TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
“PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
[SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS.;' 
VOLUME YIII. NO. 13.1 
1 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.,—SATURDAY, MARCH 28 1857. 
\ WHOLE NO. 377. 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WKEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITKRAKY AM) FAMILY JOURNAL, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE COBPS OP ASSISTANT EDITORS, 
SPECIAL CONTKIUUTORSi 
PROr 0. DEWEY T. 0 PETERS. 
Lt. M. F. MAURY. II. T. BROOKS 
Dr ASA FITCH. 
T. S ARTHUR. 
T. 0 PETERS. 
II. T. BROOKS. 
EDW. WEBSTER 
Mrs. M. J. HOLMES. 
LYMAN B LANGWORTUY. 
Tb« Rural Nkw-Yorkbb ta designed to bo nnaurpnssed In 
Value, Parity, Usefuhies* and Variety o! Content*, »nd unique 
and bountiful In appearance lUCondtialor devotee hie personal 
atteullon to the enpervieion ot its vurions department*, and 
earueelly labors to rondur the Rural an eminently Reliable 
Guide on the Important Practical, Scientific and other Subjects 
intimately connected with the business of those whose Interest* 
it lanlonsly advocates It embraces tncro Agricultural, Horti¬ 
cultural, Scientific, Mechanical, Llterury and News Matter, 
Interspersed with appropriate and beautirnl Eugrwvhiga than 
any other Journal,—rendering it the most complete Agricultu¬ 
ral. Ijtbrart and Fanilt Xkwspapkr iu ATnerioa 
ci r ALI communications, and bntSHCEe lutiora, uhould be 
addr»!hhtid to D. D. T. MOOKK, RociiMPtoiv N Y. 
For Tkrms, find oUitfr patiiculMrs, see last page. 
ftiral ftefo-IJfltket. 
AN EVIL, AND ITS REMEDY. 
As Spring advances, the weather becoming 
genial aud the earth cultivable, people all over the 
land engage in planting fruit and ornamental trees, 
and other useful ami beautiful appendages to their 
homesteads. The love of the beautiful alone in¬ 
duces many, In both town and country, to surround 
their dwellings with rare trees, shrubs and (lowers 
—yet a still greater number, possessing practical 
minds, and looking to pecuniary results, plant that 
from which they may anticipate something more 
substantial and valuable than the mere gratifica¬ 
tion of the sight. They are wont, at this season, 
to plant fruit trees, vines, and seeds of choice 
plants aud vegetables, iu the hope of receiving 
returns which shall not only be pleasant to the eye, 
but gratify the palate and perchnucc expand the 
purse. They thus combine beauty and utility, and, 
by devoting menus and taste to the object, often 
surrouud their residences with most attractive 
and productive fruiteries—not unfrequontly occu¬ 
pying what were formerly waste or unsightly pla¬ 
ces, and causing hnc trees, and shrubs and vines, 
and luscious fruits, to grow, blossom and mature, 
where nothing of value grew before, A most 
commendable and exemplary practice, truly, for 
while enhancing the value and beauty of his 
own premises —thus promoting his individual 
interest, and the happiness of his family — every 
man who plauts a fruit garden or orchard becomes 
a public benefactor, as he not only augments the 
happiness of others by furnishing that which is 
pleasing to the eye, but becomes the producer of an 
article that is healthy and life-sustaining. What 
wonder, then, that people who are permitted to 
enjoy the fruits of their labors—who can realize, 
uumolestcd,their reasonable anticipations—should 
become careful and enthusiastic fruit culturists? 
But, alas, the honest and industrious planters of 
fruit trees and vines are pot always, nor generally, 
permitted to enjoy, unmolested, their rights and 
privileges; on the contrary, the care, labor and 
taste bestowed arc too often entirely useless so far 
as any pecuniary advantage is concerned. And 
this brings us to the subject to which we desire to 
direct the special attention of the Legislators and 
all light thinking Citizens of this goodly Com¬ 
monwealth— the Stealing of Flint. 
