith dampness. I think, bow. 
ever, there can be no mistake on this point. We 
see now the same disease on the gooseberry and 
the hawthorn, and the few past weeks of dry 
weather has brought 11 onl. The lowering of the 
night tcmperatuie in the house hastens the matu¬ 
rity of grapes. I have proved this many times. 
I mean not a lowering uf a few degrees, but of 25 
or 30. For grapes, in the open air, 1 cun only sug¬ 
gest shelter. 
Quinn —Our vines becomo spotted from the 
middle of Jape to the first of July. The young 
shoots become spotted, the leaves turn yellow and 
curl np. The growth of fruit is stopped, and it 
finally becomes brown and drops off. I know 
of no cure or preventive. 
Grant —T believe with Mr. Saunders in the im¬ 
portance of shelter for grapes. 1 have seen vines 
on trellises after a cold storm much more liable to 
mildew than when protected on a tree. The rem¬ 
edy in Mr. Quinn's case is snlphnr. It was tried 
with success in France, when, in 1847, this disease 
made its appearanee. 
Quinn —We havo applied sulphur every morn¬ 
ing, without arresting the disease. 
Grant —Three sulphniings are supposed to be 
necessary to cure this disease. The fumes of sul¬ 
phur are necessary, and they have a transient 
action. The fume3 are produced by combustion. 
Sulphur is sometimes applied suspended in water 
for the convenience of applying. It is constantly 
used in France and is considered effective, 
CKO UNO WORK. 
Field— I propose the subject of ground work 
be now taken up. 1 am satisfied that deep culti¬ 
vation, deep trenching of the ground, and liberal 
manuring, is the only way in which vines osn be 
made to produce grapes for a great length of time. 
Grant —The first requisite is draining and next 
the enrichment of the Boil to a considerable depth, 
giving a uniform manuring at least eighteen 
inches or two feet deep. 1 am not aware that 
there is anything peculiar in my system. The 
ordinary aoil would be scarcely the one for the 
cultivation of grapes. Drift soil has sometimes 
fertility for five feet in depth, but this soil is very 
rare. Deep working and mixing composted ma¬ 
nure below, is very tflectoal indeed. My compost 
is manure with about 35 per cent, of muck. If 
yon bury fresh manure in large quantities, and 
the roots come in contact with it, they will be de¬ 
stroyed. I keep my soil in good order by a small 
addition of niauure once every three years. The 
expenditure would vary on soils according to 
circumstances. 
Field —I suppose fresh dung of animals is unfit 
for vines, unless when mixed with compost I 
believe that manure should be a long time in com¬ 
post It should be left for six or seven months, 
and occasionally turned. The roots of plants are 
always injured by the application of large quanti¬ 
ties of fresh manure. The manure that is used 
for food for plants must have age. 
Eshlemax—H ow can the under soil be kept 
rich? 
Grant—A little manure applied to the surface 
every year or two will keep the ground in good 
condition. That applied to the surface may be 
strong. 
Luitweilkr —I never use manure except as a 
compost, and then apply it on the surface. No 
plant can take np or receive a particle of manure 
in a raw state. It must be decomposed and in a 
liquid form to be available. 
President —The question has been long dis¬ 
cussed as to what depth manure should be turned 
under, or whether it is not best to place it on the 
surface. I trust before long we shall have the 
matter settled. I have come to the conclusion 
A Seedling Orach. —Having some grnpea that. 1 raised 
from tho aeod, and not knowing what kind they are, l 
thought I would Mend some to you, thinking that you 
might, have seen soma like them. If you know the 
name, pi com n publish It in your paper.—.losucn SUTHER¬ 
LAND, At "guru, 1800. 
Strongly marked native; color, and buuck, and shape 
or berry, like the Uinna. Of course, lor a needling there 
is no name. In soma cases a seedling so resembles the 
parent that scarcely any difference can be perceived, and 
then it Is called by tho name of the parent. It is the 
npluioa of some that we have several seedlings from the 
Isabella that pass by that name. 
PRESERVING FRUIT IN CANS AND B0TTLE8, 
A Width Blackberry. —There has been discovered in 
this section what seems to many a novelty, in the form 
of a White Blackberry. The fruit has been gathered, 
and the hushes have been : e.-ured, sod transplanted by 
■otne of your subscribers, I have a >mah, jnat transplant* 
ed, with berries on of a yellow white, or amber color. 
Mr. Daniel Domett gathered berries, and transplanted 
the boshes. They are perfect blackberries, both fruit 
and bush, except color, I wish, if it would please you, 
to give un a botanical name in the Rural, for it seems aa 
if White Blackberry is a contradiction of terms.—E. G. 
Wahnkr, Kingiboro, iV. U, |h(i(l. 
