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MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER 
MARCH 14 
might mention the extinguishment of the public 
debt, a reasonable inorease of the Navy, which is 
at present inadequate to the protection of our 
vast tonnage afloat, now greater than that of any 
other nation, as well as the defence of our extend¬ 
ed sea coast. 
It is beyond all question the true principle, that 
no more, revenne ought to he collected from the 
people than the amount necessary to defray the 
expenses of a wise, economical and efficient Ad¬ 
ministration of the Government. To reach this 
point, it was necessary to resort to a modification 
of the tariff; and this has been accomplished in 
such a manner as do to as little injury asmayhavo 
been practicable to our domestic manufactures, 
especially those necessary for the defence of the 
country. Any discrimination against a particular 
branch, for the purpose of benefiting favored 
corporations, individuals or interests, would have 
been unjust to the rest of the community, and in¬ 
consistent with that spirit of fairness and equality 
which ought to govern in the adjustment of a 
Revenue Tariff. 
But, the squandering of the public money sinks 
into comparative insignificance as a temptation to 
corruption, when compared with the squandering 
of the public lands. No nation in the tide of 
to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form 
and regulate their domestic institutions in their 
own way, subject only to the Constitution of the 
United States. As a natural consequence, Con¬ 
gress has also prescribed, that when the Territory 
of Kansas shall be admitted as a State, it shall be 
received into the Union with or without Slavery 
as their Constitution may prescribe at the time of 
their admission. A difference of opinion has aris¬ 
en in regard to the time when the people of a Ter¬ 
ritory Bhall decide this question for themselves.— 
This is happily a matter of hut little practical 
importance, and besides it is a judicial question, 
which legitimately belongs to the Supreme Court 
of the United States, before whom it is now pend¬ 
ing, and will,it is understood, bespeeriilyand finally 
settled. To their decision, in common with all good 
citizens, I shall cheerfully submit, whatever this 
may he, though it has been my individual opinion 
that under the Nebraska Kansas act, the appropri¬ 
ate period will he when the nnmber of actual resi¬ 
dents in the Territory shall justify the formation 
of a Constitution, with, a view to its admission as 
a State into the Union. Bnt be this as it may, it is 
the imperative and indispensable duty of the Gov¬ 
ernment of the United States to secure to every 
resident inhabitant, the free and independent ex¬ 
pression of his opinion, by his vote. This sacred 
right of each individual mast be preserved. This 
being accomplished, nothing can he fairer than to 
leave the people of a territory free from all foreign 
interference, to decide their own destiny for them¬ 
selves, subject only to the Constitution of the 
United States, 
The whole territorial question being thus sett led up 
on the principle ofPopnlar Sovereignty—a principal 
as ancient as free government itself—everything 
of a practical nature hasbeen decided, and no other 
question remains for adjustment, because all agree 
that under the Constitution, slavery in the States 
is beyond the reach of any human power, except 
that of the respective States themselves, wherein 
it exists. May we not then hope that the long ngi- 
When we started in the morning it was exces¬ 
sively warm at the foot of the mountain, but when 
we attained a considerable elevation the air be¬ 
came perceptibly colder, and towards the top, wheu 
we ceased exercising, the chilling wind was very 
uncomfortable. As I rose over the. snramit, heat¬ 
ed and dripping with perspiration, I gave one 
sweeping glance, and then entered the ooffeeTOom 
for the purpose of taking refreshment* and becom¬ 
ing cool. There are two or three low buildings on 
the top of the peak, which is not more than eight 
yards in diameter. The establishment belongs to 
the guides, and is called the Snowdon Hotel. Re¬ 
freshments are furnished at moderate charges, and 
the fatigue and danger of the trip, especially for 
ladies, is much diminished by these accommoda¬ 
tions. You can witness the sunrise, and remain 
Gainin' 
[Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18,i7, by 
D. i> T MookK, in the Clerk’s Office of the District 
Court for tho Northern District of New York.) 
LETTER VI.—WALES 
BY OI.KZEN F. WII,COX. 
Ascent of Snowdon. 
There are three classes of men to whom the 
various changes of the weather are matters of 
grave importance—the farmer, the sailor, and the 
traveler. A fair or stormy day is of material con¬ 
sequence to them, and by constant and anxious 
observations they become acute judges, and are 
commonly aide t.o foresee, at least, a change from 
“fair to foul, or foul to fair.” When I awoke the 
Bunshlue was pouring in at the window of my bed- 
I bailed it as a token of favorable weather 
JAMES BUCHANAN, 
THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
room 
for making the ascent, and dressing, walked outto 
make further observation. The morning was fairer 
than T hud ventured to anticipate. A few heavy 
clouds were sailing in the heavens, and their dark 
shadows climbed swiftly up the mountain sides t.o 
meet them at the summit Tho waters of Lake 
Llanherris lay dark and still along the wooded 
base of t ie mountain, as if couched in ambush and 
ready to swallow the first rays that should gleam 
into their depths. Upon an eminence, further up 
the valley, stood the grey ruins of Dalbadern cas¬ 
tle, and on each side the mountains lifted their 
rugged beads, iu solemn grandeur, above this pic¬ 
turesque scene. Bnt the monarch, Snowdon, was 
not visible. 
