(ijmjfwyl* 
Gently, with a clear and distinct articulation. 
leak er - cr gen - tly to tho child, bo guile - loss nnd 
f on that brow there rests a cloud, how - er - er light 
con 
has 
[Special Correspondence of Moore'* Rural New-Yorker.] 
A TRIP TO CALIFORNIA. 
LETTER XIX. 
Gold in California — When and by wham discovered — 
Marshall's reward—Incidents in the Life of Captain 
John A Svller — Vast changes ter ought by their dis¬ 
covery — Providential designs. 
Marvstiu.b, Cal.. Sept. 4 , ISSfl. 
Incidents connected with the rUe and growth 
of a State are worthy of a place in the Rural. 
The growth and development of California ib 
withont a parallel in history. The secret of this 
ia found in the discovery of its vast goldfields. 
But whi n, where, and hy whom, was her gold first 
discovered? Tho reply to these matter-of-fact 
questions runs thus:—In the winter of 18-17-S, on 
the south fork of the American liver, Mr. James 
W. Marshall accidentally made a discovery, 
which proved to be hy far the most important 
event in his life,— a discovery which hastened the 
development of the country far beyond what cen¬ 
turies of the unassisted progress of nature could 
have effected. Marshall was a mill wright, and 
had, by previous contract, erected a sawmill for 
Capt. John A. Sutter. Marshall, one day, hav¬ 
ing allowed the whole body of water to rush 
through the tail race of the mill, for tho purpose of 
making sorno alterations in it, observed, while 
walking along the banks of the stream next morn¬ 
ing, numcrons glittering particles among the sand 
and gravel, which had been carried oil' by the 
force of the increased body of water. For a time 
they did not. attract bis special attention; but at 
length, seeing one Itrger and brighter than tho 
rest, he was induced to examine it, and found it 
to be a scale of gold. Collecting several of these 
specimens he immedial ly hurried to Capt. Sut¬ 
ter, and began his talc in such a hurried manner, 
and accompanied it with such extravagant promi¬ 
ses of unbounded wealth, that the Captain thought 
him demented, and looked to hia rifle for protec¬ 
tion. Hut when Mars a ALL threw hia gold upon 
the table, the face of the bold Swiss adventurer 
assumed expressions of delightful conviction, 
and he was forced to coincide. They resolved 
to keep tho discovery a secret, but they were 
observed while examining tho river, and soon 
the nows was out, and they were surrounded hy 
immense numbers, all eager to hoard tho shining 
treasures, find become independent if not million¬ 
aires. Mr. Marsaall has lived to see tho world 
enriched by his discovery, while he, himself, wan¬ 
ders poor and homeless, over a laud that has too 
long neglected to repay her immense debt of 
gratitude to him who gave her all her wealth, 
power, and position. As with all great benefac¬ 
tors of mankind, some future century may record 
his name on the historic page, while millions, 
less worthy than himself, have fattened where ho 
starved. 
Intimately connected with the early history of 
the State, is the name of Capt. John A. Sutter, 
and few men so well merit this distinction. Born 
in 1803, the son of a Swiss, of the Canton Berne, 
hia early life was passed in the Grand Duchy, and 
there he received hia education. Like many of 
his countrymen, feeling desirous of enjoying the 
institutions of our own far-famed Republic, he 
sailed for and reached New York in July, 1831; 
hut finally settled, and for several years resided, 
in Missouri. The wild West had always possessed 
a charm for him, but hia ad venturous spirit looked 
still further toward the setting sun, and roved 
along the waters that sought their devious way to 
the Pacific, and he went out with a party con¬ 
nected with the American Fur Company. He 
left that party of trappers in the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains, ami with a new party of six, decided on 
proceeding to their destination (California) by 
way of Oregon. They at length arrived at Fort 
Vancouver, and found difficulties and delays in 
their way to California. Capt. Butter at length 
sailed for the Sandwich Islands, hut no vessel 
offering passage to California, he sailed to Silka 
Island, in Russian America, and from that point 
managed to sail lor, and set foot on, California soli 
at Monterey, in July, 1830, just 18 months after 
leaving Missouri. Having succeeded in overcom¬ 
ing the Spanish opposition to foreign settlers, ho 
obtained the permission of Gov. Alvarado to 
locate himself in the Valley of the Sacramento,— 
more readily granted, perhaps, because it was 
then densely peopled with 6avage Indians. He 
explored the Sacramento, Feather, and American 
Rivera, and in August, 1839, permanently estab¬ 
lished himself on the latter, with a colony of only 
three whites and eight Kanakas. Shortly after, 
he removed to the spot now known as “Batter's , 
Fort,” and took possession of the surrounding < 
country under a Mexican grant, giving it the j 
name of ASr. so Helvetia. From this point, he cut , 
a road to the junction of the Sacramento and | 
American Rivers, where he established a quay or 
landing place, on the site of which has since been , 
built the flourishing city of Sacramento. Hero ( 
he remained for several years,—his settlement , 
being the head-quarters of the emigrants, who, ( 
following hia example, poured into the country 
from the American StatCB. 