White, or amber-colored blackberries, havo recently 
been found wild in various parts of the country, and 
transferred to the gardens of amateurs. Some informa¬ 
tion in regard to them wat given at the last meeting oi 
the American Bornological Society, at Philadelphia, tn 
a year or two more, we shall know more of their value. 
horticultural 3iotes 
American PomologicaL Society —To-day we con¬ 
clude our report of the dheussiona at the la>t meeting oT 
the Amorican Potnological Society. It is the moiit com¬ 
plete and by far the most correct report published. Al¬ 
though occupying a large share of onr room for several 
weeks, to the exclusion of other important matter, itwill 
be fonnd exceedingly valuable for present reading and 
future reference. We shall now devote particular atten¬ 
tion to correspondents whom wo have-neglected for a few 
weeks. 
removed to warmer quarters — as the chamber 
closets in tho vicinity of a stove-pipe. 
If those directions are closely observed, I think 
no one need fail in keeping fruits the year round, 
or will ever grudge the little time, or regret the 
trouble they wero put to, in thus supplying their 
tastes with precious fruits. j. a. u. 
Waverly, Tioga County, N. Y., 1860, 
Fruits Rkukivbd,—F rom J. E. Johnson, Naples, N. 
Y,, largo and wall-ripened bunches or Isabella grapes, 
Also, good specimens of the Clinton. 
— From Charles W. Skelyr, exceedingly flno sped- 
mens of Cieurre Clairgeau pears. This is an exceedingly 
showy pear—good, a ad bears early. It is destined, we 
think, to be popular. 
— From Solomon Giles, YVeedsport, N. Y. , a box of 
very fine Prunes. Mr. G. says:— 11 1 think them worthy 
of more general Cultivation than any other fruit, except 
the apple. They are so dry, cleave from the pit so readily, 
and are bo sweet as, to make them flue for cooking or 
drying.” 
We have quite a collection of apples on hand awaiting 
attention, and now that we have got through attending 
fairs and Fomological Conventions for the season, our 
Marking Flannel for Embroidery— Having 
seen an inquiry for a recipe to mark flannel for 
embroidery, I Bend you my wife’s plan. Mark 
your pattern on thin paper, stitch the paper to 
the fiunnel, and trace with a thread different in 
color from the flannel; tear off the paper, and 
you have the pattern.—T. Ballbrtyne, Bellviile, 
C. W., 1860. 
Cracker Pudding. —Will some lady reader of 
the Rural please give a recipe for making a 
Cracker Pudding?— Belle, Andalusia, III., 1860. 
jonrned to meet in Boston in 1862, 
inquiries anb 'Xnmtxz, 
What is tiih Matter with tub Ai-ites?— In the 
Rcual of August 25, C. C. W,,of Virginia, asks for infor¬ 
mation regarding his apples. The cause of his failure, I 
think, is an insect in the hark. My fruit has been affect¬ 
ed in like manner for eight or ten years p»Bt. Much of 
the best fruit lias been worthless. I sought for informa¬ 
tion, tried mulching, and manuring, with no benefit to 
the fruit, I concluded to try the following experiment. 
A year ago last spriog, after my wife had done making 
soap, after a rain, and white the bark on the trees was 
soft, I took a sharp hoe and scraped off all the rough 
bark from the trunks and large branches of a few trees, 
and then gave them a good washing with the lye, using 
a corn broom. The iye was quite slippery. 1 found tho 
fruit benefited by the application; and last spring I gave 
the remainder of the trees the same kind of treatment 
using stronger iye than last year. The fruit now is 
handsome, as in former years—not a crack on them. My 
Virgalieu pears for some years paet have been worthless. 
Last year I took a shaving knife, suck aa coopers use, 
and shaved all tbo brown bark off the trunk down to the 
Introduction op Dahlias into England and Amer¬ 
ica, —In the Rural, a few weeks since, 1 saw an article 
on “ Dahlias, and their Treatment,” in which you give 
a very correct account of their introduction into Eng¬ 
land and France, but do not know at what time they 
were brought to thia country. I was in England in 1823, 
and saw this flower exhibited at the London Horticul¬ 
tural Society’s rooms. The number of varieties was not 
large, the Royal George being considered their best. On 
my return, in 1824, 1 brought ail the ieading varieties in 
pots, and made presents of them to my friends. These 
were the first plants I had any knowledge of being intro¬ 
duced into our gardens. Tho Royal George was then 
coanted A No. 1, and was sold at three guineas a plant. 
Now we have so Ur improved the flowers that the above 
named u not reckoned among our choicest varieties._N. 
GOODBRU., JS'cw Uiitttn, Co., A. r, 1600 . 
Soda Biscuit. —Will some of the Rural readers 
Rive me the mode of making soda biscuit?— 
Cella, Galesburgh, Mich, 1860. 
[SPBOIAL NOTICE.] 
Since Mrs. C. commenced using Dr Land A Co.’s Sale- 
ratus, she declares that her husband’s expression of coun¬ 
tenance has wonderfully imprqyed. She says that the 
difference in the quality of the bread, pastry, Ac., has 
undoubtedly effected thia desirable condition of temper 
on the part of Mr. C. Good, sweet, wholesome bread, 
she believes, has a very perceptible and gratifying effect 
upon the disposition. D* Land A Co.’s Sale rat us is 
manufactured at Fairport, Monroe Co., N. Y. It is sold 
by most grocers and storekeepers, and can be bought at 
Wholesale from the principal grocers. 