After breakfast we mustered our little party of 
four, and buckling on our knapsacks, started from 
Dalbadern inn, where, for medium accommoda¬ 
tions, we were highly charged. Several guides 
offered us tbeir services, as usual representing the 
journey as extremely difficult nud even dangerous 
to he performed without their aid. But we re- 
lused them all, for we were confident in our abil¬ 
ity to follow the pony track, which led right to the 
summit, even if we should be enveloped in a mist 
and rain, and we thought our maps aud guide¬ 
books sufficient and reliable information. The 
distance to the summit from the inn is five miles. 
Turning into the track we walked over a short 
piece of level ground, and passing through a gate 
entered a small plantation of fir-trees, aud com¬ 
menced the ascent. 
Several children, who were collected at the gate, 
bowed to us in quite a theatrical mariner ns we 
went by, at the same time asking for ha’pennies. 
One little fellow wearing a frock lisped out the 
question whether we wanted a guide to Snowdon, 
and quite confidently offered us his services. We 
soon got above the plantation of fiY-trees, and 
turned aside to look at the falls of CannantMawr, 
where a mountain torrent pitches down a preci¬ 
pice of sixty feet at two leaps, funning as many 
basins in which the water is whirled about with 
great violence. Afterward it r ushes down a deep 
and rocky glen, darkened by the shade of over¬ 
hanging fir-trees, and finally enters the quicfclnkc 
in the valley. l’Ue turieuv emerges rrom a small 
lake at the base of the highest peak, and during 
our whole journey to the top its noisy babbling 
resounded in our ears. From the falls to the sum¬ 
mit there arc neither shrubs nor trees. Loose 
stones are scattered thickly in the path, and shat¬ 
tered rocks arc piled around in masses which have 
the appearance of mighty waves. The sides of 
many of tho peaks are formed of craggy preci¬ 
pices and hare rock, rising to the height of seve- 
•al hundred feet. As we ascended, the whole of 
The transactions at-the National Capital on the 
4 th of the present, month have become a portion 
of the history of our country. That day witnessed 
a change in the administrative head of our gov¬ 
ernment— a chaDge wrought out by the peaceful 
will of a mighty people through the agency of the 
ballot-box. Franklin Pierce retired to private 
life, and the mantle of the Chief Magistracy of 
the United States rests upon James Buchanan. 
Naturally, an interest, felt by the entire Nation, 
centres itself about the new occupant of this 
prominent position, and we purpose to devote a 
brief space to a review of the leading incidents of 
his life, as given in the United States Magazine: 
“James Buchanan was born on the 23d day of 
April, 1701, near Mercersburg, Franklin county, 
Pennsylvania. He was the son of an industrious 
farmer of that county, who had little to leave his 
children except a good education. Jame3 was 
hi 3 eldest 6on. His collegiate education was re¬ 
ceived at Dickinson College, where he graduated 
in 1809. He selected the law a3 bis profession, 
and studied in the office of James Hopkins. He 
soon took a prominent position in the profession, 
and it was not very long before be was, by com¬ 
mon consent, ranked at its bead. Hia political 
career commenced in the year 1814, when, at the 
age of twenty-three, he was elected to the Legisla¬ 
ture of Pennsylvania, in which body he soon be¬ 
came distinguished for his zealous and eloquent 
advocacy of the war in which we were then enga¬ 
ged with England. After serving two terms he 
returned to the practice of his profession. In the 
year 1821, he was elected to Congress by a large 
majority from the district composed of the coun¬ 
ties of Lancaster, Chester and Delaware. He con¬ 
tinued iu Congress for ten years, having been 
elected for live consecutive terms, during which he 
became conspicuous for his eloquence and ability. 
Mr. Buchanan's service in the House terminated 
on the 4th of March, 1831. On the 4th ot January, 
1S32, he was appointed, by President Jackson, 
Minister to Russia. During the short period he 
remained in that country, he negotiated an im¬ 
portant commercial treaty with the Emperor 
X;iUOi-e, -rblcK b - -I * f’lcd diplountio skill fnr 
try, will speedily become extinct. Most happy 
will it be for the country when the public mind 
shall he diverted from this question to others of 
more pressing and practical importance. Through¬ 
out the whole progress of this agitation, which has 
scarcely known an intermission for more than 
twenty years, while it has been productive of no 
positive good to any human being, it has been the 
source of great evils to the master, to the slave, 
and to the whole country—it has alienated and es¬ 
tranged the people of the sister States, and has 
even seriously endangered the very existence of 
the Union. Norhas the danger yet entirely ceased. 
Under our system there is a remedy for all mere 
political evils in the sound sense and sober judg¬ 
ment of the people. Time is a great corrective. 
