226 
Journal of Agricultural Research 
Vol. I, No. 3 
Pig. 13.— Calliephialtes sp.: Beginning of exuviation of female 
pupa. 
probably caused accidentally in the preparation of the specimen. By 
a series of twisting contortions the exuvium is gradually worked back¬ 
ward to the tip of the abdomen, where it is thrown off. It is very delicate 
and transparent, but as it is pushed back and becomes wrinkled it 
gradually appears darker until, when it is entirely shed, it is light grayish 
brown and is a mere shred. 
In the male this is the end of the act of pupation, but it leaves the 
female with the ovipositor only a small fraction of its ultimate length 
and very thick. 
The extension of the ovipositor is accompanied by a series of rythmical 
movements, about seven to the minute, during which the organ is repeatedly 
pressed against the dorsum of 
the abdomen. Whether the 
pressure thus exerted is the 
cause of the lengthening of 
the ovipositor or the effect of 
pressure from within the 
body and merely incidental 
could not be determined. 
The act of exuviation required about 15 minutes, but where the exten¬ 
sion of the ovipositor was observed and timed the extension consumed 
from 35 to 41 minutes. The pupation of the male 
therefore required about 15 minutes, while the 
female required from 50 to 56 minutes to complete 
the process. 
The newly formed pupa is entirely white, with 
the exception of the eyes, which are red. The legs 
and antennae lie fully extended along the sides and 
venter, and in the female the ovipositor lies along 
the dorsum, extending the whole length of the 
body and curving somewhat at its tip over the 
head. 
Gradually the eyes darken, becoming very dark 
before the adult color begins to appear over the rest 
of the body. The head and thorax are the next to 
begin to assume color, then the dorsal and ventral 
plates of the abdomen, the antennae, the legs, and 
finally the ovipositor. When the coloring is com¬ 
plete (see fig. 14), the head, thorax, and antennae are 
black, the eyes dark reddish brown, the wing pads 
gray, the chitinized portions of the abdomen and 
ovipositor nearly black, the legs yellowish, and the unchitinized portions 
white. 
The pupal periods of 109 females and 366 males were determined. The 
average female spent 1.66 days longer in this stage than did the average 
male. This difference would, however, probably be somewhat greater 
Fig. 14. —Calliephialles sp.: 
Pupa of female and tip of 
abdomen of male pupa. 
