Bate* 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.J 
[ SINGLE NO. EIYE CENTS, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AS ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL, 
seasons he suffered defeat and disaster such as be¬ 
fore had never been heard of. 
It was bnt the other day that the Allies landed 
an army in the Crimea without having consulted 
its climates. Sufferings that made the heart sick 
to contemplate were the consequence,— so that at 
last the most renowned generals of Europe have 
been forced to confess that it is impossible to plan 
any campaign properly, or to conduct it with effi¬ 
ciency without understanding the climates where 
the army is to operate. 
Marshal Yaillant, the Minister of War in 
France, in urging on a recent occasion the establish¬ 
ment, by the State, of a system of Meteorological 
Observations in Algeria, expressed in very decided 
terms his opinion of their importance, not only in 
a Military, bnt also in an Agricultural point of 
view. The Academy of Science having been con¬ 
sulted upon the subject, certain members of that 
renowned body objected to the plan proposed, be¬ 
cause it did not contemplate refinement enough in 
the observations. In replying to such objections, 
the Marshal is represented to have said with his 
usual good, hard, practical sense: 
“ Is it true that in a ut-w country like Algeria, conquered 
yesterday and pachiod to-day, we require observations 
more precise thou thnse wi:ioli haw been made in Europe; 
and that unless thoy reach thia.precision, they will he use¬ 
less in reference to the purposes of colonization, the kinds 
of culture to be introduced, the health of the anny and of 
the natives and other inhabitants? We do not believe it, 
and in support of out opinion it will be sufficient to men¬ 
tion a few facts. 
“ This year the cotton crop has been very satisfactory in 
one of the provinces, very moderate in another, and very 
bad in a thiid. These differences, which always have a 
money value, aud which lead either to the prosperity or 
ruin of the Agricultural colonists — do we not Snow what 
produced them in 1855, ami what may produce them still? 
It is neither the mode of culture nor the attention paid to 
the plant, nor the nature of the soil:—It e'tni| ly 
the time of the rata* iu the provinces of Algiers, Oran or 
Constantine. When the cotton has reached a certain stage 
of iisgrowth, it must not be drenched with water. If it 
rain then it is w holly lost. How important then is it to 
the colonist to know beforehand, without " V„irig experi¬ 
ments himself which might lead to his ruin, if iu such and 
such provinces he must sow sooner or later,—and whether 
his crop shall be exposed to be burned by the winds of the 
desert, or drowned iu the Hoods ol unseasonable rains.— 
What can direct him in this matter, except a senes of ob¬ 
servations, even though incomplete, provided they extend 
over a number of years? ’ 
The Count then states, that '‘they have recently 
received a species of cotton which ripens in a 
comparatively short time; that it must be tried in 
localities where the rain comes soonest; and that, 
therefore, it is of the greatest importance to learn 
from Meteorological Observation whetfesucb places 
are.” 
Meteorological Observations in our new Territo¬ 
ries would be as beneficial to the immigrants that 
are floeking there, as they would be to the colo¬ 
nists of Algeria,— for our own fellow citizens 
would then learn, without each ono making the 
experiment for hintself, what frnits, plants and 
vegetables would flourish best in the new country. 
Each could, therefore, carry with him, in the first 
instance, those best adapted to its climate and to 
his own purposes. 
The Agricultural World is just now all agog 
about the Chinese Sugar Cane. Will it grow in 
this climate? Will it grow in that?—are questions 
that uro constantly pressed whenever the cultiva¬ 
tion of this plant is brought on the tapis either 
among farmers or political economists. Give this, 
or any plant, to any gardener who understands his 
profession, and he will make in his green-house 
for it exactly that climate that is best adapted to 
its vegetable health and development: and what is 
our glorious country but a magnificent green¬ 
house with many climates? The Planter of the 
first garden on earth has made it for us and adapt¬ 
ed its elb. fries for our use;—why, then, should we 
not explore them with the lights of science, and 
find out the climates that lie has established in 
every nook and corner of the magnificent struc¬ 
ture? 