The purloining of fruit has become so common 
and extensive in all populous sections of the coun¬ 
try, and especially in the suburbs of our villages 
aud cities, as to render it eminently worthy of 
legislative action. Much of the evil, which is an¬ 
nually becoming of greater magnitude, is the result 
of the lax public sentiment which has so long pre¬ 
vailed on the subject throughout the country—a 
sentiment so accommodating that one would sup¬ 
pose the injunction “Thou shalt not steal,” was 
not intended to apply to fruit, however choice or 
highly prized. Indeed, (in the l.vngmge hereto¬ 
fore used in this journal,) “so utterly ai fault is pub¬ 
lic sentiment, that many who have depredations 
committed on their fruit, hesitate to prosecute the 
offenders, when discovered, fearing that such a 
proceediug would hardly be sustained by the com¬ 
munity. Now wo submit that this is all wrong,— 
that there is no good reason why the fruit thief who 
prowls about iu the uight, when honest people are 
asleep, for the purpose ol plundering fruit gardens 
and orchards, should not be held up to the scorn 
aud contempt of community, and placed in the 
same category as the sheep thief the robber of hen¬ 
roosts, and the burglar." 
We trust the public will not ouly frown upon 
the reprehensible idea that it is not criminal to 
steal fruit, but that the people will ask their rep¬ 
resentatives—the law-makers of the State—to take 
Buck immediate action iu the premises as the great 
aud growing evil justly demands. The criminal 
practice (for we insist that fruit, stealing is a crime, 
and should be punishable as such.) not only causes 
much loss and vexation to growers of fruit, but 
undoubtedly deters thousands of people in this 
State (and in others) from attempting its cultiva¬ 
tion. Iu truth, we know many in this city aud 
vicinity, who possess plots of ground admirably 
adapted to fruit, and would delight in its culture, 
who are deterred from the attempt solely on this 
account—people who entertain the well-founded 
belief that all their care and expense would in¬ 
deed prove fruitless. The evil not only affects 
those who possess pecuniary ability, and would 
engage in fruit culture as a pleasure, but is a posi¬ 
tive damage to many persons of limited means, 
who conl.il, were it removed, derive great advan¬ 
tage from this branch of industry and production. 
Indeed, all classes are affected to a greater or less 
extent, and we are surprised that the public does 
not rise, as one man, in condemnation of annisauce 
which is fast becoming too outrageous to be longer 
endured. 
This subject has heretofore been brought be¬ 
fore our readers, and we are glad to know that it 
is being discussed elsewhere, and that stringent 
laws have been enacted against fruit stealing iu 
Borne of the States. We notice in a late number of 
the N. K Evening Post ari excellent article oil 
Trespass and Theft — in which the invasions of 
"idle bojs and worthless young men, who carry 
rusty guns and lurk in the cultivator’s shrubbery, 
lyiug iu ambush lor wrens aud robins, (or wander 
over his grass, his oats, or his turnips, reckless of 
the vegetable life they arc destroying in their pur¬ 
suit of the cheerful little birds,”) are justly char¬ 
acterized as a nuisance. After speaking of these 
fowling-piece and fishing-rod trespassers, oar con¬ 
temporary offers some truthful remarks on the still 
greater nuisance of fruit e-tealing, and pertinently 
alludes to the proper remedy. We cannot refrain 
from quoting and fully endorsing the substance of 
what the Post says on this point—as follows; 
“The Stealing of fruit from gardens, vineyards and or¬ 
chards iu tne vicinity of towns and large villages is so 
frequent—so inevitable, we mi^ht say—that it has led in 
many cases to the abandonment of tbat kind ot cultiva¬ 
tion. Those who, templed by the city demaud, devote 
themselves to fruit growing, are obliged to employ guards 
to watch their plantations during the season ot ripeues". 
Tnis, of course, not only increases the cost of the crop, but 
brings the small cultivators —who, il they could hope to 
gather their hwvt st, would raise their own Iruit—into the 
market as purchasers. 
