<» I |«'<’'*' , W’>< , 'JV 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.J 
After a good crop of corn—well-manured and 
thoroughly cultivated, of coarse—a good yield 
generally follows—larger than if the manure had 
been applied directly to the barley. These corn 
stubbles arc generally plowed in the full, especially 
if not of a rapidly drying, or well drained charac¬ 
ter, and care should always be taken to provide 
ready surface drainage that no water may stagnate 
upon the soil. A fftll-plowed clover ley properly 
prepared is generally productive. We should re¬ 
commend in spring first, harrowing lengthwise the 
furrow, and then working with the gang plow or 
wheat cultivator before sowing. When green 
sward is to be sown, the use of the Double or 
Michigan Plow, would ensure a better prepared 
seed bed. Some plow as deeply as possible with 
the common plow, and then cover the seed with 
the gang plow, harrowing and rolling afterward. 
It is important to roll after seeding in any case, as 
a better growth will be insured. 
It should ever he borne in mind by those who 
grow barley, that fine tilth—a deep, well pulver¬ 
ized soil—is very important Clays will produce 
fair crops, if well worked with harrow and roller, 
and the season he favorable. Maturing quickly, it 
requires good culture and the soil fitted to give it 
immediate and abundant, support 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
Atf OIUGmAJ, WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE COBPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS, 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORSi 
PkO» C. DEWEY. T. 0 PETERS. 
Lt. M. F. MAURY. II. T. BROOKS. 
Dr ASA FITCH. EDW. WEBSTER. 
T. 8 ARTHUR. Mrs M. J. HOLMES. 
LYMAN B J.ANC.’WUETHY 
Tb* Rural New-Yorker Is designed to bo miBiirpiiMfcil In 
Value, Pnrity, Usefnlneis and Variety of ContenU, and uniqne 
and bountiful In ajipoaranco. Ita Conductor devotes his personal 
attention to the supervision ot its various departments, snd 
earnestly labors to render tho Rural an eminently Reliable 
Onldo on tbo import ant Practical, Scientific and other Subjects 
tnttmaluly connected with tho business of those whoso Interests 
It atously advocates- It embraces more Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter, 
Intorepcmnd with appropriate and beautiful Engraving* than 
any other Journal,—rendering it the most complete AoiuctlLTU- 
RAi. 1.1TKT1ART AKP f'AMrLT Newspacek til America. 
i:»r All communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE. Rochester, N Y. 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. 
G.C XsUE.VSEFCSfi.se, 
Very little attention has been given by Ameri¬ 
can farmers to the culture of the pea as a field 
crop, and yet it is one that might prove well worthy 
of their care. Its demands upon the soil are very 
light and its peculiar action partakes of the char¬ 
acter of an ameliorator. Its effects upon day soil 
axe beneficial, leaving it in a better condition, for 
asueccedingoropol grain, with .me plowing, .bait 
could be .attained.by almost any other meiliod. 
A light, loamy soil, one possessed of a fair 
proportion of clay is thought the most suitable, 
and though the smaller varieties will frequently do 
well on sandy lands, hot wcathei very soon proves 
detrimental. In England newly plowed sward 
lands is thought best and is generally selected for 
this crop. As regards the state of the soil in the 
scale of fertility, any that may he classed as me¬ 
dium will answer, as the pea draws largely from 
the atmosphere for its support. If mauure is to 
be applied, lime and marl are recommended. Plas¬ 
ter can be used with excellent effect. If stable 
manure is used it should be well decomposed and 
thoroughly incorporated with the soil. 
The most common mode of sowing peas is broad¬ 
cast, but covering the seed proves to he a difficult 
matter. If a drill is not used, the easiest way is 
to sow on the furrow without previous harrowing, 
tbeu harrow lightly and cover with the plow to the 
depth of about four inches. In Kent, (Eng.,) where 
immense quantities of peas are raised, they are 
generally sown in rows from eighteen inches to 
three feet apart, according to variety, and tne 
ground between the rows kept well cultivated.— 
In a light soil six inches is the aw rage depth at 
which the seed is buried, in a clay soil four. 
Tho best crop can always be obtained from those 
that are sown early, but as these are more liable 
to attack from the pea-bug, the month ol June is 
choseu by many. 
4 .—Analysis of the Grain and Sti aw. 
One thousand pounds of the grain of Barley, if 
burned, leave 23£ lbs. of ash, and the same quanti¬ 
ty of the ripe, dry straw, 52, 42-100 Bis. This ash 
consists of: 
Grain. Strimr 
i’otttih_.__ z.7c Its. 1.60 lbs. 
Soda. 2.90 “ .43 « 
Lime........___....... 1.06 “ 6.54 “ 
Magnesia___....._.... 1.80 “ .76 “ 
Alumina__25 “ 1.46 “ 
Oxide ol Iron___..... a trace .14 “ 
OxideofMangane.se.... . .20 “ 
Silica.11.82 « 38.66 “ 
Sulphuricacid. .59 “ 1.18 “ 
Phosphoric acid_2.10 “ 1.60 “ 
Chlorine.19 « .70 « 
23.49 lbs. 62.42 lbs. 