Most of our readers recollect, no doubt, the ter¬ 
rible storm which swept over the Black Sea about 
two years ago; it did great damage to the shipping 
of the Allied forces. Wo allude to this storm for 
the purpose of Illustrating the importance of a 
daily system of weather reports by telegraph, both 
to Armies, Navies and People. Its ravages at¬ 
tracted the attention of the whole of Europe, and 
after it was over, philosophers undertook to study 
its marchjuul rate of progress. It. was found that 
the telegraph outran it bv several hours iu a few 
leagues, and that it would have been, perfectly 
practicable to give warning of its approach had a 
proper system of observations bet n instituted.— 
Marshal Vau.t.ant, upon whom it made a deep 
impression, and who was iu a position to realize 
the suffering aud disaster that followed iu its track, 
remarked: 
“ About h year ago, that dreadful tempest which broke 
loose upou the Allied Coots iu the Black Sea, was iwuouu- 
ced to us from Austria by the electric telegraph, a long 
time before it was felt at Paris. It appears, ttieu, that bv 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AH ABLE COBPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS J 
Trot 0. DEWEY. T. C PETERS. 
Lt. M. F. MAURY. H. T. BROOKS 
Dr ASA FITCH. F.DW. WEBSTER. 
T. S. ARTHUR Mrs. M. J. HOLMES. 
LYMAN B LANGWORTHY. 
Tint Rural New-Yorker i» do-umed to bA umrarptoBed in 
Vmn«, Purity, Usefttlneas and Variety of Cnnlentx, and unique 
ami beautiful In Appearance. IU Conductor devotee his personal 
attention to the supervision of its various departments, and 
earnestly labors to render the Rural an eminently Reliable 
Guide on the Important Practical, Scientific and other Subject*. 
Intimately connected with the business of those whore interests 
It ttcnlonsly advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, 
Interspersed with Appropriate and beautiful Engravings than 
any other Journal,—rendering it the most complete Aobicultu- 
RtL. Literary and Family Newspaper In America. 
ry All communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D, T. MOORE, Rochester, N Y. 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. 
[ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by D 
I). T. Moore, in the ClerVs Office of the District Court for 
the Northern District of New York.] 
SHORT-HORN BULL CALF “CHICAGO 
The eleventh volume of Coate's English Herd Book describes Chicago as roan, horn 17th December, 1854. He was sired by the imported prize 
bull Btilco (9,918,) Dam Fancy by Meteor (11,811,) Daisy by President (4,750,) Active by Washington (1,506,) Panzy by Blaize (76,)—by Blythe Comet 
( H5 ,)—by Prince (521,) by Patriot (486.) Chicago is the property of Hon. John Wentworth, and is.kept at the farm of the “Illinois Breeding As¬ 
sociation.” at Summit, Cook Co., Ill The engraving represents him at eleven months old. 
METEOROLOGY FOR FARMERS, 
BY LIEUT. M. F. MAURY. 
ARTICLE II.—TELEGRAPHIC METEOROLOGY, &c. 
We promised in our first article to show the 
value to the Army and Navy of the system of Meteo¬ 
rological Observations that we have undertaken to 
discuss before the patrons of the Rural. Tho 
importance of t! t m to the Army was officially 
proclaimed nearly forty years ago, lor in 1819, 
Mr. Calhoun, being Secretary of War, ordered 
that a regular Meteorological journal should be 
kept at every military post in the United States. 
When that great man left College in New Eng¬ 
land,—Yale, we think it was,— his health was not 
robust; for its improvement, exercise on horse¬ 
back was recommended, and for the purpose of 
enjoying it, it was decided that L*e should return 
to his home in Carolina by that mode of travel.— 
He wanted to see the country also, and he deter¬ 
mined to travel homeward, climbing the spurs and 
skirting the mountains of the Alleghany range by 
the way. 
On that journey he witnessed the play of Meteo¬ 
rological forces among the mountains. It attract¬ 
ed his attention, and he was struck with the 
climatological contrasts and differences between 
the country and the mountains. The importance 
of making this the subjcctof patient and systematic 
investigation impressed itself upon his quick mind, 
and accordingly, as soon as an opportunity for set- 
tingon foot a comprehensive plan of Meteorological 
research presented itself, he availed himself of it, 
and a regular system of Army Meteorological Ob¬ 
servations was inaugurated. We had this account 
as to Ire origin of these celebrated observations 
from Mr. Cal rock's own lips. 