“ What redress do the statutes of this great State afford 
to the farmer? Re can bring an action for trespass, and 
may recover pecuniary damages—damages against rugged 
boys or men who could not pav for the tatters they staud 
in, or he may prosecute for thelt. It is only petty larceny 
at the worst, and a country jury cannot be made to con¬ 
sider robbing an orchard a crime, ulthough yr>"d peaches 
were worth two dollars a basket, and Newtown pippins five 
dollars the barrel. In the protection of fruit, town is as 
much interested ms country. Not only ale the prices rais¬ 
ed, but experiments Upon uew varieties, native and foreign, 
are cheeked, and limited to a few wealthy people, by the 
swarm ot depredating rascals who latest the thickly set¬ 
tled country neighborhoods. 
44 Them is a remedy lor bo‘h evilR, if the Legislature will 
apply it. A law making trespass upon cultivated grounds, 
by persons carrylug fire-arms, a misdemeanor, punishable 
by Imprisonment, after notice to quit from the owner or 
foreman, would put .t stop to the blfd-iV»‘r,n I up nuisance 
immediately. And an additional law, similar to one passed 
not loug siuce in MnsaacbusettA, making Ibe stealing of 
fruit, a felony, would have the same beneficial ellVcts that 
it has already produced in tbat conservative State. We 
earnestly recommend both these measn os to the members 
from the rirer counties. It would s- nii that every farmer 
In the State w.i.- directly or iudirectly interested iu the 
passage of laws or tLis nature." 
— Yes, Legislators of New York, apply the reme¬ 
dy demanded by your const!merits. Make fruit 
stealing a felony, and let wanton trespassers be 
severely punished. The Press, also, has a duty to 
perform iu this matter, and we hope every paper 
iu the State and land will aid iu correcting and 
improving public sentiment on the subject. 
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.-THE BEAN. 
For a few years, in those portions of the State, 
where the enemies of the wheat crop have render¬ 
ed the production of that cereal a labor of risa and 
oftentimes a loss to the cultivator, much attention 
has been gjiven to the growth of various grains, 
roots and plants as substitutes the re tor. Among 
those which have assumed a prominent position, 
as regards freedom from pernicious and destruc¬ 
tive insects, profitable returns for time and labor 
expended, facility for marketing, yield of proven¬ 
der for farm stock, etc., will be fouud the bean. 
In the culture of the bean the soil should be one 
of a light loamy texture, of at least medium fertili¬ 
ty, and needs line tilth as well as cleanliness at the 
hands of the cultivator. What iskuownasa quick, 
dry soil seems to be the desideratum sought fur by 
most of those engaged in its production. Upon 
clay or retentive lands the crop is liable to be se¬ 
verely uliected by drouths or heavy rains — a su¬ 
perabundance of moisture injuring the pods nearest 
the ground by rot. In addition to the benefits de¬ 
rived by the crop from a judicious selection of 
soil, the cultivator will find that land easily kept 
SHORT-HORN BULL “ECHO OF OXFORD.’ 
“Echo of Oxford” took the fir3t prize in his 
class at the N. Y. State Fair, ia 1S5G; his dam took 
the first prize at N. Y. State Fair, in 1653; his sire 
took the first prize at N. Y. State Fair, aud also, at i 
the Fair of the American Institute in 1853: also, j 
at the National Fair in Boston, 1655. At the lat- 
friable and free from weeds will lighten labor ma- ^ 
terially. If manure is used it should be well 
worked in, and it were better if applied some time 1 
previously to planting, as decaying matter tends 
rather to the development of straw than the for¬ 
mation of seed. 
The preparations for planting as well as the 
after-culture of the bean should be most thorough. 
T he ground needs to be well pulverized, and if re¬ 
tentive of moisture ought to be ridged. Hill and 
drill planting are both followed—with about equal 
success as to product—but. we are inclined to think 
that, the former mode involves the greatest amount 
of labor. All danger from frost should be over 
before planting, as the bean is not hardy. 
The common practice, iu planting, is rows three 
feet apart and in hills about one foot distant— 
Should the rows be brought nearer together, it 
would be well to give more space between the hills. 
The distance given, however, is as close as can be 
worked to advantage where the cultivator is used— 
where the hoe is depended upon, 20 or 24 inches 
will cover the ground better. The last of May or 
first of June will be found a propitious time for l 
depositing the seed. When planted iu the hill 4 to 
ti beans is sufficient. In drill planting from 3 to 5 
pecks are used. Many farmers plant the bean in 
rows or hills, alternate with corn, aud seem to 
think that advantages are derivable from such pro¬ 
cedure. 