The proportion of the weight of grain to straw,is 
about five of the first to six of the latter. 
Thu analysis of the grain of barley shows nearly 
tho same substances as that of wheat, hut in pro¬ 
portion somewhat different. These proportions 
are aflected by the kind of soil, and also by the 
manure with which it is treated, hut, may be stated 
as follows: 
Water. .10.4 
Mask.13.5 
Gluten...-.—.....- 6.7 
BURNETT’S IMPROVED PATENT PORTABLE FENCE. 
ground without the necessity of anyposts or holes ( 
cross sills or braces from the ground, and may he 
set up or taken down with great ease and rapidity. 
*• The cut (O) represents the form or Lite panel or 
tray, wlieu the trays are made out of boards. The 
end uprights or battens are reversed to form two 
sets of pauels. The boards project the same. 
The hook (D) is made of the same kind of lum¬ 
ber with the fence, from three to six inches wide 
with two large nails (U) driven 
three or more rails, with two or more uprights so i 
put together that they will lie compact and flat 
upon each other, fur the purpose of hauling or 
storing away for preservation when not in nse. 
The rails (B) aro all of uniform length and ar¬ 
ranged so a3 to project alternately at either end 
of the tray; that is to say. the first and third pro¬ 
jecting about six inches at one end and the second 
and fourth projecting the Bamo distance at the 
other end 
and two feet long 
into the ends to prevent them from splitting off.— 
This makes a very cheap and strong hook. The 
hook (F) represents a button hook, for putting on 
where a gate is desired with a large nail (H) driven 
into one end; » bolt (K) in the other end about 
five inches from the hook and sawed off at (M) to 
allow it to unbutton; the pin (L) is inserted into 
the button slanting, to key the button in place.— 
When the button hook is used put two common 
hooks on adjoining panels at the lower and upper 
spact-8. It is also necessary to put on two hooks 
in. exposed places where the stake (P> can be driv¬ 
en down between the hook and fence. 
“The Wire Pence (R) is made on the same prin¬ 
ciple. The rails (G) and uprights are made of 
| 2 by 3 plank and bolted together, and wires (E) 
This makes a very strong 
so that when set up in the manner of 
a worm fence, the ends of each tray coming in 
contact with the short ends of the rails of one 
tray, will abut diagonally against the long ends of 
the tails of the other tray, and thus support wtch 
other in a vertical position. They are then fasten¬ 
ed together endwise by a clamp fD) which catches 
the end uprighis of tivo trays across the inner side 
of the angle formed by them, between or in the 
lower and upper spaces where two hooks are used. 
“In setting up this Fence two trays are put to¬ 
gether forming an acute angle, so that the hooks 
will piss around the uprights, when the trays are to 
be straightened out until the clamp or hook (D) 
binds them firmly together, formiuganobtuse angle. 
This angle may be more or less, to give a greater 
or less degree of strength, as required, and may be 
regulated by the length of the hook used, or the 
distance the uprights are placed from the ends of 
tho rails. When a number of these trays are then 
put together in a zig-zag line they form a very 
strong fence, binding each other from end to end 
and may be set up on the natural surface of the 
Albumen 
Starch _ 
Sugar__ 
Gum.. 
Oil. 
Soluble Phosphates, &e 
placed on as desired, 
and durable fence-. 
“ The lower cut represents the ground plan when 
set up. 
“ This fence, made of lumber worth $1 per 100 
feet, will cost only from 50 to 60 cts. per rod.” 
ture at 50°, at Land’s End, Ireland, Lat 51°, which 
crosses in a zigzag course across the Atlantic to 
Fort Adams, R. I., in Lat. 41° 29, a difference of 9£ 
degrees of latitude. 
If we pass to Lat. 35 to 40 S. of the Atlantio, 
there are two Isothermals, according to the chart of 
Lieut. Maury, five degrees distant, and nearly on 
the same two parallels of latitude across that 
ocean. But the isothermal, of temperature 60°, 
passes from Lat. 10 c 8. on the coast of Africa 
across the Atlantic to South America at Lat, 22° 
S. at a point 12° south of that started from. 
These few instances arc enough to illustrate the 
importance and beauty of isothermal lines, and 
their graphic exhibition of temperature iu Cli¬ 
matology, both on the ocean and on the land. 