The political subjects which bat a few years ago, 
existed and exasperated the public mind, have 
passed away, and are cow nearly forgotten. But 
this question of domestic slavery is of far greater 
importance than any niere political question, be- 
cause.should the agitation continue, it may eventu¬ 
ally endanger the personal safety of a large portion 
of our countrymen where the institution exists.— 
In that event, no form of government, however ad- 
missauie mitself— turnover pruuuctivu ot material 
benefits—can compensate for the loss of peace and 
domestic security around the family altar. Let 
every Union-loving man, therefore, exert his be3t 
influence to suppress this agitation, which, since 
the. recent legislation of Congress, is without any 
legitimate object It is an evil of the times that 
have undertaken to calculate the mere mate- 
men 
vial value of the Union. 
Reasoned estimates have been presented of the 
pecuniary profits and Local advantages which 
would result to different States and sections from 
its dissolution and of the comparative injuries 
which su.-h an event would Inflict on other States 
and sections. Even descending to this low and 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS 
OF PRESIDENT BUCHANAN—MARCH 4, 16-57. 
Fellow Citizens I appear before you this 
day to take the solemn oath that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, 
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, pro¬ 
tect and defend the Constitution of the United 
States. In entering upon this great office, 1 most 
humbly invoke the God of our fathers for wisdom 
and firmness to execute its high aud responsible 
duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and 
tie ancient friendshi p among the people of the seve¬ 
ral States, and to preserve our free Institutions 
throughout many generations. Convinced that I 
owe my election to the inherent love for the Con¬ 
stitution aud the Union, which still animates the 
American people, let me earnestly ask their pow¬ 
erful support iu sustaining all just measures calcu¬ 
lated to perpetuate these, the richest political bles¬ 
sings which heaven has ever bestowed upon any 
nation. Having determined not to become a can¬ 
didate for re-election, I shall have no motive to 
influence my conduct in administering the Gov¬ 
ernment, except the desire, ably and faithfully, to 
serve my countrv, aud to live in the grateful memo¬ 
ry of ray countrymen. 
We have recently passed through a Presidential 
contest in which the passions of oar fellow citi¬ 
zens was excited to the highest degree, by ques¬ 
tions of deep and vital importance.. But when the 
be defended. Beside, the Government, ever since 
its origin, has been in the constant practice of 
constructing military roads. It might also be wise 
to consider whether the love for the Union, which 
now animates our fellow citizens on the Pacific 
coast, may not he impaired by our neglect or re¬ 
fusal to provide for them, in their remote and iso¬ 
lated condition, the only means by which the 
power of the States on this side of the Rocky 
Mountains can reach them in sufficient time to 
protect them against invasion. I forbear, for 
the present, from expressing an opinion as to 
ihe wisest and most economical mode in which 
the Government can lend its aid in accom¬ 
plishing this great and necessary work. I believe 
that various difficulties in the way, which now ap¬ 
pear formidable, will, in a great degree, vanish, as 
goon as the nearest and best route shall have been 
satisfactorily ascertained. 
It may be right, that on this occasion I should 
make some brief remarks as to our rights and du¬ 
ties as a member of the great family of Nations. 
In our intercourse with them, there are some plain 
principles, approved by onr own experience, from 
which we should never depart. We ought to cul¬ 
tivate peace, commerce, aud friendship with all 
nations; and this not merely us the best means of 
promoting our own national interest, hut in a 
spirit of Christian benevolence toward our fellow 
men, wherever their lot may be cast. Our diplo¬ 
macy should be direct and frank, neither seeking 
to obtain more, nor accepting less than is our due. 
Wc ought to cherish a sacred regard for the inde¬ 
pendence of all nations, and never attempt to in¬ 
terfere in the domestic coucerns of any, unless 
this shall be imperatively required by the great 
law of self-preservation. To avoid “entangling 
alliances,'’ has been a maxim of our policy ever 
| since the days of Washington, and its wisdom no 
subsided, and all was culm. The voice of the ma¬ 
jority, speaking iu the manner proscribed by the 
Constitution, was heard, and instant submission 
followed; our own country could alone have ex¬ 
hibited so grand and striking a spectacle of tho 
capacity of man for self-government. What a 
happy couception then was it for Congress to ap¬ 
ply this simple rule, that the will of the majority 
shall govern, to the settlement of the question of 
domestic Slavery in the Territories, 
Congress is neither to legislate Slavery into any 
Territory or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but 
more leisurely and enjoy the scenery. His com* 
punion, however, became very fatigued and ex¬ 
ceedingly nervous, and when tho zigzag pflili 
finally brought us within view of the peak and 
wound along the edge of a fearful precipice, tint 
yawned more than a thousand feet below, whilt 
beyond we looked down on Likes and mountain;, 
he became giddy and faint, aud sank down appa 
rcnlly helpless iu the rocky path. After resting 
awhile he recovered, and with our assistance suc¬ 
ceeded in safely gaining the summit 
To commit a falsehood is like tho cut of asabre; 
for, though the wound may heal, the scar of it will 
remain.— Sadi. 
Tukrk is a small chance of truth at the goal, 
where there is not childlike humility, at the start¬ 
ing-post — Coleridge. 
... ZZZ^.,y .. ...a,....mo-....... 