But by far the most important event of Capt. ( 
Sutter’s life was yet to happen—and in 184 k he 1 
caused to be built a sawmill, whose tail-race has 1 
stirred the waters of every ocean, and set the i 
world aglow to cut for itself a golden fortune. < 
General Sutter now lives at Hock-Farm, on the t 
Feather River, and here, leading the happy, con s 
tented life of a tiller of the soil, he meets friend I 
and stranger with that sincere, unostentatious g 
hospitality, that has endeared him to the whole e 
community. A more kind-hearted, generous, and l 
benevolent man, does not dwell within the bor¬ 
ders of the State. TheEu reminiscences of two ot I 
the Pioneers of California, must possess a general c 
as well as local interest, and are worthy of perrna- g 
nent record. Their golden discovery has turned v 
the world up-side down, and wrought local c 
changes in society, in commerce, and in agrieul- i 
ture, that arc truly surprising, bat little more j 
than a decade since, and all this glorious region p 
ao free, Who, with a trust - fill, 
it be, Speak lov - ing worda, and 
lov - ing heart, puts 
c £ p i r r g e; - g t % 11 ■ g -rs-rr rr rrr 
- fi-denes m thee; Speak not the cold nnd careless thoughts which time has taught thee well, Nor breathe n word whoso 
r • 1 At tr i t • .. At * • i'll ■» • ,• ■ r... 
send him from thy side, till 
Writ ; f.'U 
PI P 
bine dis - trust might seem 
Imp - py breast. 
V - — 1 
— 
ftp fit _, 
L—I 
id 
_ 
imp - py 
3. Oh! teneh him, this should he our aim, to cheer tho aching heart, 
To strive, where thickest darkness reigns, some radiance to impart; 
To spread a peaceful, quiet calm, where dwells tho noise of strife, 
Thus doing good mid blessing all, to spend tho whole of life ;— 
4. To love, with pure affection deep, all creatures great and small, 
And still a stronger love to bear for Him who made them all; 
Remember, ’tia an angel’s work that thus to thee is given,— 
To rear a spirit, holy, pure, prepared to dwell in heaven. 
had scarcely awakened from its primeval trance. 
Among ita faatnesseB, indeed, the Aborigine 
built his frail wigwam, and borrowed of Nature 
hia simple dress and Bounty food. Tho footsteps 
of the Pioneer ventured to penetrate its wilds, 
following his devious pathway came the sons of 
toil, lured by the love of adventure or the hope 
of gain and here, where there was heard 
“The dull, low tramp of wuvi-n 
That bunt the sea-lined short),” 
the great ocean of humanity lifts aloft its living 
billows, bearing an argosy more precious than all 
her countless treasures. The temples of religion 
and the altars of law crown the places where 
then stood the tents of the rover, and the cabins 
of a wandering race. 