This method was proposed by the distinguished 
author of Cosmos, Von Humboldt, as early as 1829, 
and the value of such graphic delineations of the 
distribution of caloric then presented is undisput¬ 
ed. The subject has been prosecuted b.vothers,and 
most extensively by Prof. Dove at Berlin in his 
In our own 
In an account of some experi¬ 
ments in the culture of the pea, detailed in the 
Transactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, it is 
stated by one gentleman that for several years be 
had planted on the tenth of June and that during 
that, period he had never seen a bug in his crop.— 
He thinks that before tlic puts are in flower, the 
season for depositing the egg of the pea-bug has 
passed. Lute sowing, also, has its objections—the 
hot. sun will dwarf the growth unless the soil be 
mellow sothat the roots may receive considerable 
moisture. Mildew sometimes attacks lato sown 
crops where the soil is uot iu proper condition.— 
These latter evils, however, the fanner, by properly 
performing his work, may avoid almost altogether. 
!l the ling has taken possession of the pea, an 
immersion in boiling water for one minute will 
destroy the Insect without being detrimental to 
the germinating qualities of tho seed. Where this 
is done the peas should be spread out in order to 
cool as rapidly as possible, and then sown without 
delay. They can be dried by rolling in ashes or 
plustcr. 
The great value of the pea is as an early food 
for swine Intended for killing. For ibis purpose 
they are equal to corn, and are ready before it, 
potatoes, or anything else commonly used. When 
well saved ami properly cured, the straw is but 
little inferior to hay, and i* eaten by horses, cattle 
and sheep with avidity. 
The great pest of this crop, to the ravages of 
which may be attributed the little attention aud 
care it receives, is a species of beetle. Its mode 
of propagation is well known, and its habits have 
received the careful study of entomologists. Early 
in summer when the peas are in flower or the pods 
are forming, the female beetle deposits an egg iu 
almost every pea. The larva remains in the pea 
all w inter, feeding on the internal portion until it 
is diminished about one-half. In the spring it 
emerges from its lodging house a perfect insect, 
furnished with a small pair ot wings and ready to 
go forward in its work of destruction. 
In securing seed for this or any other crop, we 
believe farmers should strive to obtain that which 
is perfect, and though the processes given above 
for destroying the bug do not prevent the growth 
of the pea, we think it would be well for those who 
intend to cultivate to procure such as have uot 
been subject to attack. Large quantities are an¬ 
nually imported from Canada for this purpose 
where the bug lias not mado much progress as yet. 
Here are nearly 17 degrees of latitude between the 
two places. Edinburgh, Scotland, I.at. 60° nearly, 
has mean temperature of 47° 7, while Salem, Mass., 
Lat 42° 31, has annual mean heat of only 48° 7, or 
only one degree higher temperature for 17£ de¬ 
grees of latitude. Washington, D. C., Lat. 3S L 63, 
has mean heat of 50° 6, which is very near that of 
Nantes, in France, in Lat. 47° 13, near the month 
of the Loire, a difference of 11£ degrees in latitude. 
Again: the temperature of the west Bide of the 
Pacific, iu China, 19 very near that of the same par¬ 
allels on our Atlantic shore. Thus, at Fort Me 
Henry, Md., Lat 39° 17, the average heat is 55 c 6, 
while at Pekin, China. Lat 38° 53, the mean tem¬ 
perature is 55° 5. 
Again: the heat on the west side of North 
America, along the Pacific,is much higher than 
on tho east side of the United States, and much 
nearer that of Europe on the eastern shore of the 
Atlantic. Thus, the mean temperature of London, 
Lat. 51.J° about, is very near 61°, while that of 
FortSteilaeOom on Puget's Sound, T.at. 47° about, 
is 50° 6; and that of Fort Columbus, in the harbor 
of New York, Lat. 40° 42, is 51 c 7. So, the mean 
heat of Benicia, Cal., Lat. 3S C 1)3, is 56 c 3, and this 
is the same as that of Washington, D. C„ while 
that of Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri, in Kan¬ 
sas, Lat. 39° 21, is 57 c 3. 
THERMOMETER AND IsOTHERMALS 
The determination of climatic temperature of 
places by the Thermometer, was spoken of in a 
previous paper. I come now to one development 
of this application by Isothermals. 
These are lines drawn on maps through places 
which have the same temperature, as, for instance, 
the average temperature of the four seasons ot the 
year. Fur the meaning of isothermala is ’• lines of 
equal heat" Without the use ot the thermometer 
in ascertaining tho temperature of places, isother- 
rnals could not be drawn. 
Several things go to lorut the climate of places, 
as their latitude and position, their elevation above 
the sea, proximity to the ocean or large and deep 
bodies of water, supply of rain, currents iu the at¬ 
mosphere, aud the like. The thermometer shows 
the influence of moat of these. 
To indicate the Climatology of a country in this 
uiauuer, is in fact to spread it before the eye on 
a map or picture of easy consideration aud self- 
impression on the mind. 
It has long been known that places on our At¬ 
lantic coast are much colder above thirty degrees 
of latitude than on the same parallels in Europe, 
or that the mean or average heat of the year is 
much higher on the European shore of the Atlan¬ 
tic than on the northern American. The Pil- 
great series ol isothermal charts, 
country these charts, extending over the United 
States, are first found in the late work publish¬ 
ed by Government, “The Army Meteorological 
Register.” c. d. 
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