The stations at which these observations have 
been made were not. selected with the view to their 
Meteorological aspects, but they have followed the 
Army, and have been as various and as shifting a 3 
the military posts in a new country usually are.— 
But notwithstanding this circumstance, a mass of 
climatological information of great value has 
been collected, and the Meteorological Register of 
the U. S. Army Is sought after with great eager¬ 
ness by the Meteorologists of all countries. 
From these observations rain and thermal maps 
for the year and each of its four seasons, have been 
compiled by Mr. Fokin BLODOET for the Surgeon 
General’s office, and by that office published in the 
Army Meteorological Register for 1855. These 
maps give usahettcr general flea of the Climatolo¬ 
gy of the country, at large, than all other publica¬ 
tions taken together. As a beginning, and the 
first stop, they are exceedingly valuable, interesting 
and suggestive. 
Thus, Farmers, you observe that, the Government 
has already established a sysu m of Meteorological 
Observations for the land, and another system for 
the sea,— why should not the two systems be con¬ 
nected in convert?—and, in making and dismissing 
and publishing these observations, why should not 
the interests of Agriculture and every industrial 
pursuit, as well ns tho public health and conven¬ 
ience, he recognised and consulted also? We do 1 nt 
propose that these two systems shall be carried on 
by concert ol observation, and that authority should 
ho given to extend the system, both by calling iu 
the aid of the magnetic telegraph, and iuvitingthe 
Farmers and amateur Meteorologists to contribute 
observations also. 
From imperfect observations, Bonaparte, be¬ 
fore he began to organize his “Grand Army,” at¬ 
tempted to make himself acquainted with the 
climatology of Russia. By miscalculating the 
tance of 1,000 or 1,500 leave =. How advantageous, then, 
would such a warning > counter* nnJ RrUennen, 
who are seldom lost excepting when the storm takes them 
hy surpiise I” 
When we recollect how much less able to with¬ 
stand the storm are the fleets of coasters, fishing 
smacks, dec., that are daily plying in and one of 
every harbor along the coast, and on the lakes; 
and when, moreover, we call to mind the fact that 
on the average no less than two American vessels 
suffer shipwreck daily, we may form some idea of 
the advantage which telegraphic warnings of these 
storms from the land would afford to the shipping 
and commerce and people of the country. Other 
industrial pursuits, and great interests, Agricultu¬ 
ral and public convenience among them, would 
also participate largely in the benefits that are sure 
to result from such extension of Meteorological 
research. 
Then there is the great snow storm of last month. 
It was raging in Washington from 12 to 14 hours 
before it reached Philadelphia. It commenced in 
the Carolinas, perhaps iu Texas, and went to Hali¬ 
fax. It was several days on its destructive march 
through tho country—vessels ot the Navy were 
damaged hy it, and an amount of inconvenience, 
shipwreck and suffering.— public and private, 
ashore and afloat, was produced by it that is ap¬ 
palling. What would it not have been worth if 
every Fanner, Railroad Company, traveler, ship 
owner, master and sailor, could have had only a 
tew hours warning of the approach of this storm, 
and such as the magnetic telegraph is capable of 
giving? I.et us put the practical value of such in¬ 
formation at one dollar on the average to each 
full grown man in the country—aud the real aver¬ 
age would he nearer $50 or $100—what would be 
the gross sum that might have been saved by such 
foreknowledge ? Suffice it to say that the expense 
to which the country has been subjected in oouse- 
quenee of the inconvenience that both Army and 
Navy have suffered by reason of this storm would 
have sufficed to pay many times over for the sup¬ 
port of a proper system nf Telegraphic Meteorology. 
Ships have beeu caught iu the ice, and paralyzed, 
when their services were of the greatest impor¬ 
tance to the public. 