The aariferoua stream that first made its ap¬ 
pearance in the tail-race of a sawmill, now flows 
uninterruptedly out at the “Golden Gate” at the 
brisk rate of $ 0,000 per hour, ponring its yellow 
tide into tho lap of commerce, quickening her 
pulse, and extending her domain to the encircling 
of the globe. Nor need we fear that the Btrcam 
will dry up. The cxhuustlesa force will continue 
for centuries, supplying the means of ft higher 
civilization; and if tho visions of modern seers 
are to he fulfilled, it» Influence will croBB and re- 
croaB tlie earth and tho ocean, and the world 
shall therewith bo re dressed In its pristine beanly 
—the arts and sciences shall be greatly extended- 
poverty and want shall Ccaso to hold its carnival 
—theft and burglary shall no longer run riot^- 
plenty shall fill her horn and pour it out on the 
sonH of men. Cultivated farms, and vineyards, 
aud gardens, shall deck tho country, while cltle* 
and smiling towns, like gems in tho crown of 
royalty, shall adorn and lend enchantment to the 
scene. The tlisoovcry of Marshall and Sutter 
was opportune. There was urgent need of an 
increase of tho circulating medium. Commerce 
was crippled for want of it Every department 
needed the Btimnlns which could be supplied hy 
nothing less. Who that lias faith in an over¬ 
ruling Providence can fail to comprehend his 
designs,—that hy this golden tide he intends to 
work out a redemption from many physical 1 ! 1 b, 
and give to the race here u higher and nobler 
destiny than has as yet been attained, s. b. it. 
LONDON DUST HEAPS. 
A correspondent of the Boston Journal com¬ 
municates the following: 
One bus not seen the half of London until he 
ha 3 gone through St. Giles. There live those 
who have not slept on a bed for years; thousands 
who have not washed themselves for months. 
They herd together in filth and misery quite 
indescribable. They eat soup made of the bones 
which have been picked from a dust bin, or saved 
from the jaws of a hungry dog. This soup is 
cooked in a rough vessel, of which one is suffi- 
cicnt for a dozen or twenty families. It is eaten 
onto! bowls which are literally pieces of patch- 
nuity can persuade to match, are stuck together, 
and a bowl, cup, or plate made that will readily 
sell lor a half penny. Whatever steadily refuses 
to be thus matched, la carted away to make new 
streets with. Sometimes jewelry is found, which 
very soon finds its way from the pocket of the 
lucky finder into the pawnbroker's bund, who 
advances a shilling or two, and is sure it will 
never he redeemed. Then, too, old hones are 
carefully gathered together, and sold to the bone- 
boiler, and perhaps they make their re appear- 
anoo in bright buttons. Old iron and braes havo 
their place, and a considerable revenue is obtain¬ 
ed from them. Old glass, old carpets, pails, has 
kets, handkerchiefs—all are eagerly sought and 
easily disposed of. We must not forget old 
shoes, which, after passing through the hands of 
a skillful “ translator,” bring very respectable 
prices. 
That which has passed through the slevo has a 
history equally interesting. The unburnt coals 
are gathered in a separate heap, to be sold at the 
best price. Then tho “ breeze,” or half burnt 
coal, has its place; this is sold to the brick- 
makcrB, who use it. as fuel to burn between their 
layers. The ashes, alHo, carefully sifted, aro sold 
to tho brick-makers, who mix them witli their 
clay. Thousands of chaldrons of ashes arc dis¬ 
posed of for this purpose jYV. j month. 
A dost heap as largo as ia frequently seen, is 
said to be worth from one to three thousand 
pounds. How lucky it is that London can con¬ 
sume its own dirt. If it did not, where could it 
be put? In a generation or two, it could bridge 
the channel, and mayhap even make a driveway 
along the great Atlantic plateau. When that is 
done, we can re-lay the cable. 
CIVILIZATION UNDER WATER. 
I have had an ample opportunity to watch the 
pametis, in the breeding season, every spring, 
for tho last eight years. At that time, it ap¬ 
proaches In pairs the shores of the ponds in 
which it lives, and selects shallows, gravelly 
places, overgrown withpotamogeton, water lilies, 
und other aqnatlo plants, in which it begins hy 
clearing a space of about a foot in diameter, 
rooting out the plants, removing, with violent 
jerks of its tail, the larger pebbles, und leaving 
a clean spot of fine sand, in which It deposits its 
eggs, Burronnded and overshadowed by a grove 
of verdure. In thia enclosure, one of the parents 
remains hovering over its brood, and keeping at 
a distance all intruders. 