As, in the culture of any new branch of the 
farm economy, a diversity of opinion is apt to ex¬ 
ist, aud detailed experiments are worih more than 
all that can be said theoretically, we are induced 
to note the conclusions of a few of those who have 
given the subject attention. A Chautauque Co. 
friend writes:—“I do my work the last week in 
May. Plow and harrow the ground smooth, mark 
out in shallow furrows, about two -and a half leet 
apart, with a corn plow, then drop the beans, two 
or three inches apart, in the furrow. I can plant, 
with the assistance of a couple hands, four acres 
per day in this manner. When the young plants 
are three or four inches high use the cultivator, 
and weed and hoe them well. When about eight 
or ten inches high use the common plow, turning 
the soil Against the viues. 1 sometimes sprinkle 
my beans with plaster when l hoe them. Average 
yield twenty to twenty-five bushels per acre. Save 
the vines to feed the cattle. Have wintered cattle 
and kept them in good order with little else than 
bean straw, the cattle eousumiug the product at 
the rate of about one and one-third acres per 
head.” 
Iu Orleans Co., where much space is giventoits 
culture, the planting is usually done with machine¬ 
ry manufactured for the purpose. A man and boy 
will plant twelve acres a day. One bushel is the 
quantity used for seed. Variety—the “medium 
white.” Average yield, Is to 20 bushels per acre. 
The time ot harvesting has arrived when the 
pods turn yellow, aud the beans should be pulled 
and stacked. If the weather is fine it will prove 
of benefit to place them In rows for a few days, 
that partial curing may ensue. Care must, lie ex¬ 
ercised that sharp frosts do not catch them still iu 
the ground. To stack them, drive a stake in the 
ter Fair, Echo of Oxford (12821) was one of the 
five animals which took the first prize for Short¬ 
horn herds. His Pedigree is as follows: 
Echo of Oxford, (12821—E. H. B.) White, bred 
by N. .1. Becak, Snmhtown, Long Island; owned 
by E. Marks, Camillas, N. Y.; calved Jan. 25, 
ground, cover the earth wilh something that will 
keep the beans from it, aud lay the beans about the 
stake, the roots toward the centre, and cap with 
some material that will keep off the wet. 
Another mode, and a very convenient one, is to 
cutcrotched sticks, about two feet below the crotch, 
and four and one-half feet above, sharpening the 
lower end, which should be driven securely into 
the soil. The crotches should not be abrupt, but 
taper gradually and be strong. Upon these stack 
the beans in layers, head aud root alternating, then 
bind across from the tops of the stack. These can 
be protected from rain by any slight covering, and 
as the stack is elevated and the straw drooping, it 
will soon shed moisture should it become wet. 
The analysis given below, by Prof. Emmons, of 
the “White Kidney Bean,” and that of Einhoff, 
of the “Field BeaD,” will exhibit the amount of 
nutriment they contain: 
Kidney Bean. 
Field Bean. 
Emmons. 
Eintudr. 
Starch. 
. 36 74 
50.1 
L*-gumen.. . 
Albumen amlCaseine. . 
11.7 
Fib-e. 
Sugar and Extract.... 
8.2 
W ater.. 
15.6 
Busk ... 
10.0 
Loss. 
44 
Total. ......... 
.101.13 
100.00 
The bean is not an exhausting crop, hut possess¬ 
ing a large leaf system, derives a considerable 
portion of its subsistence from the atmosphere.— 
With clean and careful culture the soil, instead of 
being impoverished by a crop of this nature, will 
be left in the best possible condition for subse¬ 
quent productions. 
THE WILLOW AND ITS CULTURE. 