Some have raised objections to any such exten¬ 
sion of these observations, pleading the want of 
rightful power of Congress to do anything for 
Agriculture in that way. We put these Meteoro¬ 
logical investigations under the War power, and 
argue that, though the proposed system of research 
will strew the. way-side with the flowers of Agri¬ 
culture, and though the farmer may gather there¬ 
from many rich and luscious fruits, yet that is no 
reason why they should not he carried on, seeing 
that the health of Armies and the safety of Navies 
may be dependent on the results to be obtained.— 
The two systems are already in operation at the 
public expense—why not let them be so organized, 
that they may produce all the good, public and 
private, of which they may be found capable? 
We have not done with this magnificent field of 
research vet. 
The parched earth—every green thing dwarfed 
in growtn ur wimereti r>y long-continued beat— 
seems suffering under an afflictive dispensation of 
Providence—yet we should not murmur; it is a 
blessing in disguise. The early and the latter rain 
may produce at once abundant crops, but dry 
weather is needed to bring to the surface food for 
future harvests from the depths of the earth, where 
else it would lie forever unemployed. It is a need¬ 
ed means of keeping up the fertility of the culti¬ 
vated soil. 
“ The farmer's study is not to avoid labor, but make labor 
pay well; and nothing is better established than that the 
labor of sating manure —nf increasing its quantity aud 
improving its quality—is the most profitable that he can 
perform or employ," — Prof. Nash in Progressive Farmer. 
Tue season of winter gives leisure, while the 
employment of the farmer calls attention to op¬ 
portunities for saving manure. His time is largely 
occupied in those manufactories of fertilizing ma¬ 
terials—the stables and stock-yards—and if he 
looks to the continued fertility of his land, he will 
have well-considered and thoroughly-applied plans 
for the feeding as well as the cropping of the soil. 
His thoughts will be turned to procuring, as far 
as possible, the necessary supplies of manure upon 
the farm . Many a home-source now neglected— 
many a valuable fertilizer now unemployed—many 
a drain upou the riches of his manure heap now 
unnoticed, will received consideration and atten¬ 
tion—he will see that, labor here "is the most prof¬ 
itable that he can perform or employ,” 
The subject of saving manure should he given 
place and prominence in our Agricultural journals. 
To turn, as far as possible, every resource to eco¬ 
nomical account is our secret of success in the 
business of farming as in every other. It should 
be, indeed, as one of our best farmers once remark¬ 
ed, "a prominent part of the lurm-work, to manu¬ 
facture as much manure thereon as possible.” It 
should be a subject of careful study, to so apply 
the mammal resources, and so vary the course of 
cropping as to give every field its due share—that 
thus the whole farm may become alike fertile and 
productive, and alike pay a fair profit to tho owner. 
That faruriug, as it is too often practiced, does 
not pay as it once did, is a conceded fact. But 
there are very good reasons for this lessening of 
profit. Land can be worn out —aud unless constant 
cure is used to restore again what is continually 
taken from it by cropping, U u til wear oat. Aud 
the cultivation of land exhausted by b ug tillage 
—its cultivation on the same system which has 
exhausted it—is tiuly a hard, unpleasant and un¬ 
profitable I iu>iiiess—enough to discourage even 
the most shiftless and uu-energetie of those who 
plod along m its practice. The sooner they quiet 
j either the system or their farms the better off tiny 
will find themselves, for such farming, nor any 
other business conducted on such principles, can 
never pay either iu pleasure or iu profit. 
Ever provident of resources is our bountiful 
mother Nature. Even upon such soils as these— 
worn-out and exhausted as they are—farming may 
be made profitable. There seems to us no greater 
' triumph of science and skill than to take a sterile, 
unproductive, farm, and by the application of sim¬ 
ple means—means, perhaps, abundantly furnished 
within its own boundaries—to restore it to fertility 
The contents of the barn yard will uot always 
take care of themselves, and being often exposed 
to great lossatnd injury, it is highly important that 
the farmer should give to them his personal atten¬ 
tion. At this season of the year, leaching needs 
most to be guarded against. 
■.om,.. ,o,... . ... . .. <>.«■*....... 