The office of watching over the progeny does 
not devolve exclusively upon either of the 
sexes, but the males und females watch alter¬ 
nately. The fierceness with which they dart 
at their enemies, and the anxiety with which 
they look out for every approaching danger, 
show that they are endowed with stronger in¬ 
stincts than have been known heretofore in 
any of their class. Their foresight goes so far 
aH to avoid the bait attached to any hook, how¬ 
ever near It may he brought to them, and how¬ 
ever lively and tempting It may he. However 
near to one another, tho pair of one nest do not 
interfere with those of another; bat, like good 
neighbors, they live peaceably together, pass¬ 
ing over each other's domains, when going out 
for food, without making any disturbance. But 
whenever an unmated single fish makes its ap- 
work, for they are mado of a dozen pieces of P earance among the nests, he is chuaed away, 
crockery rudely matched and cemented together. an intrading libertine and vagabond. Tho 
But there is one class of this sunken sixth of developement of the egg is very rapid. In less 
London whom I wish to follow through a day's tb&a a wcck * tho young are hatched, and tho 
experience, thankful that I need follow theta no P ftre,lts soon cease to take any further care of 
longer. Upon the Paddington wharves are col- A gassie, _^_ 
lected enormous piles of confused rubbish, taken r,.. „ ,» , . , , 
, .. . 1 . , r , Colds —If a man begins to cough, as the 
from the lanes and streets ol London. Here is .. ,, ... ... . . 
„ ,, , , , , „ result of a common cold, it is the effort of 
collected the contents of all the dust barrels of ip .. ,• a , 
.. , , , , „ „ nature herself attempting the cure, and she will 
the city. And here work scores of women for ...... . . b . ’ „ , 
. . . effect it in her own time, and more ellectually than 
such a pittance as scarce buys them a quartern , . 
i n . r . . . 1 , any man can do, if she is let alone, and her 
loal for sapper. Often up to (heir knees, and . .... . ., . .. . , 
. __• , - , ’ instincts cherished. What are these instincts? 
sometimes up to their waists, mashes, they yet eat, Q . .. . , . , 
„ * . I , . ^ She abhors food and craves warmth. Uenco 
and even sleep, without ao much as looking at a *, . , ........ . , , , 
bowl of water 8 momeDt a man satisfied that he has taken 
... , cold, let him do three things. First., eat not an 
The first business is to pas 3 this conglomerate ’ , . . . , ’ 
, ... b . , atom; second, go to bed and cover up warm in 
heap through a coarse sieve. In this way, a the ' , , , ,, 1 
i,i r„cra ...a \ •. ,■ , u room; third, drink as much cold water as ho 
old rugs und bits ot paper are easily found, in . ’ . ., , 
_, J ' wants, or us much hot herb tea as he can, and m 
good tune to be delivered to the paper maker, . . , . , , , ’ 
... . three cases out of four, he wi l he entirely well in 
who will shortly transform them into delicate . . . ,, , , . 
... . thirty-six hours.— Hall's Journal of Health. 
cream laid note paper, that would turn up its nose _ J 
if its parentage were referred to. Then, too, Men of genias are often dull and inert in socie- 
pieces of old china are picked np aud carefully ty, aB the blazing meteor when it descends to the 
preserved. Whatever pieces patience or inge- earth is only a stone. 
[From Mason’s Normal Singer, by permission.] 
MOULDED AND PRESSED GLASS. 
Flint glass, or erystnl, forms one of the most 
beautiful varieties of this beautiful material, and 
in its manufacture into the various objects em¬ 
ployed, both for ornament and use, many ingenious 
methods are employed. Moulded flint glass may 
he considered one of tho most important improve¬ 
ments in i he modern treatment of this substance. 
Its refractive und cut, like effects aro so similar 
to those obtained, at a much greater cost, by cut¬ 
ting glass, that it ianot easy to determine whether 
it is really cut er not. Thu peculiarity of modern 
moulded glass is, that the interior of tho article 
has no indentations corresponding to tho figure 
outside, and its luatiewis, consequently, due to the 
inequalities of its substance. Tho metal is first 
gathered on a rod, In the ordinary way, and 
allowed to cool a little; somn more is then taken 
up, aad the mass is immediately pressed into a 
metal mould, on the interior of which tho figure 
to bo impressed on the glass is indented. In this 
way the exterior coating only fills the indenta¬ 
tions, the cavity In tho interior preserving its 
smooth und circular form. When about half- 
formed, the projecting parts aro made slightly to 
separate from each other, by quickly turning the 
rod, whilo the workman at the same time Wows 
into ic. Tho article is then brought as usual into 
the desired shape; und in order to give it a pol¬ 
ish, it is exposed to heat just sufficient slightly 
to melt its external surface, which is called the 
fire polish, and is then annealed. 