FEELING, 
Willows may be cut as soon as the leaves fall 
in the autumu, or any time during the winter. As 
soon as cut they should be bound up in small 
bundles, with the lower ends even, when they may 
be stood up on end, aud allowed to remain uutil 
spring. As soon us the weather becomes warm iu 
the spring, the bundles must be stood in water an 
iueh or so, aud allowed to remain in this position 
until tlie buds start, when they will peel easily.— 
This will be the latter part of May or early in 
June, depending somewhat on the situation and 
season. Peeling has always been done by hand, 
and it ia a slow operation, as an expert baud cannot 
peel one hundred pouuds a day. A machine for 
peeling has lately been inventod which is adver¬ 
tised to peel irom one to two tuns a day. Two tuns 
per acre is considered a fair crop. After peeling 
they are thrown into water, then dried, so that 
they will not mildew, when they are tied iu bun¬ 
dles, and are ready for market 
THE MARKET. 
The culture aud sale of the willow is a new 
business in this country. Willow manufacturers 
have always obtained their supply from Europe, 
and it will take some time to change this course 
I of trade. It will not be strange therefore, if in 
1854; got by imported Romeo, (13619;) dam, Ox¬ 
ford 13, by 3d Duke of York, (10166;) g. dam, Ox¬ 
ford 5, by Duke of Northumberland, (1940;) g. g. 
dam, Oxford 2, by Short Tail, (2621;) g. g. g. dam. 
Matched cow’ by Matchem (2281;) g. g. g. g. dam, 
-by Young Winyard, (2859.) 
some sections of the country, farmers with a small 
stock on hand find it difficult to dispose of them i 
even when a similar, or perhaps an inferior article, 
is selling at an extravagantly high price in the 
New York market. Indeed, it would not be very 
strange if manufacturers should import foreign 
willows, at great cost, to the very town where 
some enterprising farmer has a better article tbat 
he knows not how to dispose of. We have heard 
of such operations; but these things will soon 
regulate themselves. 
In Europe the willow is universally used for 
baskets, and in almost every locality where there 
are German settlers good basket-makers can be 
found. Farmers who have a small quantity of 
willows on hand, would do well to make inquiry 
among their German neighbors, and engage them 
to work (heir stock into baskets for use and sale. 
When in New York a few years since, we under¬ 
took to look into the willow trade a little, and 
were astonished to see such immense stores, and 
such a brisk trade. The dealers we saw were all 
foreigners, aud exhibited a strange ignorance of 
the English language, for men doing a large busi¬ 
ness in New York. We thought at the time that 
they were not anxious to give ns much informa¬ 
tion. Willows are now worth more than $100 per 
tun; and a gentleman who has raised an acre for 
several years informed us last fall that the cost of 
j cutting and peeling a tun by hand, was about $30. 
Tns WILLOW FOR HEDGES. 
The willow is well worthy of attention as a plant 
for live hedges. Though destitute of thorns, such 
is its strength and rapidity of growth, that it will 
make a stroug hedge in a comparatively short 
time. The ground should be well prepared, and it 
would be well to plow a strip uot lees than six feet 
wide, drag, and manure if the soil is poor. Then 
set the willow cuttings either in a single or double 
row; if in a single row, six or eight inches apart; 
if iu a double row, fifteen inches apart each way, 
and so as to “ bi cuk joints.” The enttiugs from 
this hedge will be worth something, certainly 
enough to pay lor the use ot the land it occupies, 
and for keepiug it iu order. Iu England, says the 
English Flora, the willow is “extensively used for 
fences for the exclusion of hares and rabbits, as 
well as cat tle, the bark aud leaves being so intense¬ 
ly bitter that they will touch neither, while the 
shoots being long, tough aud flexible, may be 
formed into any shape; aud a fence of this kind 
is reckoned little, if at all, interior to that made 
of wire, which, when made close enough to ex¬ 
clude small annuals, and strong enough to form a 
barrier against large oues, is very expensive,” 
The ease with which the willow is propagated, 
aud Us rapid growth, makes it particularly valua¬ 
ble for shelter from the sweeping winds. Charles 
Downing says, “a screen ot twenty-five teet in 
height may he grown from willow cuttings in five 
years, and at a slightly retarded rate of annual 
increase until a height of sixty feet ia gained; 
thus almost immediately affording that shelter 
which is so indispensable that there is no safety 
without it-” The Purple H it low is the best vari¬ 
ety we are acquainted witn, both for hedges and 
' shelter. 