What is called pressed glass, is a variety of this 
last kind, and the operation of its production ia 
quite simple. A die and mould of the desired 
shape are secured on the table; the die is capable 
of being plunged into the mould by a lever, thus 
forcing down the glasB before it, and causing it 
to assume the shape of the mould. It requires 
much practice to collect tho exact quantity of 
fused glass necessary; and if this bo not the ease, 
tho article Is spoiled. It is an extremely rapid 
and cheap mode of producing glass objects. Tho 
effect, however, is not so good as tho last, and 
this method is chiefly confined to the production 
of very common objects. 
Another variety of the pressed glass manufac¬ 
ture is what is called drop pinching, and Ib em¬ 
ployed chiefly for making the drops and spangles 
of chandeliers, &c. Lumps of glass aro made ex¬ 
pressly for this process, and are softened in a 
glass furnace. When sufficiently softened, they 
are then squeezed in pairs of glass dies, and tho 
required form is thus given to them. They also 
require to bo cut aud polished in the same way as 
ordinary cut glass .—Philadelphia North American, 
-» - 
PRIMITIVE INSTITUTIONS. 
In Mr. Palfrey’s second volume of the History 
of New England, including the period from 1013 
to 1CG8, there arc many curious facts recorded. 
Ho says: 
In Massachusetts not only the support of the 
ministrations of religion, but personal attendance 
upon them was enforced by law. At the time of 
the Confederation there were nearly eighty min¬ 
isters in New England, or one minister to about 
300 of tho population. On each Sunday two ser¬ 
vices were held, both by daylight. The services 
consisted of extemporaneous prayers; of the 
singing of the Psalms in a metrical version, with¬ 
out instrumental accompaniment, which was pro¬ 
scribed; and of a Hermon, of which the approved 
length was an hour, measured hy an hour-glass 
which stood upon the pulpit, very little practised 
in the first century. 
The reading of the Bible in the public worship, 
without exposition, was generally disapproved, 
being regarded as an improper conformity to the 
hierarchal service, and qualified hy the opprobri¬ 
ous name of dumb reading. The version of the 
Psalter which tho Calvinists brought over and 
used at first in their worship, was that made by 
llenry Ainsworth, of Amsterdam. It continued 
to guide the devotions of Plymouth for seventy 
yeurs, and lhoh>e of Salem for forty. Sternhold 
and Hopkins came into use at a later period. In 
most of the churches both were superseded in 
1C10 hy tho “Bay Psalm Book,” so called, pre¬ 
pared by some New England divines. For eighty 
or ninety years, it is said, not more thau ten dif¬ 
ferent tunes, if so many, were used in public wor¬ 
ship. Few oongregatioiiB could sing more than 
five tunes, now known by the names of York, 
Hackney, Windsor, St» Mary’s, and Martyrs. 
EMPLOYMENT OF TIME. 
Eds. Rural New-Yorker: —The hard work of 
the summer is over. The cold,stormy weather of 
tho winter is commenced, making a oliecrful, 
pleasant room, und a good fire, very agreeable. 
Almost every young man and woman in the 
farmer’s family will improve or wa«to a great 
deal of time this winter. 1 wish to direct tho 
thoughts of tho young to this Important matter. 
Let all who are so situated that they can, attend 
school during winter, and not, only attend school, 
but improve the time to the beBt possible advan¬ 
tage. The cveningH should not be wasted, but 
Bhould be employed iu study and improvement. 
Let the young folks in the family study some par¬ 
ticular branch of science or history together, and 
they will improve very rapidly, and find the time 
most agreeably employed. In some eases it may 
bo well for the young people of a neighborhood 
to meet together two or three nights in a week 
for this purpose. 
A debating society is a great means of improve¬ 
ment. it causes the young men engaged in it to 
study the subjects to be discussed, and learns 
them to express their ideas iu a proper manner 
Those who have not tried thin practice can have 
no idea of its great value to young men. It hae 
stirred up many dormant minds to activity, and the 
result has been a life of study and usefulness. It 
is said that “knowledge is power,” but it is quite 
as important that we should learn how to use the 
knowledge wo possess, or may acquire. Some 
people havo their minds crammed full of knowl¬ 
edge, but they don’t know how to uso it. Their 
knowledge is as useless ns the furniture iu a cabi¬ 
net shop; they have no proper place for anything 
and no way to use the great quantity of materials 
stored away. Our minds and heads should bo 
like a well furnished house, whore there is a place 
and a nae for every article. 
I hope the thousands of young people who 
read these few hints will give the matter their 
serious attention. Perhaps a course like this 
recommended, has been pursued iu some families 
and some neighborhoods; and if so, nothing 
conld bo moro profitable thau a publication of 
the details in tho Rural for tho benefit ol' those 
interested. A Farmer. 
--— 
THOUGHTS FOR YOUNG MEN. 
Costly apparatus and splendid cahincta have 
no magical power to make scholars. Tn all cir¬ 
cumstances, as man ia, nnder God, the master of 
hlacwn fortune, ao Is lio the maker of his own 
mind. The Creator has bo constituted tho human 
intellect, that it can gro w only by its own action, 
and hy ita own action it most certainly and neces- 
aarily grows. Every man must, therefore, in an 
important sense, educate uimhklf. Ilia bookB 
and teachers are but helps; the work ia his. A 
man is not edueatod until bo has the ability to 
summon, In case of emergency, all his mental 
power In vigorous exercise to effect his pro- 
poBed object. It is not the man who has Been 
rnont, or who has read most, who can do this; 
suoh an one is in danger of being borne down, 
like a beast of burden, by an overloaded mass of 
other men’s thoughts. Nor is it tho man that can 
boast merely of native vigor and capacity. Tho 
greatest of all the warriors that went to the siege 
of Troy, had not the pre-eminence because Na¬ 
ture had given him strength, and he carried the 
largest how, but, because self discipline had taught 
him how to bend it.— Daniel Webster. /* 
-- 
Idleness not Hapfinesb. —The most common 
error of men and women, is that of looking for 
happiness somewhere outside of useful work. It 
has never yet been found when thus sought, and 
never will be, while the world stands, and the 
sooner tills truth ia learned the better for every 
one. If you doubt the proposition, glance round 
among your friends and acquaintances, and select 
those who appear to havo tho most enjoyment 
through life. Are they idlers and pleasure seek¬ 
ers, or the earnest workers? We know what 
your answer will be. Of all tho miserable human 
beings it has been our fortuae or misfortune to 
know, they were the most wretched who had 
retired from useful employment, in order to 
enjoy themselves. 
-- 
Little Acts Great. —Little acts are the ele¬ 
ments of true greatness. They raise life’s value 
like tho littlo figures over the larger ones in 
Arithmetic, to its highest power. They are tests 
of character and disinterestedness. They are 
the straws upon life’s deceitful current, and %how 
the current's way. The heart comes all out in 
them. They move on the dial of character and 
responsibility significantly. They Indicate the 
character and destiny. They help to make the 
immortal man. Jt matters not so much where 
we are as what we are. It is seldom ihat acts of 
moral heroism are called for. Rather the real 
heroism of life is, to do all its littlo duties 
promptly and faithfully. 
-♦-•-*- 
Bantam Fowls.— Can you inform me where I 
can purchase u pair of those Bantam Chickens 
you spoke of in your paper of the “47th, aud the 
price per pair?—W. B., Palmyra, N. Y. 
They may be had, we think, of E. P. Ralph and 
J. E. Chamberlain, Buffalo, of N. Barnes, New 
Hartford, and perhaps of D. 8 . Heffron, Utica, and 
E. A. Wendell, Albany. 
--*-•-»- 
A Man; or The Higher Pleasures of the 
Intellect. —This work, from which we published 
an extract two weeks Bince, and which a young 
rural friend is anxious to obtain, is published by 
James Challen & Son, Philadelphia. Price 
$1.25. 
